Robert E Larzelere
Biographic Data
| ID | 106157 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert E Larzelere |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert E |
| FAMILY NAME | Larzelere |
| SIGNATURE | LARZELERE R E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Oklahoma State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2822-3735 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 316 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 45 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Resolving the Contradictory Conclusions from Three Reviews of Controlled Longitudinal Studies of Physical Punishment: A Meta-Analysis
Hope for Latino immigrant youth: A longitudinal test of Snyder's Children's Hope Scale
Validation of the Family Fear of Deportation Scale for youth
Ethnic Differences in the Effects of Five Disciplinary Techniques on Subsequent Externalizing Behavior Problems
To identify disciplinary alternatives to replace spanking, this study investigated ethnic differences in the associations of five disciplinary techniques with subsequent externalizing behavior problems in a national sample of 7- to 11-year-olds with ANCOVAs and difference-score analyses. Most techniques led to significant reductions in externalizing problems for African-Americans or Hispanics, but only after overcoming known biases in ANCOVA and …
Shared Language Erosion: Rethinking Immigrant Family Communication and Impacts on Youth Development
In this paper we make the case for Shared Language Erosion as a potential explanation for the negative outcomes described in the immigrant paradox for second- and third- generation immigrants (e.g., declines in physical, mental, and behavioral health). While not negating the important role of cultural adaptation, we posit that parent-child communication difficulties due to a process we are calling Shared Language Erosion is driving the observed a…
Dual‐centered Ancova: Resolving contradictory results from Lord's paradox with implications for reducing bias in longitudinal analyses ☆
INTRODUCTION: Valid causal inferences are necessary to use developmental research to improve adolescent outcomes. What type of change should be analyzed to approximate causal inferences from longitudinal data? Difference-score and ANCOVA-type analyses often produce contradictory results, a problem known as Lord's paradox. This study investigates 2-group, 2-wave difference-score analyses and ANCOVA, and introduces a method that produces consistent…
Causal Evidence for Exclusively Positive Parenting and for Timeout: Rejoinder to Holden, Grogan-Kaylor, Durrant, and Gershoff (2017)
In our initial article we raised concerns about a paradigm we called “Exclusively Positive Parenting” (EPP). This paradigm opposes all negative disciplinary consequences, including timeout and privilege removal. We argued that the empirical support for EPP was insufficient. Researchers should not rely on insufficient causal evidence to replace well-established parenting perspectives that combine positive parenting with appropriate firm control. I…
A Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and Child Weight with Moderation by American Indian Ethnicity
SYNOPSISObjective: Early childhood weight predicts later weight, so there is need for longitudinal research to identify key factors in the development of childhood obesity, especially among vulnerable populations. Design: This study examines the links between parenting styles and child obesity across three waves (Mages = 6.90, 7.34, and 8.28 years) and the moderating factor of mother ethnicity in a sample of 356 children and their mothers (78.5% …
Diana Blumberg Baumrind (1927–2018)
This article memorializes Diana Blumberg Baumrind (1927-2018). In her illustrious career at the Institute of Human Development at UCB, Diana largely focused on understanding the parent-child relationship. Diana was the lifelong director of the Family Socialization and Developmental Competence Project at UCB, where she undertook her longitudinal program of parenting research. Diana's research was devoted to identifying qualitative variations in di…
Immediate and Long-Term Effectiveness of Disciplinary Tactics by Type of Toddler Noncompliance
SYNOPSISObjective. To clarify when the disciplinary recommendations of positive parenting and behavioral parent training apply, this study investigated how the effectiveness of seven disciplinary tactics varies by type of toddler noncompliance, using methods to improve the validity of causal inferences. Design. Multilevel modeling and hierarchical longitudinal regression are used to test immediate and long-term effectiveness of disciplinary tacti…
Children and Parents Deserve Better Parental Discipline Research: Critiquing the Evidence for Exclusively “Positive” Parenting
This article critiques the scientific evidence for the emerging view in nonclinical parenting research and in popular books that parents should use only positive methods of parenting and rarely resort to any disciplinary consequences. Four methodological fallacies pervade research used to support this viewpoint: the correlational fallacy (inferring causation from correlations), the trumping fallacy (permitting correlational conclusions to trump s…
Is All Parental “Noninvolvement” Equal? Barriers to Involvement and Their Relationship to Latino Academic Achievement
