Campbell Leaper
Biographic Data
| ID | 108440 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Campbell Leaper |
| GIVEN NAMES | Campbell |
| FAMILY NAME | Leaper |
| SIGNATURE | LEAPER C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Santa Cruz |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8670-8848 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 58 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 746 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 58 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Ambivalent sexism linked to Mexican-heritage ethnic identity and gender messages from older relatives, familial peers, and nonfamilial peers
Socialization of Gender Public Regard: Family Conversations, Practices and Routines
That’s not me: (Dis)concordance between pSTEM nerd-genius stereotypes and self-concepts predicts high school students’ pSTEM identity
Nerd-genius stereotypes about people in the physical sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics (pSTEM) are barriers to getting many adolescent girls interested in pSTEM. Endorsing these stereotypes may undermine youths’ pSTEM identity especially when they are incongruent with their self-concepts—possibly more likely for girls than boys. Conversely, pSTEM identity may strengthen when stereotypes are congruent—possibly more for boys than g…
Linking Ambivalent Sexism to Violence-Against-Women Attitudes and Behaviors: A Three-Level Meta-analytic Review
Ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent sexism) maintains gender inequalities and has been applied to investigate violence against women (VAW). We conducted a comprehensive three-level meta-analytic review testing ambivalent sexism as predictors of VAW-supportive attitudes and behaviors regarding sexual harassment, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence. Relevant articles published between 1996 and April 2022 were retrieved from the Psyc…
Do Ethnic-Racial Identity Dimensions Moderate the Relations of Outgroup Discrimination and Ingroup Marginalization to Self-esteem in Black and Latinx Undergraduates
Guided by social identity and intergroup theory, we tested how two facets of ethnic-racial identity—felt typicality (perceived similarity to other ingroup members) and ingroup ties (felt closeness to other ingroup members)—potentially buffer the negative effects of outgroup discrimination and ingroup marginalization on self-esteem. Participants included 407 Latinx (65%) and Black (35%) undergraduates ( M age = 24.72 years, 79% women, 21% men) who…
Undergraduates’ pSTEM identity and motivation in relation to gender- and race-based perceived representation, stereotyped beliefs, and implicit associations
Women and underrepresented minoritized (URM) persons remain marginalized in physical science, technology, engineering, and math (pSTEM). Relative to non-URM men, URM women may experience a double disadvantage based on their gender and race whereby they observe few same-gender and few same-race role models in pSTEM while additionally internalizing stereotypes linking pSTEM with non-URM men. Our hypothesized model was partly supported in a sample o…
Reconstructing culture: A latent profile analysis of Mexican-heritage young women’s cultural practices, gender values, and ethnic identity
Contrary to some prior views linking Mexican cultural practices with traditional gender values, many Mexican-heritage women rejected traditional gender values while maintaining strong immersion in cultural practices and strong ethnic identities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
Gender and Ethnic Variation in Emerging Adults’ Recalled Dating Socialization in Relation to Current Romantic Attitudes and Relationship Experiences
Engaging in science practices in classrooms predicts increases in undergraduates' STEM motivation, identity, and achievement: A short‐term longitudinal study
Our short‐term longitudinal study explored undergraduate students' experiences with performing authentic science practices in the classroom in relation to their science achievement and course grades. In addition, classroom experiences (felt recognition as a scientist and perceived classroom climate) and changes over a 10‐week academic term in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) identity and motivation were tested as mediators…
Ambivalent Sexism and Reported Relationship Qualities in Emerging Adult Heterosexual Dating Couples
We investigated the relations between the endorsement of ambivalent sexism and relationship qualities in heterosexual romantic couples during emerging adulthood. The sample included 94 heterosexual emerging adult dating couples attending a public university ( M age = 21 years; 39% White, 25% Latinx, 11% Asian, and 18% Other). Each partner separately completed survey measures of ambivalent sexism and perceived relationship satisfaction and conflic…
How Children Develop, Canadian Edition
Do adolescents’ self-concepts moderate the relationship between STEM stereotypes and motivation
A Content Analysis of Gender Representations in Preschool Children’s Television
Prior content analyzes have highlighted the pervasiveness of gender-stereotyped portrayals and the underrepresentation of female characters in television programming. The present study is the first to examine gender representations in television shows specifically targeted at preschool-age children, which is a period when children are developing their understandings about gender. The sampled programs included three episodes each from 34 current s…
Variations in recalled familial messages about gender in relation to emerging adults’ gender, ethnic background, and current gender attitudes
