Bernard Wong
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 107792 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Bernard Wong |
| NOMBRES | Bernard |
| APELLIDO | Wong |
| FIRMA | WONG B |
| AFILIACIONES | Hong Kong Baptist University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0724-1635 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 26 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 49 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 26 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1976 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Confucian ‘Integration Writ Small’
Catholic integralism has received growing attention and criticism in recent years. Some philosophers, such as Kevin Vallier, suggest that, rather than using coercive political power to promote spiritual goals, integralists should adopt a strategy of ‘integration writs small’, which advocates for the dissemination of their beliefs through local religious communities. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this strategy by examining t…
Studying the Zhuangzi
Comparative political philosophy has recently grown in prominence, but most attention focuses on Confucians such as Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi. Daoists, particularly Zhuangzi, have long been neglected. This paper proposes an “institutional approach” to Zhuangzi's philosophy, examining what institutions can create a social environment that enables ordinary people to achieve “wandering” ( you ). Wandering means openness to diverse perspectives a…
The welfare-convergence dilemma
Recently, convergence liberals, such as Kevin Vallier, argue that the principle of social insurance could be publicly justified. Our paper challenges this marriage of convergence liberalism and welfare state. We begin by examining Vallier’s three reasons for the principle of social insurance: risk aversion, injustice and the promotion of political trust. We then argue that all these reasons are intelligibly objectionable. After examining five pos…
Careful, patient, and modest citizens
This article focuses on a method of moral self-cultivation advocated by the Chinese Neo-Confucian Zhu Xi: deep reading. To Zhu Xi, reading is not only an intellectual activity of learning knowledge, but also a spiritual exercise. Through meticulous, thorough, and unbiased reading, people can gradually cultivate their minds to have three virtues, carefulness (xixin), patience (naixin), and modesty (xuxin). I argue that these three virtues are like…
Trapped Between Anger and Apathy
Talk May Be Cheap, but Deeds Seldom Cheat
In a well‐ordered society, democratic officials face an assurance problem. They want to ensure that others will act reasonably when they do the same. According to political liberals, public reason can solve this problem, but the details of how assurance is generated are unclear. This article explains the assurance mechanism in political liberalism. Apart from public reason, mutual assurance is also provided by a long‐term record of civic deeds. B…
Contributing to Public Deliberation by Religious Behavior
Recently, political philosophers have debated the role of religious reasons in public deliberations, such as appealing to religious convictions and religious classics. Exclusivists, such as Rawls, Quong, Hartley, and Watson, argue that democratic governments and citizens should restrict or exclude the use of religious reasons in making laws and policies, while inclusivists, such as Gaus, Vallier, and Billingham, oppose such categorical exclusion.…
Is it Sectarian for a Rawlsian State to Coerce Nozick? – On Political Liberalism and the Sectarian Critique
Let God and Rawls be Friends
Political liberals are primarily concerned with the roles played by the government and public schools in civic education. In policies related to religious schools, political liberals often use a strategy of regulation that aims to restrict religious schools. I argue that, although this strategy is effective in eliminating bad religious schools, it alone is unable to ensure that all (or most) reasonable citizens achieve full justification, which i…
Church Under Leviathan
Political philosophers have long disagreed on the issue of whether churches should exercise restraint in the appeal to religious reasons in public discussion and political mobilization. Exclusivists defend the restraint, whereas inclusivists reject it. Both sides, however, assume the existence of a democratic government. In this essay, I discuss whether churches should exercise restraint in a non‐democratic, authoritarian society. I defend inclus…
Public Reason and Structural Coercion
Political liberals usually assume the coercion account, which argues that state actions should be publicly justified because they coerce citizens. Recently some critics object this account for it overlooks that some policies are non-coercive but still require public justification. My article argues that, instead of understanding coercion as particular laws or policies, it should be understood as the exercise of collective political power that sha…
Democracy after Virtue
