Eric Kaufmann
Biographic Data
| ID | 101066 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Eric Kaufmann |
| GIVEN NAMES | Eric |
| FAMILY NAME | Kaufmann |
| SIGNATURE | KAUFMANN E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Birkbeck, University of London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4812-4542 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 64 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 598 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 64 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Introduction to special issue on post-progressivism
The post-progressive condition
This paper contends that western societies are entering a post-progressive intellectual era. This calls for a new sociology of knowledge which problematizes the taken-for-granted assumptions of our progessive episteme. That is, we inhabit a knowledge-production system whose description and analysis of social reality is to a significant degree socially constructed by a left-liberal weltanschaung. Post-progressivism argues for a critical approach t…
White flight from immigration
Background Work on whites’ mobility behavior finds that they tend to move to less diverse neighborhoods than minorities. Work on white mobility preferences finds that whites who dislike diversity prefer less diverse neighborhoods. Do liberal whites practice what they preach, and do conservative whites really avoid diversity? Objective Combine data on white ethnocentrism and migration behavior to analyze liberal and conservative white mobility in …
Divided Images
Do people’s political beliefs alter the emphasis they place on different symbols when constructing their “personal” national identity (Cohen 1996)? Does the content of their national identity affect how they vote? These are the central questions we address in this article, focusing on England but using the United States as a comparative case to demonstrate common dynamics
The Increasing Frequency of Terms Denoting Political Extremism in U.S. and U.K. News Media
The term political extremism is commonly used to refer to political attitudes considered to be outside the ideological mainstream. This study leverages computational content analysis of big data to longitudinally examine (1970–2019) the prevalence of terms denoting far-right and far-left political extremism in more than 30 million written news and opinion articles from 54 news media outlets popular in the United States and the United Kingdom. We …
The new culture wars
Background A set of ‘New Culture Wars’ over questions of majority identity protection and free speech have become important in American politics, but have not received attention from empirical political science Objective Compare the relative size of partisan differences on issues of ‘Cancel Culture’ and ‘Critical Race Theory’. Method Logistic regression models using attitudes toward real‐world Cancel Culture and Critical Race Theory examples to p…
Pricing Immigration
Immigration is highly salient for voters in Europe and the USA and has generated considerable academic debate about the causes of preferences over immigration. This debate centers around the relative influences of sociotropic or personal economic considerations, as well as noneconomic threats. We provide a test of the competing egocentric, sociotropic, and noneconomic paradigms using a novel constrained preference experiment in which respondents …
Where the Left goes Wrong on National Populism
Why evidence, not narrative, must guide us
White Identity and Ethno-Traditional Nationalism in Trump’s America
As the white share of America continues to decline, white identity is becoming more important for politics. I show that white identity is considerably stronger among whites who are attached to their ancestry, i.e. Irish, ‘American’ or Italian. Accordingly, we should see it as more reflective of cultural attachment than a desire for politico-economic advantage. In addition, a separate dynamic I term ethno-traditional American nationalism, is impor…
Whiteshift
Can Narratives of White Identity Reduce Opposition to Immigration and Support for Hard Brexit? A Survey Experiment
Britain’s vote to leave the European Union highlights the importance of White majority opposition to immigration. This article presents the results of a survey experiment examining whether priming an open form of ethno-nationalism based on immigrant assimilation reduces hostility to immigration and support for right-wing populism in Britain. Results show that drawing attention to the idea that assimilation leaves the ethnic majority unchanged sig…
Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective
The purpose of the Exchange feature is to publish discussions that engage, advance and initiate new debates in the study of nations and nationalism. This Exchange article is on the subject of ‘Populism and Nationalism’. Each contributor addresses the following four questions on the subject: (1) What is populism and what role does it play within the context of democratic politics? (2) Does populism cut across left–right lines? (3) What is the rela…
Ethno‐traditional nationalism and the challenge of immigration