High parental involvement has consistently been shown to enhance academic achievement among Latino youth. Still, some youth continue to thrive academically despite low parental involvement. The Theory of Rationality suggests that the impact of even potentially negative behaviors depends on how the behavior is interpreted. To test the application of this theory to parental “noninvolvement” among Latinos, we assessed how adolescent rationales about…
The Intergenerational Transmission of Financial Stress and Relationship Outcomes
Numerous studies have focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty, financial stress, and family functioning. Other research has shown how financial stressors can predict various family processes, including parent–child interactions, family conflict, and couple communication, and relationship outcomes, including marital stability and satisfaction. This study shows continued evidence that financial stress from the male and female partn…
Adolescent RSA responses during an anger discussion task: Relations to emotion regulation and adjustment
The current study examined associations between adolescent respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during an angry event discussion task and adolescents' emotion regulation and adjustment. Data were collected from 206 adolescents (10-18 years of age, M age = 13.37). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration data were collected from adolescents, and RSA values and respiration rates were computed. Adolescents reported on their own emotion regulation, pros…
How Do Time and Vocational Stress Influence Attitudes Toward Couple Relationship Education
Recruitment issues are common in couple relationship education (CRE). Hence, learning more about factors shaping attitudes toward CRE could aid with these efforts. This study used dyadic data techniques to assess how common recruitment barriers are associated with attitudes toward CRE. The study also investigated differences by gender and income in a sample of 99 couples. Results show that time pressure influenced attitudes toward CRE differently…
Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development.
Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing Nurturance and Discipline for Optimal Child Development
Psychologist Diana Baumrind's revolutionary prototype of parenting, called authoritative parenting, combines the best of various parenting styles. In contrast to previous emphases on parental responsiveness alone (permissive parenting) or on demandingness alone (authoritarian parenting), authoritative parenting combines high levels of both responsiveness and demandingness. The result is an appropriate mix of warm nurturance and firm discipline. I…
Swedish Trends in Criminal Assaults against Minors since Banning Spanking, 1981-2010
This study uses Swedish trends in alleged criminal assaults against minors to investigate whether societal violence has decreased since their spanking ban in 1979.The rates of all assaults increased dramatically. Compared to 1981, criminal statistics in 2010 included about 22 times as many cases of physical child abuse, 24 times as many assaults by minors against minors, and 73 times as many rapes of minors under the age of 15. Although the first…
Making Valid Causal Inferences About Corrective Actions by Parents From Longitudinal Data
As a result of an inherent selection bias, most longitudinal analyses are biased against corrective actions that parents use to address perceived child problems. This bias can lead to unjustified or even counterproductive recommendations about corrective parental actions. To overcome this bias, this article summarizes current scholarship on improving the validity of causal inferences. Enhancing research designs is preferred, using quasi‐experimen…
Applying the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to Micro-Level Analyses of Marital Partner Affect During Couple Conversations: An Exploratory Investigation
For years observational techniques along with other methods have sought to explore the relationships of couple interactional exchanges to marital quality and longevity. However, many of the previous methodological procedures used might be inadequate at capturing the influential micro-dimensional nuances of interpartner couple affective stability and reciprocity. This study explored the dyadic patterns in 23 married couples' continuous affect rati…
Do Peers and Perceived Risk Mediate the Association of Religiosity With the Likelihood and Extent of Recent Substance Use Among Venezuelan Youth
A robust literature suggests religiosity protects against substance use by youth. Less clear is how religiosity influences substance use. This study uses across-sectional design with a sample of 1,815 Venezuelan youth to examine whether associations with deviant peers or the perceived risk of harm from using drugs mediates the effect of religiosity on both the likelihood of using, and the extent of use of alcohol, cigarettes, and illicit drugs du…
Effects of Preschool Parents' Power Assertive Patterns and Practices on Adolescent Development
SYNOPSIS Objective . The authors investigated the effects of preschool patterns of parental authority on adolescent competence and emotional health and differentiated between confrontive and coercive power-assertive practices which accounted partially for differential long-term effects of the preschool patterns. Design . Participants were 87 families initially studied when children were preschool students, with outcomes assessed during early adol…