Kim Sungmoon's recent monograph is a sequel to his last two books, Confucian Democracy in East Asia and Public Reason Confucianism. The former is Kim's first attempt in presenting a Confucian democratic theory that is suited for East Asia, and the latter further explains what ‘Confucian’ Kim's theory is. In Democracy after Virtue, Kim turns to discuss the ‘democratic’ part of his theory and provides a ‘generic mode of democracy in [his] idea of C…
A Non‐Sectarian Comprehensive Confucianism?—On Kim's Public Reason Confucianism
In Public Reason Confucianism, Kim Sungmoon presents a perfectionist theory that is based on a partially comprehensive Confucian doctrine but is nonsectarian, since the doctrine is widely shared in East Asian societies.Despite its attractiveness, I argue that this project, unfortunately, fails because it is still vulnerable to the sectarian critique.The blurred distinction between partially and fully comprehensive doctrines will create a loophole…
Accessibility, pluralism, and honesty
Political liberals assume an accessibility requirement, which means that, for ensuring civic respect and non-manipulation, public officials should offer accessible reasons during political advocacy. Recently, critics have offered two arguments to show that the accessibility requirement is unnecessary. The first is the pluralism argument: Given the pluralism in evaluative standards, when officials offer non-accessible reasons, they are not disresp…
The mixer
China's Rise and the Chinese Overseas
Conjecture and the Division of Justificatory Labour
Ethnicity and Entreprenuership
1.Introduction. Ethnicity and Economic Adaptation. 2.From China to San Francisco. The History of Chinese Immigration. The New and Old Immigrants: A Contrast. The Chinese in the San Francisco Bay Area. Residential Patterns. Chinatown: The Symbolic and Cultural Center. Chinese Associations. Chinatown as a Center of Ethnic Resources. 3.Who are the New Chinese Immigrants? The Sources of the New Chinese Immigration. Mainland China: Immigration Enthusi…
The Korean American Dream
Social/Cultural Anthropology
The Role of Ethnicity in Enclave Enterprises
As part of current efforts to understand the role of ethnicity in entrepreneurship, the present study investigates the cultural/ethnic aspects of the Chinese garment factories in New York City. It was found that enclave enterprises function differently than those in the center economy. The often assumed incompatibility of traditional values, personalism, familism and informal social relations which prevail in the enclave economy are important ass…
On Assimilation of the Asians in the Americas. A Reply
Roger Daniels' comments (CSSH 1983:401–404) pertaining to my paper on assimilation of the Chinese in Peru and the U.S.A. (CSSH 1978:335–358) contained several misrepresentations which need to be corrected lest readers of this journal who may be unfamiliar with my paper be misled
Continuity and Change
Family, Kinship, and Ethnic Identity of the Chinese in New York City, with Comparative Remarks on the Chinese in Lima, Peru and Manila, Philippines
The paper first examines how U.S. immigration policies and economic adaptation of the Chinese affect and modify the Chinese family system in the U.S. and then proceeds to discuss the development of the various types of Chinese American families: the old immigrant families, new immigrant families, American born Chinese families, the families of Chinese professionals and non residential extended families. These families differ not only in size but …
A Comparative Study of the Assimilation of the Chinese in New York City and Lima, Peru
A comparative study of assimilation like the present one has shown that the structural or environmental factors in the larger society are principally responsible for the differential rates of assimilation. Historically, the United States has been racist in its treatment of nearly all immigrants. Eastern and Southern Europeans were judged inferior along ethnic/racist lines (Gordon 1964), let alone those with more pronounced physical characteristic…
A Comparative Study of the Assimilation of the Chinese in New York City and Lima, Peru
A comparative study of assimilation like the present one has shown that the structural or environmental factors in the larger society are principally responsible for the differential rates of assimilation. Historically, the United States has been racist in its treatment of nearly all immigrants. Eastern and Southern Europeans were judged inferior along ethnic/racist lines (Gordon 1964), let alone those with more pronounced physical characteristic…
Accessibility, pluralism, and honesty
Political liberals assume an accessibility requirement, which means that, for ensuring civic respect and non-manipulation, public officials should offer accessible reasons during political advocacy. Recently, critics have offered two arguments to show that the accessibility requirement is unnecessary. The first is the pluralism argument: Given the pluralism in evaluative standards, when officials offer non-accessible reasons, they are not disresp…
Social Stratification, Adaptive Strategies, and the Chinese Community of New York
The Role of Ethnicity in Enclave Enterprises
As part of current efforts to understand the role of ethnicity in entrepreneurship, the present study investigates the cultural/ethnic aspects of the Chinese garment factories in New York City. It was found that enclave enterprises function differently than those in the center economy. The often assumed incompatibility of traditional values, personalism, familism and informal social relations which prevail in the enclave economy are important ass…