The rise of the populist right in the West is emerging as the most discussed manifestation of nationalism in the world today. In this paper, I argue that this ‘new nationalism’ is largely driven by immigration, which affects ethnic majorities within nation‐states. This in turn alters the ethnic character of the nation, challenging what I term the ethno‐traditions of nationhood. Our inherited concepts of ethnic and civic nationalism were developed…
New York Yankees and Hollywood Anglos
Ideal types have received less attention than membership criteria in the ethnicity and nationalism literature. This article uses crowdsourced genealogical data and onomastics software to show that British Isles surnames and ancestry remain over‐represented among American actors, especially in roles connected with the national narrative. Conformity to the WASP ideal type persists despite the fact American actors are disproportionately born in Los …
The demography of religion in London since 1980 1
Demographic change is a crucial factor in the changes in London’s churches in recent decades. Increased migration from a wide range of nationalities coupled with the tendency of the existing population to move out have transformed London in the last 50 years. This chapter explores overall patterns alongside specific questions such as segregation, ‘white flight’ and the complex relationship between religious identity and practice. The overall resu…
The diversity Wave
Does ethnic diversity increase or reduce white threat perceptions? Meta-analyses help orient a field and communicate findings to policymakers. We report the results of a meta-analysis of studies measuring the relationship between ethnic context and both opposition to immigration and support for anti-immigration parties. Our analysis attempts to be exhaustive, and is based on 171 post-1995 studies averaging 25,000 observations each, a knowledge ba…
The intellectual legacy of Anthony D. Smith
Occupation Class on the Decline, Cultural Class on the Rise
Levels or changes
Will the rising share of ethnic minorities in western societies spark a backlash or lead to greater acceptance of diversity? This paper examines this question through the prism of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), the most successful populist right party in British history. The paper contributes to work on contextual effects by arguing that ethnic levels and changes cross-pressure white opinion and voting. It argues that high levels of establishe…
Complexity and nationalism
Classic theories of nationalism, whether modernist or ethnosymbolist, emphasise the role of elites and spread of a common imagined community from centre to periphery. Recent work across a range of disciplines challenges this account by stressing the role of horizontal, peer-to-peer, dynamics alongside top-down flows. Complexity theory, which has recently been applied to the social sciences, expands our understanding of horizontal national dynamic…
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) inhibits hepatoma cell growth via downregulation of Sept2 expression
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis and low therapeutic efficacy. Recent studies have demonstrated the therapeutic prospect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) cancer angiogenesis. However, the action mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, by using mass spectrometry, we found that PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone (RGZ) could regulate HCC cell growth by influencing various downstream fact…
White Flight” or Positive Contact? Local Diversity and Attitudes to Immigration in Britain
Does the local presence of immigrant groups increase White hostility to immigration? Most research finds that diverse neighborhoods reduce White opposition to minorities and immigration. However, most studies at higher geographies find the reverse effect. We confirm this pattern for England and Wales for 2009-2012. Yet, contextual studies are open to selection bias, which is where this article makes its main contribution. Is White tolerance in di…
Land, history or modernization? Explaining ethnic fractionalization
Ethnic fractionalization (EF) is frequently used as an explanatory tool in models of economic development, civil war and public goods provision. However, if EF is endogenous to political and economic change, its utility for further research diminishes. This turns out not to be the case. This paper provides the first comprehensive model of EF as a dependent variable. It contributes new data on the founding date of the largest ethnic group in each …
The End of Secularisation through Demography? Projections of Spanish Religiosity
This article presents the first projection, to our knowledge, of the intensity of religiosity in a population, which has a strong bearing on the critical question of the religious future of Europe. Spain has, in recent decades, simultaneously experienced rapid religious decline and marked demographic change through high immigration and declining fertility. To investigate future trends, we carry out population projections by religion and religiosi…
Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective
