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Stephen J Silvia

Biographic Data

ID1043750
NAMEStephen J Silvia
GIVEN NAMESStephen J
FAMILY NAMESilvia
SIGNATURESILVIA S J
AFFILIATIONSAmerican University
ORCID0000-0002-0141-3611
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS27
TOTAL CITATIONS70
AUTHOR COUNT27
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1988
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2023
H-INDEX4
  • The UAW's Southern Gamble: Organizing Workers at ForeignOwned Vehicle Plants

    Stephen J Silvia•BOOK•The UAW's Southern Gamble•2023

    This book is the first in-depth assessment of the United Auto Workers' efforts to organize foreign vehicle plants (Daimler-Chrysler, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, and Volkswagen) in the American South since 1989, an era when union membership declined precipitously. The book chronicles transnational union cooperation between the UAW and its counterparts in Brazil, France, Germany, and Japan and documents the development of employer strategies that have p…

  • The UAW's Southern Gamble: Organizing Workers at Foreign-Owned Vehicle Plants

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•BOOK•The UAW's Southern Gamble•2023

  • The Transnational Activities of German Trade Unions and Works Councils: From Foreign Policy to Active Engagement

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 5

    An imbalance at the heart of the German economy – habitual current account surpluses – has a crosscutting impact on unions in the tradeable goods sectors. Export surpluses boost employment, but they also necessitate capital outflow. Decades of investment abroad by German transnational enterprises has created global supply chains where costs are lower and employee representation weaker. Production abroad has exposed German managers to far more con…

  • A Silver Age? The German Economy since Reunification

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•2019

    Since German unification, assessments of the German economy have swung from "sick man of the euro" in the early years to dominant hegemon of late. I argue that the German economy appears strong because of its recent positive performance in two politically salient areas: unemployment and the current account. A deeper assessment reveals, however, that German economic performance cannot be considered a second economic miracle, but is at best a mini …

  • The United Auto Workers' Attempts to Unionize Volkswagen Chattanooga

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•2018•Cited by: 9•References: 4

    The author examines attempts by the United Auto Workers (UAW) to unionize the Volkswagen (VW) plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee. These efforts were a pivotal test of labor's ability to organize in the South. The UAW failed to organize the entire plant, despite an amenable employer, because of heavy intervention by external actors, the union's failure to develop community support, and a paragraph in the pre-election agreement that promised wage rest…

  • Why Do German and U.S. Reactions to the Financial Crisis Differ

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•2011

    Among the many striking developments that arose out of the 2008-2009 financial crisis and the subsequent EURO crisis has been the policy divergence between the United States and Germany. Typically, the two countries have broadly similar preferences regarding economic policy. To be sure, this is not the first time that Germany and the U.S. have failed to see eye to eye on economic matters,1 but the recent gap in perception and policy does warrant …

  • Things fall apart: Contemporary analyses of German economic and political developments

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Comparative European Politics•2010•References: 4

  • The Elusive Quest for Normalcy: The German Economy since Unification

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•2010

    This article investigates the progress that the eastern German economy has made since unification in two areas: unemployment and output. It finds that unemployment has remained persistently higher in eastern than in western Germany and output levels have remained extremely uniform across the eastern states. Keynesian and neoclassical economists have proposed differing explanations for the endurance of high unemployment in the East. The latter hav…

  • Why Are German Employers Associations Declining: Arguments and Evidence

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia, Wolfgang Schroeder•ARTICLE•Comparative Political Studies•2007•Cited by: 22•References: 12

    Considerable progress has been made during the past two decades in conceptualizing dynamics within German employers associations—in particular, explanations for declines in density—and the impact on the economy. The verification has not kept pace with theorization, however. This article provides empirics. The analysis confirms earlier conclusions that the interests of large and small employers have increasingly diverged since the mid-1980s. In co…

  • Is the Euro Working? The Euro and European Labour Markets

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Journal of Public Policy•2004•Cited by: 1

    Now that time has passed since the introduction of the euro as a commercial currency, it is possible to assess many arguments made in the abstract during the 1990s about European monetary union. This article shows that the euro zone still falls short as an optimal currency area in most respects. In particular, it undertakes an empirical analysis of the labour market and finds no progress toward flexibility or integration. These results challenge …

  • The Fall and Rise of Unemployment in Germany: Is the Red-Green Government Responsible

    Stephen J Silvia, J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics•2002•Cited by: 3

    This article investigates the causes of recent German labour market developments. Contrary to the claims of the German chancellor, the analysis shows that the principal factors responsible for the decline in joblessness between 1998 and 2000 were not government policies, but favourable demographic developments and a strong demand for exports. Many initial government actions actually made reducing unemployment more difficult. Later measures, howev…