Initial Reliability of a Turkish Version of the Dyadic Trust Scale
The Dyadic Trust Scale, previously adapted for a range of applications in organizational research, was translated into Turkish in this study and evaluated with a sample of 117 service employees (69 men and 48 women), whose mean age was 21.5 yr. (SD = 1.8). The internal consistency of the Turkish version was estimated with a Cronbach alpha of .90. Test-retest reliability was .88. Both principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis s…
The impact of HeadsUp! Reading on early childhood educators’ literacy practices and preschool children's literacy skills
Physical Discipline and Child Behavior Problems: A Study of Ethnic Group Differences
Objective. This study examines ethnic group differences in the relation between parents' use of physical discipline and children's externalizing behavior problems in younger children and assesses both same-source and distinct-source data. Design. One hundred and twelve mothers of African American (N = 63) and European American (N = 49) children were interviewed regarding their parenting strategies and their child's behavior. Preschool teacher rat…
The Dyadic Trust Scale: Toward Understanding Interpersonal Trust in Close Relationships
Interpersonal trust is an aspect of close relationships which has been virtually ignored in social scientific research despite its importance as perceived by intimate partners and several family theorists. This article describes the development, validation, and correlates of the Dyadic Trust Scale, a tool designed for such research. It is unidimensional, reliable, relatively free ifrom response biases, and purposely designed to be consistent with…
Parental Management: Mediator of the Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Early Delinquency
This study used structural equation modeling with longitudinal data from the Oregon Youth Study to test the hypothesis that the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on delinquency in early adolescence would be mediated entirely by parental management skills. SES was measured by parental education and occupation when the son was in the fourth grade, parental management skills during the sixth grade, and delinquency during the seventh grade. The hy…
Effects of Preschool Parents' Power Assertive Patterns and Practices on Adolescent Development
SYNOPSIS Objective . The authors investigated the effects of preschool patterns of parental authority on adolescent competence and emotional health and differentiated between confrontive and coercive power-assertive practices which accounted partially for differential long-term effects of the preschool patterns. Design . Participants were 87 families initially studied when children were preschool students, with outcomes assessed during early adol…
Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002)
E. T. Gershoff (2002) reviewed processes that might mediate and contexts that might moderate the associations between corporal punishment (CP) and child behaviors and provided an account of the methodological weaknesses of the research reviewed in her meta-analyses. In this examination of Gershoff, the authors argue that the biases and confounds in the meta-analyses further limit any causal inferences that can be drawn concerning the detrimental …
Single-sample tests for many correlations
The impact of HeadsUp! Reading on early childhood educators’ literacy practices and preschool children's literacy skills
An Empirical Evaluation of the Family Life Cycle
The concept of 'family life has become increasingly prominent in the study of development' '-the formation, maintefnance, change, and dissolution of marriage and family relations. While researchers have found the family life cycle concept appealing, it has been accepted rather uncritically and its utility has never been empirically established. An evaluation of this concept is accomplished by examining the relationships between three possible str…
Physical Discipline and Child Behavior Problems: A Study of Ethnic Group Differences
Objective. This study examines ethnic group differences in the relation between parents' use of physical discipline and children's externalizing behavior problems in younger children and assesses both same-source and distinct-source data. Design. One hundred and twelve mothers of African American (N = 63) and European American (N = 49) children were interviewed regarding their parenting strategies and their child's behavior. Preschool teacher rat…
Punishment Enhances Reasoning's Effectiveness as a Disciplinary Response to Toddlers
Robert E. Larzelere, Paul R. Sather, William N. Schneider, David B. Larson, Patricia L. Pike, Punishment Enhances Reasoning's Effectiveness as a Disciplinary Response to Toddlers, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 60, No. 2 (May, 1998), pp. 388-403
Children and Parents Deserve Better Parental Discipline Research: Critiquing the Evidence for Exclusively “Positive” Parenting
This article critiques the scientific evidence for the emerging view in nonclinical parenting research and in popular books that parents should use only positive methods of parenting and rarely resort to any disciplinary consequences. Four methodological fallacies pervade research used to support this viewpoint: the correlational fallacy (inferring causation from correlations), the trumping fallacy (permitting correlational conclusions to trump s…