The purpose of the Exchange feature is to publish discussions that engage, advance and initiate new debates in the study of nations and nationalism. This Exchange article is on the subject of ‘Populism and Nationalism’. Each contributor addresses the following four questions on the subject: (1) What is populism and what role does it play within the context of democratic politics? (2) Does populism cut across left–right lines? (3) What is the rela…
White Flight” or Positive Contact? Local Diversity and Attitudes to Immigration in Britain
Does the local presence of immigrant groups increase White hostility to immigration? Most research finds that diverse neighborhoods reduce White opposition to minorities and immigration. However, most studies at higher geographies find the reverse effect. We confirm this pattern for England and Wales for 2009-2012. Yet, contextual studies are open to selection bias, which is where this article makes its main contribution. Is White tolerance in di…
Levels or changes
Will the rising share of ethnic minorities in western societies spark a backlash or lead to greater acceptance of diversity? This paper examines this question through the prism of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), the most successful populist right party in British history. The paper contributes to work on contextual effects by arguing that ethnic levels and changes cross-pressure white opinion and voting. It argues that high levels of establishe…
The diversity Wave
Does ethnic diversity increase or reduce white threat perceptions? Meta-analyses help orient a field and communicate findings to policymakers. We report the results of a meta-analysis of studies measuring the relationship between ethnic context and both opposition to immigration and support for anti-immigration parties. Our analysis attempts to be exhaustive, and is based on 171 post-1995 studies averaging 25,000 observations each, a knowledge ba…
Dominant ethnicity
This article argues that the world is in the midst of a long‐term transition from dominant minority to dominant majority ethnicity. Whereas minority domination was common in premodern societies, modernity (with its accent on democracy and popular sovereignty) has engendered a shift to dominant majority ethnicity. The article begins with conceptual clarifications. The second section provides a broad overview of the general patterns of ethnic domin…
In Search of the Authentic Nation
While the study of nationalism and national identity has flourished in the last decade, little attention has been devoted to the conditions under which natural environments acquire significance in definitions of nationhood. This article examines the identity-forming role of landscape depictions in two polyethnic nation-states: Canada and Switzerland. Two types of geographical national identity are identified. The first - what we call the 'nationa…
Complexity and nationalism
Classic theories of nationalism, whether modernist or ethnosymbolist, emphasise the role of elites and spread of a common imagined community from centre to periphery. Recent work across a range of disciplines challenges this account by stressing the role of horizontal, peer-to-peer, dynamics alongside top-down flows. Complexity theory, which has recently been applied to the social sciences, expands our understanding of horizontal national dynamic…
It's the Demography, Stupid’
It is often forgotten that, regardless of time or place, periods of high immigration are almost always periods of high anti‐immigration sentiment. When ethnic change is rapid, driven by immigration or differences in ethnic natural increase, the ethnic majority often responds with a politics of immigration. This was true, for instance, in Britain in the 1960s, in the US during 1890–1925 and in interwar Scotland. I show that White British people in…
Dominant ethnicity' and the ‘ethnic‐civic’ dichotomy in the work of A. D. Smith
This article considers the way in which the work of Anthony Smith has helped to structure debates surrounding the role of ethnicity in present‐day nations. Two major lines of enquiry are evident here. First, the contemporary role of dominant ethnic groups within ‘their’ nations and second, the interplay between ethnic and civic elements in nationalist argument. The two processes are related, but maintain elements of distinctiveness. Smith's major…
Naturalizing the Nation
Perhaps the most vexing problem in philosophy and social theory concerns the relative importance of material and ideal factors for social action. Karl Marx, for instance, with his notion of base and superstructure and his materialistic interpretation of the dialectic process, made a clean break from the idealism of his Hegelian heritage (McLellan 1977:390; Swingewood 1991:62-63). Nevertheless, idealism proved resilient and later came to inform th…
Secularism, Fundamentalism, or Catholicism? The Religious Composition of the United States to 2043
We provide a cohort-component projection of the religious composition of the United States, considering differences in fertility, migration, intergenerational religious transmission, and switching among 11 ethnoreligious groups. If fertility and migration trends continue, Hispanic Catholics will experience rapid growth and expand from 10 to 18 percent of the American population between 2003 and 2043. Protestants are projected to decrease from 47 …
The Orange Order
