Richard L Gorsuch
Biographic Data
| ID | 108208 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard L Gorsuch |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard L |
| FAMILY NAME | Gorsuch |
| SIGNATURE | GORSUCH R L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Fuller Theological Seminary |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 91 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 354 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 91 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1963 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Religious Support and Emotional Functioning in India across Three Major Religions
We examined religious support and emotional functioning among 511 Indian university students who reported being either Christian, Muslim, or Hindu. The three-scale structure and internal consistency of the Multi-Faith Religious Support Scale (MFRSS) was supported. Christians’ support from God, fellow participants, and religious leaders was all related to more life satisfaction and less depression. Support from God and participants remained linked…
The relevance of religiousness and reasoned action for adolescent moral and immoral behavioral intentions
Intrinsic Religiousness as a Mediator Between Fatalism and Cancer-Specific Fear: Clarifying the Role of Fear in Prostate Cancer Screening
Spilka's Impact on the Psychological Study of the Concepts of God
Spilka, Amatas, and Nussbaum published “The Concept of God: A Factor-Analytic Approach” in 1964. As each decade has passed it has been cited more frequently. The measurement technique has been adaptable to numerous situations and topics. The literature citing this work ranges from studies of how groups differ in conceptualization of God to studies of developmental issues to psychological adjustment, with significant and meaningful correlations in…
Religious commitment and expectations about psychotherapy among Christian clients
Use of religious and spiritual interventions by trainees in APA-accredited Christian clinical psychology programs
Little is known about the effectiveness of Christian clinical programs accredited by the American Psychological Association in training students to use religious and spiritual interventions in therapy. We surveyed 162 student therapists from three such programs regarding their training experiences and use of religious and spiritual interventions. Self-reported competency and use of religious and spiritual interventions correlated with a number of…
A particular peace: Psychometric properties of the Just Peacemaking Inventory
Recognizing the moral efficacy of nonviolent exemplars such as Gandhi, recent peace scale development emphasizes particular spiritual or religious priorities in measurement. Following this lead, the present study considered the psychometric integrity of a peacemaking scale constructed from a paradigm of 10 practices emphasizing justice and religious virtue. Psychometrics of the Just Peacemaking Inventory (JPI) were evaluated with a sample of 289 …
Dimensions Underlying Sixteen Models of Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Numerous models of interpersonal forgiveness and reconciliation have proliferated, while the number of constructs common to these models and how these constructs interrelate has gone untested. Sixteen path models of forgiveness and reconciliation were examined in 180 predominantly Christian college students. Results of factor analysis suggested five underlying constructs–-Hurt and Anger, Receiving God's Forgiveness, Emotional Forgiveness, Empathy…
A Multivariate Theory of God Concept, Religious Motivation, Locus of Control, Coping, and Spiritual Well-Being
A previous factor analytic study of the same data set was published as an incremental validity study of a new scale (Wong-McDonald & Gorsuch, 2000). The current analysis examines the multivariate domains of God concepts, motivation, religious coping, and locus of control for the prediction of Spiritual Well-Being. Questionnaires were completed by 151 Christian undergraduates. A traditional benevolent conceptualization of God and Intrinsic motivat…
The Religious Support Scale: Construction, Validation, and Cross‐Validation
Cutrona and Russell's social support model was used to develop a religious support measure (C. E. Cutrona & D. W. Russell, 1987), including 3 distinct but related subscales respectively measuring support from God, the congregation, and church leadership. Factor analyses with the main sample's data (249 Protestants) and cross‐validation (93 additional Protestants) supported the scales' reliability and validity. All 3 types of religious support wer…
The Pyramids of Sciences and of Humanities: Implications for the Search for Religious “Truth
The 1900s' truth criteria were easily met in science but not easily met in the humanities and religions. This approach was founded in the classical view of science: describing the research so that others may replicate it. This new approach gave science a major way of establishing truth not available to humanities and religion. Physics was seen as the base of science, with natural and social sciences built upon it as in a pyramid. The advent of po…