  • The Brave New World of European Labor: European Trade Unions at the Millennium

    Andrew Martins, George Ro et al.•BOOK•The Brave New World of European…•1999

  • Chapter 3 Every WHICH WAY BUT Loose German Industrial Relations Since 1980

    Stephen J Silvia•CHAPTER•The Brave New World of European…•1999

  • Transformation of the German Political Party System: Institutional Crisis or Democratic Renewal

    Hans-Georg Betz, Henry Kreikenbom et al.•BOOK•Transformation of the German…•1999

  • The brave new world of European labor: European trade unions at the millennium

    Anthony Daley, Chris Howell et al.•BOOK•The brave new world of European…•1999

    "European trade unions played a central role in building a "European model of society"--Negotiated labor-management relations, high labor standards, generous welfare states, and collective political representation - which reached its pinnacle in the earlier post-World War II era. More recently, this European "model" and the unions place in it have been challenged by lower growth, rising unemployment, accelerated European integration, and neo-libe…

  • Reform gridlock and the role of the bundesrat in German politics

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•West European Politics•1999•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    1999). Reform gridlock and the role of the bundesrat in German politics. West European Politics: Vol. 22, Compounded Representation in West European Federations, pp. 167-181

  • The Alliance for Jobs: Social Democracy's Post-Keynesian/Process-Oriented Employment Creation Strategy

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•1999•Cited by: 2

    A Texas wag once remarked, "Oilmen are like cats. You can't tell from the sound of them whether they're fighting or making love." German industrial relations are not much different. In the heat of collective bargaining, the Federal Republic's "social partners" (that is, trade unions and employers' associations) frequently exchange vitriolic barbs in public, while simultaneously engaging in pragmatic, professional negotiations behind closed doors

  • Changing shades of green: Political identity and alternative politics in united Germany

    Andrei S Markovits, Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Debatte Journal of Contemporary…•1997

  • German Unification and Emerging Divisions within German Employers' Associations: Cause or Catalyst

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Comparative Politics•1997•Cited by: 12•References: 3

    The terms Verbandsvermeidung (association avoidance) and Verbandsflucht (association flight) have appeared with increasing frequency in analyses of the German economy over the past few years.' They vividly encapsulate the observation that fewer new firms are joining employers' associations, compared to a decade ago, and that members are both threatening to leave and actually leaving employers' associations at an unprecedented rate. The specter of…

  • The Identity Crisis of Alliance '90/The Greens: The New Left at a Crossroad

    Andrei S Markovits, Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•New German Critique•1997•Cited by: 1

  • An ounce of prevention? The reform of the German trade union Federation

    Stephen J Silvia, Andrei S Markovits•ARTICLE•German Politics•1995•Cited by: 3•References: 1

    This article investigates the causes and content of the ongoing reform of the German Trade Union Federation (DGB). We argue that problems predating German unification ‐ in particular, a skewed demographic profile, financial crisis and waning political clout ‐ are the central factors that led German unionists to undertake reform and have largely determined the reform's content. German unification acted simply as a catalyst rather than the cause pr…

  • Left behind: The social democratic party in Eastern Germany

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•West European Politics•1993•Cited by: 2•References: 2

    Four long‐term structural complications have prevented the Social Democratic Party of Germany from establishing a large party membership in eastern Germany since unification: the injurious legacy of Nazi and communist rule, the contradictions that arose in the 1980s out of the SPD's Ostpolitik, the flawed birth and development of the eastern SPD, and continuing tensions between the eastern and western wings of the party. Since none of these struc…

  • The Forward Retreat: Labor and Social Democracy in Germany, 1982–1992

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•International Journal of…•1992•Cited by: 2•References: 2

  • The Social Charter of the European Community: An Defeat for European Labor

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•1991•Cited by: 3

  • The Social Charter of the European Community: A Defeat for European Labor

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•1991•References: 7

    This study examines the failure of the effort by the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and its national affiliates to obtain a uniform and binding set of regulations for Europeanwide collective bargaining within the European Community's 1989 Charter of Fundamental Social Rights. The trade unions were prompted to act by the program to create a single European market by the end of 1992. The author argues that labor's weak position economica…

Next
  • Why Are German Employers Associations Declining: Arguments and Evidence

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia, Wolfgang Schroeder•ARTICLE•Comparative Political Studies•2007•Cited by: 22•References: 12

    Considerable progress has been made during the past two decades in conceptualizing dynamics within German employers associations—in particular, explanations for declines in density—and the impact on the economy. The verification has not kept pace with theorization, however. This article provides empirics. The analysis confirms earlier conclusions that the interests of large and small employers have increasingly diverged since the mid-1980s. In co…