Based on unprecedented access to the Order’s internal documents, this book provides the first systematic social history of the Orange Order - the Protestant association dedicated to maintaining the British connection in Northern Ireland. Kaufmann charts the Order’s path from the peak of its influence, in the early 1960s, to its present-day crisis. Along the way, he sketches a portrait of many of Orangeism’s leading figures, from ex-Prime Minister…
The lenses of nationhood
This paper tries to make the case for a model of political identity based on an optical metaphor, which is especially applicable to nations. Human vision can be separated into sentient object, lenses and inbuilt mental ideas. This corresponds well to identity processes in which ‘light’ from a bounded territorial referent is refracted through various lenses (ideological, material, psychological) to focus in certain ways on particular symbolic reso…
Can Narratives of White Identity Reduce Opposition to Immigration and Support for Hard Brexit? A Survey Experiment
Britain’s vote to leave the European Union highlights the importance of White majority opposition to immigration. This article presents the results of a survey experiment examining whether priming an open form of ethno-nationalism based on immigrant assimilation reduces hostility to immigration and support for right-wing populism in Britain. Results show that drawing attention to the idea that assimilation leaves the ethnic majority unchanged sig…
Ethno‐traditional nationalism and the challenge of immigration
The rise of the populist right in the West is emerging as the most discussed manifestation of nationalism in the world today. In this paper, I argue that this ‘new nationalism’ is largely driven by immigration, which affects ethnic majorities within nation‐states. This in turn alters the ethnic character of the nation, challenging what I term the ethno‐traditions of nationhood. Our inherited concepts of ethnic and civic nationalism were developed…
The End of Secularisation through Demography? Projections of Spanish Religiosity
This article presents the first projection, to our knowledge, of the intensity of religiosity in a population, which has a strong bearing on the critical question of the religious future of Europe. Spain has, in recent decades, simultaneously experienced rapid religious decline and marked demographic change through high immigration and declining fertility. To investigate future trends, we carry out population projections by religion and religiosi…
The Dominant Ethnic Moment
International audience
Liberal ethnicity
This article tries to make the case for a variant of the good life based on a synthesis of liberalism and ethnicity. Liberal communitarianism's treatment of ethnicity tends to fall under the categories of either liberal culturalism or liberal nationalism. Both, it is argued, fail to come to terms with the reality of ethnic community, preferring instead to define ethnicity in an unrealistic, cosmopolitan manner. By contrast, this essay squarely co…
Condemned to rootlessness
Few observers have sought to explain why French Canadians, Metis and even Anglo‐Americans developed a sense of indigenous ethnicity while English‐Canadians failed to do the same. Fewer still have sought to connect this to the national ‘identity crisis’ often mentioned in the discourse of English‐speaking Canada. This article asserts that English Canada's perception of a ‘Canadian’ identity crisis is really an English‐Canadian one which has its ro…
Pricing Immigration
Immigration is highly salient for voters in Europe and the USA and has generated considerable academic debate about the causes of preferences over immigration. This debate centers around the relative influences of sociotropic or personal economic considerations, as well as noneconomic threats. We provide a test of the competing egocentric, sociotropic, and noneconomic paradigms using a novel constrained preference experiment in which respondents …
White Identity and Ethno-Traditional Nationalism in Trump’s America
As the white share of America continues to decline, white identity is becoming more important for politics. I show that white identity is considerably stronger among whites who are attached to their ancestry, i.e. Irish, ‘American’ or Italian. Accordingly, we should see it as more reflective of cultural attachment than a desire for politico-economic advantage. In addition, a separate dynamic I term ethno-traditional American nationalism, is impor…
Land, history or modernization? Explaining ethnic fractionalization
Ethnic fractionalization (EF) is frequently used as an explanatory tool in models of economic development, civil war and public goods provision. However, if EF is endogenous to political and economic change, its utility for further research diminishes. This turns out not to be the case. This paper provides the first comprehensive model of EF as a dependent variable. It contributes new data on the founding date of the largest ethnic group in each …
Debate on John Hutchinson'sNations as Zones of Conflict
The post-progressive condition
This paper contends that western societies are entering a post-progressive intellectual era. This calls for a new sociology of knowledge which problematizes the taken-for-granted assumptions of our progessive episteme. That is, we inhabit a knowledge-production system whose description and analysis of social reality is to a significant degree socially constructed by a left-liberal weltanschaung. Post-progressivism argues for a critical approach t…