The Pyramids of Sciences and of Humanities: "Implications for the Search for Religious "Truth
Religious Coping Style, Concept of God, and Personal Religious Variables in Threat, Loss, and Challenge Situations
This study explored the important mediating role of personal religious variables and God concept in the use of religious coping in threat, loss, and challenge situations. One hundred and twenty‐nine undergraduates completed questionnaires which included a God concept adjective checklist (Schaefer and Gorsuch 1992), a stressor scenario (Bjorck and Cohen 1993), and a measure of religious coping adapted from the BAV model (Gorsuch 1988). Results sug…
Changing Attitude and Moral Obligation: Their Independent Effects on Behavior
It was hypothesized that the study of religion should distinguish between attitudes and religious values/moral obligations such that both aid in predicting religiously relevant behavior and changing either will change behavior. However, if they are distinct, then changing one will not necessarily change the other. For the 195 religious participants, attitudes predicted a church-sponsored blood donation and moral obligations increased that predict…
Surrender to God: An Additional Coping Style
In addition to the religious coping styles proposed by K. I. Pargament et al. (1988), a surrender style of coping is proposed. Surrender is not a passive waiting for God to take care of everything; rather, it entails an active choice to relinquish one's will to God's rule. Analysis of 30 surrender-associated coping items rated by 151 Christian undergraduates yielded a 12-item Surrender Scale with a reliability coefficient of .94. A factor analysi…
A Preliminary Taxonomy of Attributions to God
Christian undergraduate students generated causal attributions by which religious people may explain God's involvement in the outcome of situations. These attributions were rated by 187 other undergraduates along dimensions of locus (located in person, God, or environment); controllability (controlled by person, God, or environment); and stability. Factor analyses suggested that (a) God attributions were of 4 types: God's Will-God's Activity, Per…
Setting the Value of K in Promax: A Monte Carlo Study
A Monte Carlo study involving 10,080 factor analyses examined the optimal value of k for promax factor rotations. The value of k was varied from 2 to 10 using three versions of promax. Error and bias of the sample factor pattern were found to be lower when k [.lessequal] 5 than when k > 5 but changed only slightly as k varied between 2 and 5. The best value of k was 2, 3, or 4, depending on the version of promax. It is concluded that in factor an…
Religious Orientation, Antihomosexual Sentiment, and Fundamentalism among Christians
Christian antihomosexual sentiment was hypothesized to be a function of respondents' Fundamentalist (F) beliefs, low Intrinsic (I) and high Extrinsic Social (Es) motivation, and a lack of a Questing (Q) approach. These hypotheses were confirmed. When Fundamentalism was controlled, high Intrinsics were more accepting of homosexuals than low Intrinsics. Participants were more opposed to homosexuals than they were to heterosexuals, but no more oppos…
The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach
Exploratory Factor Analysis: Its Role in Item Analysis
The special characteristics of items-low reliability, confounds by minor, unwanted covariance, and the likelihood of a general factor-and better understanding of factor analysis means that the default procedure of many statistical packages (Little Jiffy) is no longer adequate for exploratory item factor analysis. It produces too many factors and precludes a general factor even when that means the factors extracted are nonreplicable. More appropri…
New Procedure for Extension Analysis in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Exploratory common factors have been correlated with variables external to the factor analysis by either extension analysis estimates or by correlating the external variables with estimated factor scores. In item analysis, a set of such correlations with possible scales is often computed for final item selection. The purposes of the present article are to document a problem common to both methods of estimating such correlations and to propose a n…
Perceived Religious Motivation
Research in perceived religious motivations is generally based upon Allport's intrinsic-extrinsic distinction. However, this approach never searched for multiple religious motivations and was developed within a North American Protestant para- digm. Theoretically, multiple religious motivations are expected that should transfer across religions and across cultures. To sample possible religious motivations, college students in a religiously and cul…
Effects of under- and overextraction on principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation.