  • German Unification and Emerging Divisions within German Employers' Associations: Cause or Catalyst

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Comparative Politics•1997•Cited by: 12•References: 3

    The terms Verbandsvermeidung (association avoidance) and Verbandsflucht (association flight) have appeared with increasing frequency in analyses of the German economy over the past few years.' They vividly encapsulate the observation that fewer new firms are joining employers' associations, compared to a decade ago, and that members are both threatening to leave and actually leaving employers' associations at an unprecedented rate. The specter of…

  • The United Auto Workers' Attempts to Unionize Volkswagen Chattanooga

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•2018•Cited by: 9•References: 4

    The author examines attempts by the United Auto Workers (UAW) to unionize the Volkswagen (VW) plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee. These efforts were a pivotal test of labor's ability to organize in the South. The UAW failed to organize the entire plant, despite an amenable employer, because of heavy intervention by external actors, the union's failure to develop community support, and a paragraph in the pre-election agreement that promised wage rest…

  • The West German Labor Law Controversy: A Struggle for the Factory of the Future

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Comparative Politics•1988•Cited by: 6

    German politics from the fall of 1985 until well into 1986. The ferocity of the dispute was unprecedented in West German postwar history. At its height, the unions called it a question of survival and each side repeatedly accused the other of endangering democracy to achieve its ends. The issue itself, however, appears minor: the government's revision of Paragraph 116 of the Arbeitsfirderungsgesetz (AFG, the Work Promotion Act) to make it harder …

  • The Fall and Rise of Unemployment in Germany: Is the Red-Green Government Responsible

    Stephen J Silvia, J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics•2002•Cited by: 3

    This article investigates the causes of recent German labour market developments. Contrary to the claims of the German chancellor, the analysis shows that the principal factors responsible for the decline in joblessness between 1998 and 2000 were not government policies, but favourable demographic developments and a strong demand for exports. Many initial government actions actually made reducing unemployment more difficult. Later measures, howev…

  • Reform gridlock and the role of the bundesrat in German politics

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•West European Politics•1999•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    1999). Reform gridlock and the role of the bundesrat in German politics. West European Politics: Vol. 22, Compounded Representation in West European Federations, pp. 167-181

  • An ounce of prevention? The reform of the German trade union Federation

    Stephen J Silvia, Andrei S Markovits•ARTICLE•German Politics•1995•Cited by: 3•References: 1

    This article investigates the causes and content of the ongoing reform of the German Trade Union Federation (DGB). We argue that problems predating German unification ‐ in particular, a skewed demographic profile, financial crisis and waning political clout ‐ are the central factors that led German unionists to undertake reform and have largely determined the reform's content. German unification acted simply as a catalyst rather than the cause pr…

  • The Social Charter of the European Community: An Defeat for European Labor

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•1991•Cited by: 3

  • The Alliance for Jobs: Social Democracy's Post-Keynesian/Process-Oriented Employment Creation Strategy

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•1999•Cited by: 2

    A Texas wag once remarked, "Oilmen are like cats. You can't tell from the sound of them whether they're fighting or making love." German industrial relations are not much different. In the heat of collective bargaining, the Federal Republic's "social partners" (that is, trade unions and employers' associations) frequently exchange vitriolic barbs in public, while simultaneously engaging in pragmatic, professional negotiations behind closed doors

  • Left behind: The social democratic party in Eastern Germany

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•West European Politics•1993•Cited by: 2•References: 2

    Four long‐term structural complications have prevented the Social Democratic Party of Germany from establishing a large party membership in eastern Germany since unification: the injurious legacy of Nazi and communist rule, the contradictions that arose in the 1980s out of the SPD's Ostpolitik, the flawed birth and development of the eastern SPD, and continuing tensions between the eastern and western wings of the party. Since none of these struc…

  • The Forward Retreat: Labor and Social Democracy in Germany, 1982–1992

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•International Journal of…•1992•Cited by: 2•References: 2

  • The Transnational Activities of German Trade Unions and Works Councils: From Foreign Policy to Active Engagement

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 5

    An imbalance at the heart of the German economy – habitual current account surpluses – has a crosscutting impact on unions in the tradeable goods sectors. Export surpluses boost employment, but they also necessitate capital outflow. Decades of investment abroad by German transnational enterprises has created global supply chains where costs are lower and employee representation weaker. Production abroad has exposed German managers to far more con…

  • Is the Euro Working? The Euro and European Labour Markets

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Journal of Public Policy•2004•Cited by: 1