Conjecture and the Division of Justificatory Labour
Family, Kinship, and Ethnic Identity of the Chinese in New York City, with Comparative Remarks on the Chinese in Lima, Peru and Manila, Philippines
The paper first examines how U.S. immigration policies and economic adaptation of the Chinese affect and modify the Chinese family system in the U.S. and then proceeds to discuss the development of the various types of Chinese American families: the old immigrant families, new immigrant families, American born Chinese families, the families of Chinese professionals and non residential extended families. These families differ not only in size but …
Trapped Between Anger and Apathy
Talk May Be Cheap, but Deeds Seldom Cheat
In a well‐ordered society, democratic officials face an assurance problem. They want to ensure that others will act reasonably when they do the same. According to political liberals, public reason can solve this problem, but the details of how assurance is generated are unclear. This article explains the assurance mechanism in political liberalism. Apart from public reason, mutual assurance is also provided by a long‐term record of civic deeds. B…
Contributing to Public Deliberation by Religious Behavior
Recently, political philosophers have debated the role of religious reasons in public deliberations, such as appealing to religious convictions and religious classics. Exclusivists, such as Rawls, Quong, Hartley, and Watson, argue that democratic governments and citizens should restrict or exclude the use of religious reasons in making laws and policies, while inclusivists, such as Gaus, Vallier, and Billingham, oppose such categorical exclusion.…
On Assimilation of the Asians in the Americas. A Reply
Roger Daniels' comments (CSSH 1983:401–404) pertaining to my paper on assimilation of the Chinese in Peru and the U.S.A. (CSSH 1978:335–358) contained several misrepresentations which need to be corrected lest readers of this journal who may be unfamiliar with my paper be misled
Social Stratification, Adaptive Strategies, and the Chinese Community of New York
A Comparative Study of the Assimilation of the Chinese in New York City and Lima, Peru
A comparative study of assimilation like the present one has shown that the structural or environmental factors in the larger society are principally responsible for the differential rates of assimilation. Historically, the United States has been racist in its treatment of nearly all immigrants. Eastern and Southern Europeans were judged inferior along ethnic/racist lines (Gordon 1964), let alone those with more pronounced physical characteristic…
On Assimilation of the Asians in the Americas. A Reply
Roger Daniels' comments (CSSH 1983:401–404) pertaining to my paper on assimilation of the Chinese in Peru and the U.S.A. (CSSH 1978:335–358) contained several misrepresentations which need to be corrected lest readers of this journal who may be unfamiliar with my paper be misled
Continuity and Change
Family, Kinship, and Ethnic Identity of the Chinese in New York City, with Comparative Remarks on the Chinese in Lima, Peru and Manila, Philippines
The paper first examines how U.S. immigration policies and economic adaptation of the Chinese affect and modify the Chinese family system in the U.S. and then proceeds to discuss the development of the various types of Chinese American families: the old immigrant families, new immigrant families, American born Chinese families, the families of Chinese professionals and non residential extended families. These families differ not only in size but …
The Role of Ethnicity in Enclave Enterprises
As part of current efforts to understand the role of ethnicity in entrepreneurship, the present study investigates the cultural/ethnic aspects of the Chinese garment factories in New York City. It was found that enclave enterprises function differently than those in the center economy. The often assumed incompatibility of traditional values, personalism, familism and informal social relations which prevail in the enclave economy are important ass…
Social/Cultural Anthropology
The Korean American Dream
Ethnicity and Entreprenuership
1.Introduction. Ethnicity and Economic Adaptation. 2.From China to San Francisco. The History of Chinese Immigration. The New and Old Immigrants: A Contrast. The Chinese in the San Francisco Bay Area. Residential Patterns. Chinatown: The Symbolic and Cultural Center. Chinese Associations. Chinatown as a Center of Ethnic Resources. 3.Who are the New Chinese Immigrants? The Sources of the New Chinese Immigration. Mainland China: Immigration Enthusi…
China's Rise and the Chinese Overseas
Conjecture and the Division of Justificatory Labour
The mixer
A Non‐Sectarian Comprehensive Confucianism?—On Kim's Public Reason Confucianism
In Public Reason Confucianism, Kim Sungmoon presents a perfectionist theory that is based on a partially comprehensive Confucian doctrine but is nonsectarian, since the doctrine is widely shared in East Asian societies.Despite its attractiveness, I argue that this project, unfortunately, fails because it is still vulnerable to the sectarian critique.The blurred distinction between partially and fully comprehensive doctrines will create a loophole…