Religious Judgment: A Developmental Perspective/Religious Development in Childhood and Adolescence (books)
Religious Aspects of Substance Abuse and Recovery
Studies have typically found less substance abuse among highly religious people than among less religious people. Some research suggests that religiousness is associated with lower substance abuse because religious people have been socialized to accept antiabuse norms, are involved with antiabuse peers, and have a mechanism for satisfying needs for social contact and meaning in life. However, the relationship occurs only for a nurturing and suppo…
Intrinsic/Extrinsic Measurement: I/E-Revised and Single-Item Scales
Factor analyses of traditional and age-universal measures of intrinsic and extrinsic religion have identified two subcategories of extrinsicness, suggesting the original scales need revision. In this study, confirmatory multiple group factor analyses confirmed this suspicion, identifying extrinsic items concerned with social relationships (Es) and with personal benefits (Ep). The analyses resulted in a revised intrinsic scale which is now partial…
Religious Orientation, Antihomosexual Sentiment, and Fundamentalism among Christians
Christian antihomosexual sentiment was hypothesized to be a function of respondents' Fundamentalist (F) beliefs, low Intrinsic (I) and high Extrinsic Social (Es) motivation, and a lack of a Questing (Q) approach. These hypotheses were confirmed. When Fundamentalism was controlled, high Intrinsics were more accepting of homosexuals than low Intrinsics. Participants were more opposed to homosexuals than they were to heterosexuals, but no more oppos…
Single vs. Multiple-Item Scales for Measuring Religious Values
Investigators must choose between single and multiple-item scales of religiosity. To aid in that decision, single and multiple measures were compared to determine whether they covered the same areas and formed relationships with variables from another domain. The results suggest that single-item scales (e.g., the Christological confession and the rated importance of religion) are good measures of an intrinsic proreligious position but that multip…
The Religious Support Scale: Construction, Validation, and Cross‐Validation
Cutrona and Russell's social support model was used to develop a religious support measure (C. E. Cutrona & D. W. Russell, 1987), including 3 distinct but related subscales respectively measuring support from God, the congregation, and church leadership. Factor analyses with the main sample's data (249 Protestants) and cross‐validation (93 additional Protestants) supported the scales' reliability and validity. All 3 types of religious support wer…
Moral obligation and attitudes: Their relation to behavioral intentions
Development of an 'Age Universal' I-E Scale
The Conceptualization of God as Seen in Adjective Ratings
Previous studies have identified several dimensions reflecting the concepts used by religious people in describing God. Semantic Differential research has also found adjectival factors which apply to numerous concepts, including that of God. The present study sought to identify replicable factors in the conceptualization of the deity from both areas of previous research. Adjectives of possible applicability to the concept of God were included in …
Attributions of Responsibility to God: An Interaction of Religious Beliefs and Outcomes
Richard L. Gorsuch, Craig S. Smith, Attributions of Responsibility to God: An Interaction of Religious Beliefs and Outcomes, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 340-352
Religious Aspects of Substance Abuse and Recovery
Studies have typically found less substance abuse among highly religious people than among less religious people. Some research suggests that religiousness is associated with lower substance abuse because religious people have been socialized to accept antiabuse norms, are involved with antiabuse peers, and have a mechanism for satisfying needs for social contact and meaning in life. However, the relationship occurs only for a nurturing and suppo…
Number of factors in the personality sphere: Does increase in factors increase predictability of real-life criteria
Many researchers support a 5- 8-factor theory; Cattell urges a 16-factor system. Factoranalysis has been unable resolve this controversy. Hence, the degree which 6 and 16 factorsrelated a proposed new criterion (real-life data) was evaluated in 16 data sets. When factors wereincreased from 6 16, 88% of the studies showed a significant (p < .01) increase in R. The percent-age of variance accounted for, after shrinking the R&, was doubled. We concl…
Trait Anxiety and Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religiousness
Anxiety has correlated both positively and negatively with religion in past research. We suggest this is because undifferentiated measures of both religion and anxiety have been used. When intrinsic and extrinsic scales were correlated with Cattell's factors of trait anxiety, intrinsics were less anxious than non-intrinsics, and extrinsics were more anxious than non-extrinsics on some but not all components of trait anxiety. Studies using a gener…