    Now that time has passed since the introduction of the euro as a commercial currency, it is possible to assess many arguments made in the abstract during the 1990s about European monetary union. This article shows that the euro zone still falls short as an optimal currency area in most respects. In particular, it undertakes an empirical analysis of the labour market and finds no progress toward flexibility or integration. These results challenge …

  • The Identity Crisis of Alliance '90/The Greens: The New Left at a Crossroad

    Andrei S Markovits, Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•New German Critique•1997•Cited by: 1

  • The West German Labor Law Controversy: A Struggle for the Factory of the Future

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Comparative Politics•1988•Cited by: 6

    German politics from the fall of 1985 until well into 1986. The ferocity of the dispute was unprecedented in West German postwar history. At its height, the unions called it a question of survival and each side repeatedly accused the other of endangering democracy to achieve its ends. The issue itself, however, appears minor: the government's revision of Paragraph 116 of the Arbeitsfirderungsgesetz (AFG, the Work Promotion Act) to make it harder …

  • The Social Charter of the European Community: An Defeat for European Labor

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•1991•Cited by: 3

  • The Social Charter of the European Community: A Defeat for European Labor

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•1991•References: 7

    This study examines the failure of the effort by the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and its national affiliates to obtain a uniform and binding set of regulations for Europeanwide collective bargaining within the European Community's 1989 Charter of Fundamental Social Rights. The trade unions were prompted to act by the program to create a single European market by the end of 1992. The author argues that labor's weak position economica…

  • Industrial Relations and the German Model

    Stephen J Silvia, Karen Williams•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•1991

  • The Forward Retreat: Labor and Social Democracy in Germany, 1982–1992

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•International Journal of…•1992•Cited by: 2•References: 2

  • Left behind: The social democratic party in Eastern Germany

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•West European Politics•1993•Cited by: 2•References: 2

    Four long‐term structural complications have prevented the Social Democratic Party of Germany from establishing a large party membership in eastern Germany since unification: the injurious legacy of Nazi and communist rule, the contradictions that arose in the 1980s out of the SPD's Ostpolitik, the flawed birth and development of the eastern SPD, and continuing tensions between the eastern and western wings of the party. Since none of these struc…

  • An ounce of prevention? The reform of the German trade union Federation

    Stephen J Silvia, Andrei S Markovits•ARTICLE•German Politics•1995•Cited by: 3•References: 1

    This article investigates the causes and content of the ongoing reform of the German Trade Union Federation (DGB). We argue that problems predating German unification ‐ in particular, a skewed demographic profile, financial crisis and waning political clout ‐ are the central factors that led German unionists to undertake reform and have largely determined the reform's content. German unification acted simply as a catalyst rather than the cause pr…

  • Changing shades of green: Political identity and alternative politics in united Germany

    Andrei S Markovits, Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Debatte Journal of Contemporary…•1997

  • German Unification and Emerging Divisions within German Employers' Associations: Cause or Catalyst

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Comparative Politics•1997•Cited by: 12•References: 3

    The terms Verbandsvermeidung (association avoidance) and Verbandsflucht (association flight) have appeared with increasing frequency in analyses of the German economy over the past few years.' They vividly encapsulate the observation that fewer new firms are joining employers' associations, compared to a decade ago, and that members are both threatening to leave and actually leaving employers' associations at an unprecedented rate. The specter of…

  • The Identity Crisis of Alliance '90/The Greens: The New Left at a Crossroad

    Andrei S Markovits, Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•New German Critique•1997•Cited by: 1

  • The Brave New World of European Labor: European Trade Unions at the Millennium

    Andrew Martins, George Ro et al.•BOOK•The Brave New World of European…•1999

  • Chapter 3 Every WHICH WAY BUT Loose German Industrial Relations Since 1980

    Stephen J Silvia•CHAPTER•The Brave New World of European…•1999

  • Transformation of the German Political Party System: Institutional Crisis or Democratic Renewal

    Hans-Georg Betz, Henry Kreikenbom et al.•BOOK•Transformation of the German…•1999

  • The brave new world of European labor: European trade unions at the millennium

    Anthony Daley, Chris Howell et al.•BOOK•The brave new world of European…•1999

    "European trade unions played a central role in building a "European model of society"--Negotiated labor-management relations, high labor standards, generous welfare states, and collective political representation - which reached its pinnacle in the earlier post-World War II era. More recently, this European "model" and the unions place in it have been challenged by lower growth, rising unemployment, accelerated European integration, and neo-libe…