The Intervention Selection Bias: An Underrecognized Confound in Intervention Research
Selection bias can be the most important threat to internal validity in intervention research, but is often insufficiently recognized and controlled. The bias is illustrated in research on parental interventions (punishment, homework assistance); medical interventions (hospitalization); and psychological interventions for suicide risk, sex offending, and juvenile delinquency. The intervention selection bias is most adequately controlled in random…
The Intergenerational Transmission of Financial Stress and Relationship Outcomes
Numerous studies have focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty, financial stress, and family functioning. Other research has shown how financial stressors can predict various family processes, including parent–child interactions, family conflict, and couple communication, and relationship outcomes, including marital stability and satisfaction. This study shows continued evidence that financial stress from the male and female partn…
Moderate spanking: Model or deterrent of children's aggression in the family
Causal Evidence for Exclusively Positive Parenting and for Timeout: Rejoinder to Holden, Grogan-Kaylor, Durrant, and Gershoff (2017)
In our initial article we raised concerns about a paradigm we called “Exclusively Positive Parenting” (EPP). This paradigm opposes all negative disciplinary consequences, including timeout and privilege removal. We argued that the empirical support for EPP was insufficient. Researchers should not rely on insufficient causal evidence to replace well-established parenting perspectives that combine positive parenting with appropriate firm control. I…
Immediate and Long-Term Effectiveness of Disciplinary Tactics by Type of Toddler Noncompliance
SYNOPSISObjective. To clarify when the disciplinary recommendations of positive parenting and behavioral parent training apply, this study investigated how the effectiveness of seven disciplinary tactics varies by type of toddler noncompliance, using methods to improve the validity of causal inferences. Design. Multilevel modeling and hierarchical longitudinal regression are used to test immediate and long-term effectiveness of disciplinary tacti…
Is All Parental “Noninvolvement” Equal? Barriers to Involvement and Their Relationship to Latino Academic Achievement
High parental involvement has consistently been shown to enhance academic achievement among Latino youth. Still, some youth continue to thrive academically despite low parental involvement. The Theory of Rationality suggests that the impact of even potentially negative behaviors depends on how the behavior is interpreted. To test the application of this theory to parental “noninvolvement” among Latinos, we assessed how adolescent rationales about…
Swedish Trends in Criminal Assaults against Minors since Banning Spanking, 1981-2010
This study uses Swedish trends in alleged criminal assaults against minors to investigate whether societal violence has decreased since their spanking ban in 1979.The rates of all assaults increased dramatically. Compared to 1981, criminal statistics in 2010 included about 22 times as many cases of physical child abuse, 24 times as many assaults by minors against minors, and 73 times as many rapes of minors under the age of 15. Although the first…
Making Valid Causal Inferences About Corrective Actions by Parents From Longitudinal Data
As a result of an inherent selection bias, most longitudinal analyses are biased against corrective actions that parents use to address perceived child problems. This bias can lead to unjustified or even counterproductive recommendations about corrective parental actions. To overcome this bias, this article summarizes current scholarship on improving the validity of causal inferences. Enhancing research designs is preferred, using quasi‐experimen…
Applying the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to Micro-Level Analyses of Marital Partner Affect During Couple Conversations: An Exploratory Investigation
For years observational techniques along with other methods have sought to explore the relationships of couple interactional exchanges to marital quality and longevity. However, many of the previous methodological procedures used might be inadequate at capturing the influential micro-dimensional nuances of interpartner couple affective stability and reciprocity. This study explored the dyadic patterns in 23 married couples' continuous affect rati…
The Method of Multiple Hypotheses: A Neglected Research Strategy in Family Studies
The field of family studies would be enhanced by more systematic use of the method of multiple hypotheses. Multiple interpretations of family phenomena need to be considered routinely. Conceptual hypotheses should more frequently be designed to disconfirm theoretical expectations or to pit competing explanations against one another. Theories need to be bolder, particularly in the sense that they should aim to make counterintuitive and more precis…
A Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and Child Weight with Moderation by American Indian Ethnicity
SYNOPSISObjective: Early childhood weight predicts later weight, so there is need for longitudinal research to identify key factors in the development of childhood obesity, especially among vulnerable populations. Design: This study examines the links between parenting styles and child obesity across three waves (Mages = 6.90, 7.34, and 8.28 years) and the moderating factor of mother ethnicity in a sample of 356 children and their mothers (78.5% …