Forgiveness: An Exploratory Factor Analysis and Its Relationships to Religious Variables
Stages of Ethical Reasoning and Moral Norms of Carib Youths
Ethical development was investigated in a cross-cultural context by examining both the cognitive structure of ethical reasoning and the content of perceived moral norms in Carib boys. No evidence was found for the position that the stages might be a function of cultural norms. Other results were also as expected by stage theory: villagers were at a lower stage than Caribs from towns, and younger boys were at a lower stage than the older youths. H…
Component analysis versus common factor analysis: A Monte Carlo study
Toward Motivational Theories of Intrinsic Religious Commitment
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Religious Orientation, Social Norms, and Prejudice
Glenn A. Elmer Griffin, Richard L. Gorsuch, Andrea-Lee Davis, A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Religious Orientation, Social Norms, and Prejudice, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Sep., 1987), pp. 358-365
Perceived Religious Motivation
Research in perceived religious motivations is generally based upon Allport's intrinsic-extrinsic distinction. However, this approach never searched for multiple religious motivations and was developed within a North American Protestant para- digm. Theoretically, multiple religious motivations are expected that should transfer across religions and across cultures. To sample possible religious motivations, college students in a religiously and cul…
Religious Coping Style, Concept of God, and Personal Religious Variables in Threat, Loss, and Challenge Situations
This study explored the important mediating role of personal religious variables and God concept in the use of religious coping in threat, loss, and challenge situations. One hundred and twenty‐nine undergraduates completed questionnaires which included a God concept adjective checklist (Schaefer and Gorsuch 1992), a stressor scenario (Bjorck and Cohen 1993), and a measure of religious coping adapted from the BAV model (Gorsuch 1988). Results sug…
A Preliminary Taxonomy of Attributions to God
Christian undergraduate students generated causal attributions by which religious people may explain God's involvement in the outcome of situations. These attributions were rated by 187 other undergraduates along dimensions of locus (located in person, God, or environment); controllability (controlled by person, God, or environment); and stability. Factor analyses suggested that (a) God attributions were of 4 types: God's Will-God's Activity, Per…
Prejudice and Religion Revisited: A Cross-Cultural Investigation with a Venezuelan Sample
Marcel O. Ponton, Richard L. Gorsuch, Prejudice and Religion Revisited: A Cross-Cultural Investigation with a Venezuelan Sample, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 260-271
Changing Attitude and Moral Obligation: Their Independent Effects on Behavior
It was hypothesized that the study of religion should distinguish between attitudes and religious values/moral obligations such that both aid in predicting religiously relevant behavior and changing either will change behavior. However, if they are distinct, then changing one will not necessarily change the other. For the 195 religious participants, attitudes predicted a church-sponsored blood donation and moral obligations increased that predict…
Religion and Prejudice: Lessons Not Learned From the Past
Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1992) analyzed fundamentalism and prejudice. Unfortunately, their article failed to provide data on several issues that past literature has established as crucial. The use of denominational affiliation, the failure to include intrinsic and extrinsic scales, and the failure to recognize the interaction of different value positions among Christian groups with other religious variables limits the interpretability of the res…
Psychological Adjustment and Religiousness: The Multivariate Belief-Motivation Theory of Religiousness
Charles A. Schaefer, Richard L. Gorsuch, Psychological Adjustment and Religiousness: The Multivariate Belief-Motivation Theory of Religiousness, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. 448-461
Japanese American response to psychological disorder: Referral patterns, attitudes, and subjective norms
The underutilization of services by Japanese Americans has raised questions as to the variables that account for this phenomenon. The present study examined the referral patterns and their bases using the Fishbein-Ajzen model of attitude-behavior relationships. Vignettes describing disorders were each responded to by 106 Japanese Americans. Results indicated that self resources were the most commonly mentioned referral across disorders and genera…
Changes in students' evaluations of moral behavior: 1969 Vs. 1939, 1949, and 1958
Clinical Validation and Usefulness of the Altus in Screening for Intelligence