  • Reform gridlock and the role of the bundesrat in German politics

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•West European Politics•1999•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    1999). Reform gridlock and the role of the bundesrat in German politics. West European Politics: Vol. 22, Compounded Representation in West European Federations, pp. 167-181

  • The Alliance for Jobs: Social Democracy's Post-Keynesian/Process-Oriented Employment Creation Strategy

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•1999•Cited by: 2

    A Texas wag once remarked, "Oilmen are like cats. You can't tell from the sound of them whether they're fighting or making love." German industrial relations are not much different. In the heat of collective bargaining, the Federal Republic's "social partners" (that is, trade unions and employers' associations) frequently exchange vitriolic barbs in public, while simultaneously engaging in pragmatic, professional negotiations behind closed doors

  • The Fall and Rise of Unemployment in Germany: Is the Red-Green Government Responsible

    Stephen J Silvia, J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics•2002•Cited by: 3

    This article investigates the causes of recent German labour market developments. Contrary to the claims of the German chancellor, the analysis shows that the principal factors responsible for the decline in joblessness between 1998 and 2000 were not government policies, but favourable demographic developments and a strong demand for exports. Many initial government actions actually made reducing unemployment more difficult. Later measures, howev…

  • Is the Euro Working? The Euro and European Labour Markets

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Journal of Public Policy•2004•Cited by: 1

    Now that time has passed since the introduction of the euro as a commercial currency, it is possible to assess many arguments made in the abstract during the 1990s about European monetary union. This article shows that the euro zone still falls short as an optimal currency area in most respects. In particular, it undertakes an empirical analysis of the labour market and finds no progress toward flexibility or integration. These results challenge …

  • Why Are German Employers Associations Declining: Arguments and Evidence

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia, Wolfgang Schroeder•ARTICLE•Comparative Political Studies•2007•Cited by: 22•References: 12

    Considerable progress has been made during the past two decades in conceptualizing dynamics within German employers associations—in particular, explanations for declines in density—and the impact on the economy. The verification has not kept pace with theorization, however. This article provides empirics. The analysis confirms earlier conclusions that the interests of large and small employers have increasingly diverged since the mid-1980s. In co…

  • Things fall apart: Contemporary analyses of German economic and political developments

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Comparative European Politics•2010•References: 4

  • The Elusive Quest for Normalcy: The German Economy since Unification

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•2010

    This article investigates the progress that the eastern German economy has made since unification in two areas: unemployment and output. It finds that unemployment has remained persistently higher in eastern than in western Germany and output levels have remained extremely uniform across the eastern states. Keynesian and neoclassical economists have proposed differing explanations for the endurance of high unemployment in the East. The latter hav…

  • Why Do German and U.S. Reactions to the Financial Crisis Differ

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•2011

    Among the many striking developments that arose out of the 2008-2009 financial crisis and the subsequent EURO crisis has been the policy divergence between the United States and Germany. Typically, the two countries have broadly similar preferences regarding economic policy. To be sure, this is not the first time that Germany and the U.S. have failed to see eye to eye on economic matters,1 but the recent gap in perception and policy does warrant …

  • The United Auto Workers' Attempts to Unionize Volkswagen Chattanooga

    Open Access•Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•Industrial and Labor Relations…•2018•Cited by: 9•References: 4

    The author examines attempts by the United Auto Workers (UAW) to unionize the Volkswagen (VW) plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee. These efforts were a pivotal test of labor's ability to organize in the South. The UAW failed to organize the entire plant, despite an amenable employer, because of heavy intervention by external actors, the union's failure to develop community support, and a paragraph in the pre-election agreement that promised wage rest…

  • A Silver Age? The German Economy since Reunification

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics & Society•2019

    Since German unification, assessments of the German economy have swung from "sick man of the euro" in the early years to dominant hegemon of late. I argue that the German economy appears strong because of its recent positive performance in two politically salient areas: unemployment and the current account. A deeper assessment reveals, however, that German economic performance cannot be considered a second economic miracle, but is at best a mini …

  • The Transnational Activities of German Trade Unions and Works Councils: From Foreign Policy to Active Engagement

    Stephen J Silvia•ARTICLE•German Politics•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 5

    An imbalance at the heart of the German economy – habitual current account surpluses – has a crosscutting impact on unions in the tradeable goods sectors. Export surpluses boost employment, but they also necessitate capital outflow. Decades of investment abroad by German transnational enterprises has created global supply chains where costs are lower and employee representation weaker. Production abroad has exposed German managers to far more con…

Political science (21 works) · Economics (17 works) · Law (16 works) · German (15 works) · Politics (12 works) · Labor Movements and Unions (11 works) · Political economy (10 works) · Law (8 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (7 works) · History (6 works)

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