The present study examined heterosexual emerging adults’ retrospective accounts of gender-stereotypical messages about women and men from their families while growing up. We tested the reported frequencies of gendered messages in relation to the participants’ current beliefs about gender and their self-reported gender, ethnicity, and family backgrounds. The sample included 499 undergraduate students attending California public universities (48.5%…
Young Adults’ Conversational Strategies During Negotiation and Self-Disclosure in Same-Gender and Mixed-Gender Friendships
Gender, Dispositions, Peer Relations, and Identity: Psychological Perspectives
This chapter considers possible ways that peer relations, group identity, and dispositional preferences are interrelated and contribute to children’s gender development. The author advances an integrative theoretical model of gender development that bridges complementary theories by linking sex-related dispositions and physical characteristics to the process of assimilation within same-gender peer groups. Research suggests some (but not all) chil…
Traditional masculinity, help avoidance, and intrinsic interest in relation to high school students’ English and math performance
Helping and Hindering Undergraduate Women’s STEM Motivation: Experiences With STEM Encouragement, STEM-Related Gender Bias, and Sexual Harassment
Prior research indicates many women either leave or pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) degrees because the social climate undermined or strengthened their motivation and career aspirations. We investigated whether women’s experiences of sexual harassment and STEM-related gender bias negatively predicted their STEM motivation (task value, competence beliefs, and perceived costs) and STEM career aspirations. We also tes…
Further Reflections on Sandra Lipsitz Bem’s Impact
Heterosexual Dating Double Standards in Undergraduate Women and Men
Competition, Coping, and Closeness in Young Heterosexual Adults’ Same-Gender Friendships
Chivalry’s Double-edged Sword: How Girls’ and Boys’ Paternalistic Attitudes Relate to Their Possible Family and Work Selves
Bridging Multidimensional Models of Ethnic–Racial and Gender Identity Among Ethnically Diverse Emerging Adults
The purpose of this study was to integrate and validate a multidimensional model of ethnic-racial identity and gender identity borrowing constructs and measures based on social identity and gender identity theories. Participants included 662 emerging adults (M age = 19.86 years; 75 % female) who self-identified either as Asian American, Latino/a, or White European American. We assessed the following facets separately for ethnic-racial identity an…
Friendship Groups, Personal Motivation, and Gender in Relation to High School Students' STEM Career Interest
Friendship group characteristics, motivation, and gender were investigated in relation to adolescents' science, technology, engineering, and math ( STEM ) career interest. The sample was comprised of 468 high school students ( M = 16 years, range = 13–18) from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Participants rated their friendship group's support of STEM as well as their personal motivation in science. They separately rated the friendship group's support…
Girls Don’t Propose! Ew.”: A Mixed-Methods Examination of Marriage Tradition Preferences and Benevolent Sexism in Emerging Adults
Thematic analysis was used to explore how emerging adults explained their preferences for two marriage traditions: marriage proposals and surname changes. Quantitative analyses were subsequently used to examine the association between benevolent sexism and participants’ marriage-tradition preferences. A sample of 277 undergraduates ( M = 19 years) completed a survey that included open- and closed-ended questions about attitudes toward marriage tr…
Parent-child conversations about science: The socialization of gender inequities
This study investigated the family as a context for the gender typing of science achievement. Adolescents (N = 52) from 2 age levels (mean ages = 11 and 13 years) participated with their mothers and fathers on separate occasions; families were from predominantly middle-income European American backgrounds. Questionnaires measured the parents' and the child's attitudes. Each parent also engaged his or her child in 4 structured teaching activities …
Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A meta-analysis
Sexual-Minority College Women's Experiences with Discrimination: Relations with Identity and Collective Action
This study examined sexual-minority women's reports of sexism, heterosexism, and gendered heterosexism (discrimination that is both sexist and heterosexist) as predictors of social identity and collective action during college. A measure of gendered heterosexism was developed that assesses women's experiences with discrimination that is simultaneously sexist and heterosexist in nature. This measure was distinct from measures of sexism and heteros…
Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis
Two sets of meta-analyses of studies examining gender effects on parents' observed language with their children were conducted. One looked at studies comparing mothers and fathers in amount of talking, supportive speech, negative speech, directive speech, informing speech, and questions and requests. The other looked at studies comparing mothers' interactions with daughters versus with sons in amount of talking, supportive speech, and directive s…
Individual and Situational Factors Related to Young Women’s Likelihood of Confronting Sexism in Their Everyday Lives