White flight from immigration
Background Work on whites’ mobility behavior finds that they tend to move to less diverse neighborhoods than minorities. Work on white mobility preferences finds that whites who dislike diversity prefer less diverse neighborhoods. Do liberal whites practice what they preach, and do conservative whites really avoid diversity? Objective Combine data on white ethnocentrism and migration behavior to analyze liberal and conservative white mobility in …
Condemned to rootlessness
Few observers have sought to explain why French Canadians, Metis and even Anglo‐Americans developed a sense of indigenous ethnicity while English‐Canadians failed to do the same. Fewer still have sought to connect this to the national ‘identity crisis’ often mentioned in the discourse of English‐speaking Canada. This article asserts that English Canada's perception of a ‘Canadian’ identity crisis is really an English‐Canadian one which has its ro…
In Search of the Authentic Nation
While the study of nationalism and national identity has flourished in the last decade, little attention has been devoted to the conditions under which natural environments acquire significance in definitions of nationhood. This article examines the identity-forming role of landscape depictions in two polyethnic nation-states: Canada and Switzerland. Two types of geographical national identity are identified. The first - what we call the 'nationa…
Naturalizing the Nation
Perhaps the most vexing problem in philosophy and social theory concerns the relative importance of material and ideal factors for social action. Karl Marx, for instance, with his notion of base and superstructure and his materialistic interpretation of the dialectic process, made a clean break from the idealism of his Hegelian heritage (McLellan 1977:390; Swingewood 1991:62-63). Nevertheless, idealism proved resilient and later came to inform th…
The sensory basis of historical analysis
Liberal ethnicity
This article tries to make the case for a variant of the good life based on a synthesis of liberalism and ethnicity. Liberal communitarianism's treatment of ethnicity tends to fall under the categories of either liberal culturalism or liberal nationalism. Both, it is argued, fail to come to terms with the reality of ethnic community, preferring instead to define ethnicity in an unrealistic, cosmopolitan manner. By contrast, this essay squarely co…
Nativist Cosmopolitans
Debate in the field of historical sociology on the subject of American citizenship and nationality tends to support one of two theories. The exceptionalist argument holds that American nationalist discourse has historically been based on the universal ideals of liberty enshrined in the Constitution, and has been inclusive in character. Critics contend that this was not the case – arguing that the narrative of American national identity has typica…
The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in the 20th-century West
(2003). The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in the 20th-century West: A Comparative-historical Perspective on the United States and European Union1. Global Society: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 359-383
Dominant ethnicity' and the ‘ethnic‐civic’ dichotomy in the work of A. D. Smith
This article considers the way in which the work of Anthony Smith has helped to structure debates surrounding the role of ethnicity in present‐day nations. Two major lines of enquiry are evident here. First, the contemporary role of dominant ethnic groups within ‘their’ nations and second, the interplay between ethnic and civic elements in nationalist argument. The two processes are related, but maintain elements of distinctiveness. Smith's major…
The Dynamics of Orangeism in Scotland
Like other voluntary associations, fraternities such as the Orange Order underpin political cleavages. The membership dynamics behind such associations are less clear. Rival theories attribute membership fluctuations alternatively to changes in social capital, economic structure, culture, or events. This article uses a pooled time-series cross sectional model to evaluate competing hypotheses for the period since 1860. Results suggest that members…
Intra-Party Support for the Good Friday Agreement in the Ulster Unionist Party
Party organisations are often ‘black boxes' overlooked by scholars in favour of party leaders, manifestos and elections. Yet intra-party dynamics are often crucial. This article uses the example of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) to illustrate this. Events in the 1998–2003 period highlight the importance of splits within the party's governing Ulster Unionist Council (UUC) over the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) which underpins the Northern Ireland p…
The Dominant Ethnic Moment
International audience
Whiteness - Too Blunt an Instrument
The Battle of Drumcree