The Altus, a short intelligence test for screening purposes, was cross-validated on a randomly selected clinical population from a State Hospital, with WAIS scores serving as the criterion. The Altus was found to be about as valid with the present population as with the servicemen in the original validation 15 years ago. The standard errors of estimate for predicting the WAIS Full Scale raw scores and the WAIS IQ were given. The Altus seemed part…
Predictive and Concurrent Validity of the Altus Information Inventory with High School Students
The Altus Information Inventory was group-administered to high school and college students to assess its objectivity, reliability, and predictive and concurrent validity. Inter-scorer reliability was .97 for the high school Ss and .83 for the college Ss. The corrected split-half (odd-even) reliability was .76 for the high school Ss but only .28 for the college Ss. The predictive validity of the test with grade point averages was .50 for high scho…
A Fortran Item Analysis Program for Items Scored on a Categorical or Interval Basis
Anxiety, threat, and awareness in verbal conditioning1
The General Factor in the Test Anxiety Questionnaire
Comment by the Editor
The Conceptualization of God as Seen in Adjective Ratings
Previous studies have identified several dimensions reflecting the concepts used by religious people in describing God. Semantic Differential research has also found adjectival factors which apply to numerous concepts, including that of God. The present study sought to identify replicable factors in the conceptualization of the deity from both areas of previous research. Adjectives of possible applicability to the concept of God were included in …
Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values
A Comparison of Biquartimin, Maxplane, Promax, and Varimax
Rokeach's Approach to Value Systems and Social Compassion
Changes in students' evaluations of moral behavior: 1969 Vs. 1939, 1949, and 1958
An APA-sponsored law to protect psychologists and subjects from unwarranted use of research data
The Ethical Demand
Millennial Dreams in Action: Studies in Revolutionary Religious Movements
Single vs. Multiple-Item Scales for Measuring Religious Values
Investigators must choose between single and multiple-item scales of religiosity. To aid in that decision, single and multiple measures were compared to determine whether they covered the same areas and formed relationships with variables from another domain. The results suggest that single-item scales (e.g., the Christological confession and the rated importance of religion) are good measures of an intrinsic proreligious position but that multip…
Using Bartlett's Significance Test to Determine the Number of Factors to Extract
Data Analysis of Correlated Independent Variables
When predictors or independent variables are correlated, it is difficult to interpret their relationships to the dependent variable. If the variables are orthogonalized, then independent tests of significance are possible and the situation is greatly simplified. The oorrelated independent variables can be orthogonalized in a variety of ways, one of which gives the classical beta weights. Three general cases of orthogonalizing predictors are prese…
Research on Religious Development: A Comprehensive Handbook
Stages of Ethical Reasoning and Moral Norms of Carib Youths
Ethical development was investigated in a cross-cultural context by examining both the cognitive structure of ethical reasoning and the content of perceived moral norms in Carib boys. No evidence was found for the position that the stages might be a function of cultural norms. Other results were also as expected by stage theory: villagers were at a lower stage than Caribs from towns, and younger boys were at a lower stage than the older youths. H…
Abnormalities of Pregnancy as a Function of Anxiety and Life Stress
Various psychosocial factors, particularly anxiety, have been found to correlate with medical abnormalities in pregnancy. But measures of anxiety have often been obtained late in pregnancy and have rarely been examined in conjunction with life stress. Therefore, this study measured states of anxiety and magnitude of life change surrounding the pregnancies of 118 low income clinic patients. Results indicated that anxiety around the first trimester…
Christian Faith and Ethnic Prejudice: A Review and Interpretation of Research
In reviewing studies of the association between Christianity and ethnic prejudice, moderately active church members were found to be prejudiced but highly active members were as tolerant as nonmembers. The more intrinsically religious, nonfundamentalistic, and theologically discriminating persons were also more tolerant. These conclusions held regardless of when the studies were conducted, from whom the data came, the region where the data were c…
Factor analysis
Initial drug abuse: A review of predisposing social psychological factors
Initial drug abuse: A review of predisposing social psychological factors
Research and Evaluation: Their Role in Decision Making in the Religious Setting
Psychology (71 works) · Social Psychology (46 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (39 works) · Sociology (32 works) · Philosophy (27 works) · Epistemology (21 works) · Mathematics (21 works) · Religion and Society Interactions (19 works) · Statistics (17 works) · Clinical Psychology (15 works)