Factors related to young women's reported likelihood of confronting sexism were investigated. Participants were 338 U.S. female undergraduates (M = 19 years) attending a California university. They were asked to complete questionnaire measures and to write a personal narrative about an experience with sexism. Approximately half (46%) the women reported confronting the perpetrator. Individual factors (prior experience with sexism, feminist identif…
College Women’s Feminist Identity: A Multidimensional Analysis with Implications for Coping with Sexism
This study examined components of women's feminist identity and possible relations to their reported coping responses to sexism. A sample of 169 undergraduate women (M = 19.4 y, SD = 1.2) from diverse ethnic backgrounds completed surveys assessing their experiences and gender-related views. The first set of analyses revealed that women's social gender identity, exposure to feminism, and gender-egalitarian attitudes independently contributed to fe…
Self‐Perceived Gender Typicality and the Peer Context During Adolescence
This research examined adolescents' gender identity in relation to the peer context and their self‐concept. Participants were 229 adolescents who completed questionnaire measures of self‐concept and multidimensional gender identity. Regression analysis indicated peer acceptance partially mediated the relation between self‐perceived gender typicality and self‐worth. Cluster analysis revealed four groups of adolescents with differing profiles of se…
Meta-Analyses of Gender Effects on Conversational Interruption: Who, What, When, Where, and How
Predictors of Mexican American Mothers' and Fathers' Attitudes Toward Gender Equality
This study examinedfactors related to attitudes aboutgender-role equality in 50Mexican American married mothers and 33 Mexican American married fathers. Each parent completed the Attitudes Toward Gender Scale (a modified version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale) and other attitude questionnaires. Mothers with communal values who were born in the United States, with higher levels of education, and who placed less value on competition were signi…
Helping and Hindering Undergraduate Women’s STEM Motivation: Experiences With STEM Encouragement, STEM-Related Gender Bias, and Sexual Harassment
Prior research indicates many women either leave or pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) degrees because the social climate undermined or strengthened their motivation and career aspirations. We investigated whether women’s experiences of sexual harassment and STEM-related gender bias negatively predicted their STEM motivation (task value, competence beliefs, and perceived costs) and STEM career aspirations. We also tes…
Friendship Groups, Personal Motivation, and Gender in Relation to High School Students' STEM Career Interest
Friendship group characteristics, motivation, and gender were investigated in relation to adolescents' science, technology, engineering, and math ( STEM ) career interest. The sample was comprised of 468 high school students ( M = 16 years, range = 13–18) from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Participants rated their friendship group's support of STEM as well as their personal motivation in science. They separately rated the friendship group's support…
Women Are More Likely Than Men to Use Tentative Language, Aren’t They? A Meta-Analysis Testing for Gender Differences and Moderators
Robin Lakoff proposed that women are more likely than men to use tentative speech forms (e.g., hedges, qualifiers/disclaimers, tag questions, intensifiers). Based on conflicting results from research testing Lakoff’s claims, a meta-analysis of studies testing gender differences in tentative language was conducted. The sample included 29 studies with 39 independent samples and a combined total sample of 3,502 participants. Results revealed a stati…
Heterosexual Dating Double Standards in Undergraduate Women and Men
Gender, affiliation, assertion, and the interactive context of parent–child play
Latina and European American Girls’ Experiences with Academic Sexism and their Self-Concepts in Mathematics and Science During Adolescence
The study investigated Latina and European American adolescent girls' (N = 345, M = 15.2 years, range = 13 to 18) experiences with academic sexism in mathematics and science (M/S) and their M/S perceived competence and M/S value (liking and importance). M/S academic sexism was based on girls' reported experiences hearing sexist comments about girls' abilities in math and science. Older European American adolescents, and both younger and older Lat…
A Longitudinal Investigation of Sport Participation, Peer Acceptance, and Self-esteem among Adolescent Girls and Boys
Masculinity ideology, covert sexism, and perceived gender typicality in relation to young men's academic motivation and choices in college
This study examined young men's gender beliefs in relation to their academic motivation (self-efficacy and interests) and selection of traditional (e.g., economics, engineering), nontraditional (e.g., psychology, literature), or neutral (e.g., life sciences, history) fields. A sample of 342 undergraduate men (M = 19.61 years old) completed survey measures of masculinity ideology, perceived gender typicality, and covert sexism, and also rated thei…
Self-disclosure and listener verbal support in same-gender and cross-gender friends' conversations
Bridging Multidimensional Models of Ethnic–Racial and Gender Identity Among Ethnically Diverse Emerging Adults
The purpose of this study was to integrate and validate a multidimensional model of ethnic-racial identity and gender identity borrowing constructs and measures based on social identity and gender identity theories. Participants included 662 emerging adults (M age = 19.86 years; 75 % female) who self-identified either as Asian American, Latino/a, or White European American. We assessed the following facets separately for ethnic-racial identity an…