In 1995, the Orange Order entered an increasingly turbulent phase of its existence, fraught with danger for the organization. On the face of it, this is a puzzling development. Republican guns had largely fallen silent with the IRA ceasefire negotiated through back-channel diplomacy between Dublin, London, the SDLP, and Sinn Fein. This process may have alienated Unionists from the British, but it should not have threatened the Order. The problem …
Cracks in the Establishment
James Craig, John Andrews, and Basil Brooke (Lord Brookeborough) were the only three individuals to serve as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1963, reflecting the high degree of stability of the Stormont regime. The Ulster Protestant political elite was organically linked with the Order, from which it had built its stock of political capital and learned its communal traditions. Hence Craig remarked in 1934, ’I am an Orangeman f…
Orangeism under Fire
The Order wasted no time in meeting the new Prime Minister, James Chichester-Clark, to press its views for two hours on issues such as law and order, the reshaping of local government and the franchise, funding for the Catholic Mater Hospital, and plans for the fiftieth anniversary of Northern Ireland. Orange– UUP unity was symbolized by Chichester-Clark ’s Minister of Development, Brian Faulkner. Faulkner at this point maintained a hardline repu…
Segmenting the Orange
Parading is the issue which most concerns Orangemen today, but membership loss is the most pressing long-term concern, a lightning rod used by both hardliners and moderates to agitate for change. ‘For many years, the Orange Institution has been in decline. Our membership has decreased alarmingly, ‘ thundered the Orange Banner, official organ of the SOD. ‘Managing our decline is no longer acceptable . . . If the Orange institution is not to die a …
Conclusion
The history of the Orange Order since 1963 is one of modernization. The secularizing, individualist, egalitarian ethos which swept through all Western societies in the sixties was refracted by the particular environment of Northern Ireland into a unique trajectory of change. Instead of ushering in an age of liberal individualism, ethnic decline, and lifestyle subcultures, modernity led to a rise in ethnic fundamentalism among the generations whic…
Friday Agreement
We saw that the rise in parade-related conflict from 1995 led to major convulsions within the Order as its cultural power was diminished by residents ‘ groups and RUC-backed parading restrictions. In early 1998, the historic Good Friday Agreement (GFA), signed by David Trimble ’s UUP, the SDLP, and Sinn Fein, was to shatter Orangeism ’s political certainties. These opened new divisions within the Order which largely mapped onto the traditionalist…
Unity in the Face of Treachery, 1972–1977
The turbulent period 1968– 72 saw the Orange Order ’s membership partly recover from its modest post-1961 decline. Some of the new working-class and rural recruits were drawn to the Order as a self-defence organization, but if they expected to join a paramilitary organization, these hopes were soon dashed by an Institution still wedded to traditional principles of respect for law and order. By 1974– 5, membership had sunk to its 1968 level and a …
The War against the Parades Commission
Parading has always been the top priority for the Orange Institution, and its significance for the Order cannot be reduced to the wider Unionist desire to assert communal dominance. Power over space plays a role, as Jarman and Bryan point out, but marching also has a meaning apart from the political and constitutional contest between Unionists and Nationalists. We see this in politically quiescent places like Rossnowlagh (Eire), Southport (Englan…
Stable Rejectionism
Politically, as mentioned, the late 1970s proved a quiet period. James Molyneaux, the UUP Westminster MP, had increasingly emerged as Unionist leader along with his confederate Enoch Powell. Martin Smyth, as a leading UUP Convention member (1975– 7) and in 1982 a new Westminster MP, was in close contact with Molyneaux. Molyneaux knew that the return of Stormont was—for the moment—a dead letter but remained the long-term goal. Realizing that devol…
The Orange Order
Based on unprecedented access to the Order’s internal documents, this book provides the first systematic social history of the Orange Order - the Protestant association dedicated to maintaining the British connection in Northern Ireland. Kaufmann charts the Order’s path from the peak of its influence, in the early 1960s, to its present-day crisis. Along the way, he sketches a portrait of many of Orangeism’s leading figures, from ex-Prime Minister…
Themed section on dominant groups
The lenses of nationhood
This paper tries to make the case for a model of political identity based on an optical metaphor, which is especially applicable to nations. Human vision can be separated into sentient object, lenses and inbuilt mental ideas. This corresponds well to identity processes in which ‘light’ from a bounded territorial referent is refracted through various lenses (ideological, material, psychological) to focus in certain ways on particular symbolic reso…
Debate on John Hutchinson'sNations as Zones of Conflict
Political science (54 works) · Sociology (51 works) · Law (49 works) · Politics (38 works) · Law (35 works) · Ethnic group (22 works) · History (21 works) · Gender Studies (19 works) · Nationalism (17 works) · Gender Studies (16 works)