How Do Time and Vocational Stress Influence Attitudes Toward Couple Relationship Education
Recruitment issues are common in couple relationship education (CRE). Hence, learning more about factors shaping attitudes toward CRE could aid with these efforts. This study used dyadic data techniques to assess how common recruitment barriers are associated with attitudes toward CRE. The study also investigated differences by gender and income in a sample of 99 couples. Results show that time pressure influenced attitudes toward CRE differently…
Single-sample tests for many correlations
Gnawing Away Again: A Reply and Comment
An Empirical Evaluation of the Family Life Cycle
The concept of 'family life has become increasingly prominent in the study of development' '-the formation, maintefnance, change, and dissolution of marriage and family relations. While researchers have found the family life cycle concept appealing, it has been accepted rather uncritically and its utility has never been empirically established. An evaluation of this concept is accomplished by examining the relationships between three possible str…
The Task Ahead: Six Levels of Integration of Christianity and Psychology
While the integration of Christianity with psychology has made some notable progress in recent years, there has been relatively little growth in psychological research relevant to integration. This article presents a model which attempts to begin correcting this by showing the relevance of psychological research to theories and world views used in psychology. Psychological study is categorized into six levels: World View, General Proposition, Lin…
The Dyadic Trust Scale: Toward Understanding Interpersonal Trust in Close Relationships
Interpersonal trust is an aspect of close relationships which has been virtually ignored in social scientific research despite its importance as perceived by intimate partners and several family theorists. This article describes the development, validation, and correlates of the Dyadic Trust Scale, a tool designed for such research. It is unidimensional, reliable, relatively free ifrom response biases, and purposely designed to be consistent with…
The Authority of Scripture and the Unity of Revelation: A Response to Crabb
Crabb has provided us with a good discussion of the implications of the central importance of the authority of Scripture for an evangelical Christian perspective of psychology. However a careful distinction must be made between the authority of the Scripture itself and of conclusions based on Scripture. Otherwise, the unity of revelation may be sacrificed. The closer our conclusions are to the revelational data and the more data they explain, the…
Dyadic Trust and Generalized Trust of Secular versus Christian-College Students
It was correctly hypothesized that students at a conservative Christian college would be less trusting than secular-college students toward people in general (generalized trust), replicating Wrights man (1964), but (hat Christian-college students would be higher in dyadic trust toward a dating partner than would be the case for students at a secular college. Differences in dyadic trust were smaller for more advanced stages of courtship, suggestin…
The Method of Multiple Hypotheses: A Neglected Research Strategy in Family Studies
The field of family studies would be enhanced by more systematic use of the method of multiple hypotheses. Multiple interpretations of family phenomena need to be considered routinely. Conceptual hypotheses should more frequently be designed to disconfirm theoretical expectations or to pit competing explanations against one another. Theories need to be bolder, particularly in the sense that they should aim to make counterintuitive and more precis…
Moderate spanking: Model or deterrent of children's aggression in the family
Relations of Spanking and other Parenting Characteristics to Self-Esteem and Perceived Fairness of Parental Discipline
Punishment has long been a controversial topic in psychology, perhaps partly because its effects are different under different circumstances. This study used retrospective reports from college students to examine the effects of spanking, a common aversive punishment, on self-esteem and perceived fairness of parental discipline, while taking the effects of other parental characteristics into account. No parental characteristic interacted with the …
Parental Management: Mediator of the Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Early Delinquency
This study used structural equation modeling with longitudinal data from the Oregon Youth Study to test the hypothesis that the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on delinquency in early adolescence would be mediated entirely by parental management skills. SES was measured by parental education and occupation when the son was in the fourth grade, parental management skills during the sixth grade, and delinquency during the seventh grade. The hy…
Response to Oosterhuis: Empirically Justified Uses of Spanking: Toward a Discriminating View of Corporal Punishment
This article makes a case for discriminating appropriate from inappropriate corporal punishment utilizing empirical research and the larger scriptural context of the rod passages in Proverbs. Three lines of research have indicated that some spanking is beneficial in certain contexts: the treatment of autistic children, the behavioral training of young children by parents, and the reduction of recurrent misbehavior in toddlers. Although the use of…