Adolescent Girls’ Experiences and Gender-Related Beliefs in Relation to Their Motivation in Math/Science and English
Girls Don’t Propose! Ew.”: A Mixed-Methods Examination of Marriage Tradition Preferences and Benevolent Sexism in Emerging Adults
Thematic analysis was used to explore how emerging adults explained their preferences for two marriage traditions: marriage proposals and surname changes. Quantitative analyses were subsequently used to examine the association between benevolent sexism and participants’ marriage-tradition preferences. A sample of 277 undergraduates ( M = 19 years) completed a survey that included open- and closed-ended questions about attitudes toward marriage tr…
Adolescent Girls’ Experiences of Discrimination: An Examination of Coping Strategies, Social Support, and Self-Esteem
The research examined (a) girls’ responses to personal experiences of gender and/or ethnic/racial discrimination, (b) social support from parents and friends following the discrimination, and (c) the relationship between girls’ reported coping strategies to the discrimination and their self-esteem. Participants were 74 adolescent girls ( M = 16.3 years) from diverse ethnic backgrounds in California. Each girl completed an online survey that inclu…
The Relation Between Mothers' and Fathers' Parenting Styles and Their Division of Labor in the Home: Young Adults' Retrospective Reports
Adolescent-Parent Interactions in Relation to Adolescents' Gender and Ego Development Pathway: A Longitudinal Study
Family communication patterns were examined in relation to adolescents' gender and ego development pathways using sequential analysis techniques. Thirty-two adolescents from a suburban Boston high school participated in a discussion of moral dilemmas with both their mothers and fathers. The family discussions were scored with the Constraining and Enabling Coding System. During the following 4 years, the adolescents' levels of ego development were…
Agency, communion, and gender as predictors of communication style and being liked in adult male-female dyads
Children's Language, I
Agency, communion, and gender as predictors of communication style and being liked in adult male-female dyads
Adolescent-Parent Interactions in Relation to Adolescents' Gender and Ego Development Pathway: A Longitudinal Study
Family communication patterns were examined in relation to adolescents' gender and ego development pathways using sequential analysis techniques. Thirty-two adolescents from a suburban Boston high school participated in a discussion of moral dilemmas with both their mothers and fathers. The family discussions were scored with the Constraining and Enabling Coding System. During the following 4 years, the adolescents' levels of ego development were…
Influence and Involvement in Children's Discourse: Age, Gender, and Partner Effects
Exploring the consequences of gender segregation on social relationships
Childhood gender segregation may have consequences for the formation of gendered social norms and close relationships in childhood. adolescence, and adulthood, but parents and teachers may be able to encourage cross-gender contacts and the transcendence of traditional gendered social norms
Self-disclosure and listener verbal support in same-gender and cross-gender friends' conversations
Predictors of Mexican American Mothers' and Fathers' Attitudes Toward Gender Equality
This study examinedfactors related to attitudes aboutgender-role equality in 50Mexican American married mothers and 33 Mexican American married fathers. Each parent completed the Attitudes Toward Gender Scale (a modified version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale) and other attitude questionnaires. Mothers with communal values who were born in the United States, with higher levels of education, and who placed less value on competition were signi…
Mothers' and Fathers' Questions to Their Child in Mexican-Descent Families: Moderators of Cognitive Demand During Play
This study investigated the cognitive demand in the questions directed to Mexicandescent children by theirmothers andfathers during play with three sets of toys. Nineteen boys and 18 girls were videotaped separately with each parent while playing with a feminine-stereotyped toy set (toy foods and plates) and a masculine-stereotyped toy set (toy track and cars). Both mothers and fathers asked more questions overall during the feminine-stereotyped …
Gender effects on Mexican-descent parents' questions and scaffolding during toy play: A sequential analysis
Parental responses following children's answers to parental questions (Parent Question → Child Answer → Parent Response) were examined during play between Mexican-descent children and their parents. Nineteen boys and 18 girls were videotaped playing separately with each of their parents with a toy zoo set. Patterns of parental responses following children's answers to parental questions indicated that mothers provided more scaffolding responses t…
Decision-Making Processes Between Friends: Speaker and Partner Gender Effects
Meta-Analyses of Gender Effects on Conversational Interruption: Who, What, When, Where, and How
Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis
Two sets of meta-analyses of studies examining gender effects on parents' observed language with their children were conducted. One looked at studies comparing mothers and fathers in amount of talking, supportive speech, negative speech, directive speech, informing speech, and questions and requests. The other looked at studies comparing mothers' interactions with daughters versus with sons in amount of talking, supportive speech, and directive s…