Accessibility, pluralism, and honesty
Political liberals assume an accessibility requirement, which means that, for ensuring civic respect and non-manipulation, public officials should offer accessible reasons during political advocacy. Recently, critics have offered two arguments to show that the accessibility requirement is unnecessary. The first is the pluralism argument: Given the pluralism in evaluative standards, when officials offer non-accessible reasons, they are not disresp…
Public Reason and Structural Coercion
Political liberals usually assume the coercion account, which argues that state actions should be publicly justified because they coerce citizens. Recently some critics object this account for it overlooks that some policies are non-coercive but still require public justification. My article argues that, instead of understanding coercion as particular laws or policies, it should be understood as the exercise of collective political power that sha…
Democracy after Virtue
Kim Sungmoon's recent monograph is a sequel to his last two books, Confucian Democracy in East Asia and Public Reason Confucianism. The former is Kim's first attempt in presenting a Confucian democratic theory that is suited for East Asia, and the latter further explains what ‘Confucian’ Kim's theory is. In Democracy after Virtue, Kim turns to discuss the ‘democratic’ part of his theory and provides a ‘generic mode of democracy in [his] idea of C…
Let God and Rawls be Friends
Political liberals are primarily concerned with the roles played by the government and public schools in civic education. In policies related to religious schools, political liberals often use a strategy of regulation that aims to restrict religious schools. I argue that, although this strategy is effective in eliminating bad religious schools, it alone is unable to ensure that all (or most) reasonable citizens achieve full justification, which i…
Church Under Leviathan
Political philosophers have long disagreed on the issue of whether churches should exercise restraint in the appeal to religious reasons in public discussion and political mobilization. Exclusivists defend the restraint, whereas inclusivists reject it. Both sides, however, assume the existence of a democratic government. In this essay, I discuss whether churches should exercise restraint in a non‐democratic, authoritarian society. I defend inclus…
Is it Sectarian for a Rawlsian State to Coerce Nozick? – On Political Liberalism and the Sectarian Critique
Talk May Be Cheap, but Deeds Seldom Cheat
In a well‐ordered society, democratic officials face an assurance problem. They want to ensure that others will act reasonably when they do the same. According to political liberals, public reason can solve this problem, but the details of how assurance is generated are unclear. This article explains the assurance mechanism in political liberalism. Apart from public reason, mutual assurance is also provided by a long‐term record of civic deeds. B…
Contributing to Public Deliberation by Religious Behavior
Recently, political philosophers have debated the role of religious reasons in public deliberations, such as appealing to religious convictions and religious classics. Exclusivists, such as Rawls, Quong, Hartley, and Watson, argue that democratic governments and citizens should restrict or exclude the use of religious reasons in making laws and policies, while inclusivists, such as Gaus, Vallier, and Billingham, oppose such categorical exclusion.…
The welfare-convergence dilemma
Recently, convergence liberals, such as Kevin Vallier, argue that the principle of social insurance could be publicly justified. Our paper challenges this marriage of convergence liberalism and welfare state. We begin by examining Vallier’s three reasons for the principle of social insurance: risk aversion, injustice and the promotion of political trust. We then argue that all these reasons are intelligibly objectionable. After examining five pos…
Careful, patient, and modest citizens
This article focuses on a method of moral self-cultivation advocated by the Chinese Neo-Confucian Zhu Xi: deep reading. To Zhu Xi, reading is not only an intellectual activity of learning knowledge, but also a spiritual exercise. Through meticulous, thorough, and unbiased reading, people can gradually cultivate their minds to have three virtues, carefulness (xixin), patience (naixin), and modesty (xuxin). I argue that these three virtues are like…
Trapped Between Anger and Apathy
Confucian ‘Integration Writ Small’
Catholic integralism has received growing attention and criticism in recent years. Some philosophers, such as Kevin Vallier, suggest that, rather than using coercive political power to promote spiritual goals, integralists should adopt a strategy of ‘integration writs small’, which advocates for the dissemination of their beliefs through local religious communities. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this strategy by examining t…
Political science (21 obras) · Law (17 obras) · Sociology (17 obras) · Philosophy (11 obras) · Politics (10 obras) · Law (8 obras) · Law and economics (7 obras) · Political Philosophy and Ethics (7 obras) · Chinese history and philosophy (6 obras) · Democracy (6 obras)