Changes in modern psychology: A citation analysis of the Kuhnian displacement thesis
Changes in modern psychology: A citation analysis of the Kuhnian displacement thesis
Many psychologists believe a Kuhnian revolution—a competitive event between incommensurate paradigms in which a winner displaces losers after chaotic upheaval— has occurred in psychology. Cognitive psychology is said to be displacing behavioral psychology and psychoanalysis, but few published data support this thesis. Social science citation records from the leading journals in cognitive psychology, behavioral psychology, and psychoanalysis betwe…
Correspondence between child dysfunction and program intrusion: Evidence of a continuum of care across five child mental health programs
A fundamental goal of the continuum of care concept is high correspondence between child dysfunction and program intrusiveness. Yet the small body of relevant research has identified major discrepancies. We used the Child Behavior Checklist to compare entry-level behavior problems of children from five child mental health programs sequenced in order of level of intrusiveness: Outpatient clinic, parent training, intensive family preservation servi…
Punishment Enhances Reasoning's Effectiveness as a Disciplinary Response to Toddlers
Robert E. Larzelere, Paul R. Sather, William N. Schneider, David B. Larson, Patricia L. Pike, Punishment Enhances Reasoning's Effectiveness as a Disciplinary Response to Toddlers, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 60, No. 2 (May, 1998), pp. 388-403
Questionable validity, not vitality
Questionable validity, not vitality
Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002)
E. T. Gershoff (2002) reviewed processes that might mediate and contexts that might moderate the associations between corporal punishment (CP) and child behaviors and provided an account of the methodological weaknesses of the research reviewed in her meta-analyses. In this examination of Gershoff, the authors argue that the biases and confounds in the meta-analyses further limit any causal inferences that can be drawn concerning the detrimental …
Physical Discipline and Child Behavior Problems: A Study of Ethnic Group Differences
Objective. This study examines ethnic group differences in the relation between parents' use of physical discipline and children's externalizing behavior problems in younger children and assesses both same-source and distinct-source data. Design. One hundred and twelve mothers of African American (N = 63) and European American (N = 49) children were interviewed regarding their parenting strategies and their child's behavior. Preschool teacher rat…
The Child Suicide Risk Assessment: A Screening Measure of Suicide Risk in Pre-Adolescents
This study documents the initial reliability and validity of the Child Suicide Risk Assessment (CSRA) for children under the age of 13. The revised CSRA retained 18 of 20 original items based on item-specific psychometric data from 140 pre-adolescents in out-of-home treatment programs. The CSRA demonstrated adequate internal consistency (alpha=.69) for a multi-dimensional scale (3 factors: Worsening Depression, Lack of Support, and Death as Escap…
The Intervention Selection Bias: An Underrecognized Confound in Intervention Research
Selection bias can be the most important threat to internal validity in intervention research, but is often insufficiently recognized and controlled. The bias is illustrated in research on parental interventions (punishment, homework assistance); medical interventions (hospitalization); and psychological interventions for suicide risk, sex offending, and juvenile delinquency. The intervention selection bias is most adequately controlled in random…
The impact of HeadsUp! Reading on early childhood educators’ literacy practices and preschool children's literacy skills
Initial Reliability of a Turkish Version of the Dyadic Trust Scale
The Dyadic Trust Scale, previously adapted for a range of applications in organizational research, was translated into Turkish in this study and evaluated with a sample of 117 service employees (69 men and 48 women), whose mean age was 21.5 yr. (SD = 1.8). The internal consistency of the Turkish version was estimated with a Cronbach alpha of .90. Test-retest reliability was .88. Both principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis s…
Effects of Preschool Parents' Power Assertive Patterns and Practices on Adolescent Development
SYNOPSIS Objective . The authors investigated the effects of preschool patterns of parental authority on adolescent competence and emotional health and differentiated between confrontive and coercive power-assertive practices which accounted partially for differential long-term effects of the preschool patterns. Design . Participants were 87 families initially studied when children were preschool students, with outcomes assessed during early adol…
Psychology (44 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Developmental psychology (25 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (18 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Medicine (15 works) · Clinical Psychology (10 works) · Child Abuse and Trauma (9 works) · Early Childhood Education and Development (9 works) · Poison control (9 works)