Emotion Talk Between Same- and Mixed-Gender Friends: Form and Function
Emotion talk between friends was examined. Women, men, and mixed pairs engaged in an unstructured and self-disclosure conversation. In addition to comparing talk in the two topics, the speech act category, the directness, the experiencer, and the target of the emotion expression were analyzed. As expected, more references to emotion were made during the self-disclosure than during the unstructured conversation. Negative emotions were referenced m…
Gender, affiliation, assertion, and the interactive context of parent–child play
Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A meta-analysis
Parent-child conversations about science: The socialization of gender inequities
This study investigated the family as a context for the gender typing of science achievement. Adolescents (N = 52) from 2 age levels (mean ages = 11 and 13 years) participated with their mothers and fathers on separate occasions; families were from predominantly middle-income European American backgrounds. Questionnaires measured the parents' and the child's attitudes. Each parent also engaged his or her child in 4 structured teaching activities …
A meta-analytic review of gender variations in children's language use: Talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech
Three sets of meta-analyses examined gender effects on children's language use. Each set of analyses considered an aspect of speech that is considered to be gender typed: talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Statistically significant average effect sizes were obtained with all three language constructs. On average, girls were slightly more talkative and used more affiliative speech than did boys, whereas boys used more asserti…
The Relation Between Mothers' and Fathers' Parenting Styles and Their Division of Labor in the Home: Young Adults' Retrospective Reports
Self‐Perceived Gender Typicality and the Peer Context During Adolescence
This research examined adolescents' gender identity in relation to the peer context and their self‐concept. Participants were 229 adolescents who completed questionnaire measures of self‐concept and multidimensional gender identity. Regression analysis indicated peer acceptance partially mediated the relation between self‐perceived gender typicality and self‐worth. Cluster analysis revealed four groups of adolescents with differing profiles of se…
A Longitudinal Investigation of Sport Participation, Peer Acceptance, and Self-esteem among Adolescent Girls and Boys
A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Variations in Adults' Language Use: Talkativeness, Affiliative Speech, and Assertive Speech
Three separate sets of meta-analyses were conducted of studies testing for gender differences in adults' talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Across independent samples, statistically significant but negligible average effects sizes were obtained with all three language constructs: Contrary to the prediction, men were more talkative (d = —.14) than were women. As expected, men used more assertive speech (d = .09), whereas wome…
Do Mothers' Gender-Related Attitudes or Comments Predict Young Children's Gender Beliefs
Objective: We tested relations among mothers' gender attitudes, mothers' comments about gender, and young children's gender-stereotyped beliefs. Design: Mothers (from mostly middle-class, European-American backgrounds) read and discussed a gender-related story to their child (N = 74, M = 64 months). Mothers' speech was coded as either endorsing or challenging gender stereotypes. Results: Mothers with gender-egalitarian attitudes used more counter…
Perceived Experiences With Sexism Among Adolescent Girls
This study investigated predictors of adolescent girls’ experiences with sexism and feminism. Girls (N = 600; M = 15.1 years, range = 12–18), of varied socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds, completed surveys of personal experiences with sexual harassment, academic sexism (regarding science, math, and computer technology), and athletics. Most girls reported sexual harassment (90%), academic sexism (52%), and athletic sexism (76%) at least once, wi…
Masculinity ideology, covert sexism, and perceived gender typicality in relation to young men's academic motivation and choices in college
This study examined young men's gender beliefs in relation to their academic motivation (self-efficacy and interests) and selection of traditional (e.g., economics, engineering), nontraditional (e.g., psychology, literature), or neutral (e.g., life sciences, history) fields. A sample of 342 undergraduate men (M = 19.61 years old) completed survey measures of masculinity ideology, perceived gender typicality, and covert sexism, and also rated thei…
Feminist Identity Among Latina Adolescents
This study explores developing conceptions of feminism among Latina adolescents, their prevalence of feminist endorsement, and whether home environment and well-being are related to feminist identity. One hundred and forty Latina girls (Grades 9 to 12, M age = 15) wrote personal narratives of their understanding of feminism and whether they consider themselves feminists. The major themes that emerged in girls’ conceptions were notions of feminism…
Psychology (56 works) · Social Psychology (46 works) · Developmental psychology (44 works) · Social Psychology (39 works) · Gender Roles and Identity Studies (27 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Gender Studies (16 works) · Ethnic group (14 works) · Gender Studies (13 works) · Career Development and Diversity (11 works)