Viren Swami
Biographic Data
| ID | 109234 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Viren Swami |
| GIVEN NAMES | Viren |
| FAMILY NAME | Swami |
| SIGNATURE | SWAMI V |
| AFFILIATIONS | Perdana University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4866-7950 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 109 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 387 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 109 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
The Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2: An examination of its psychometric properties in a French-Canadian adult sample
The 13-item Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2) is an instrument designed to measure generalised perceptions of body acceptance by others. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel French translation of the BAOS-2. A total of 763 French-speaking adults from Canada were asked to complete the BAOS-2, alongside additional validated measures of positive body image, psychological well-being, and eating patterns. Exploratory facto…
Measurement invariance and differential item functioning of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in five latin american nations
A rural-urban comparison of body appreciation and associations with perceived rurality in Romanian adults
Limited research on positive body image has focused on the rural-urban continuum, with the handful of available studies suggesting that rural residents may have more positive body image than urban residents. In the present study, we first examined whether there are urban-rural differences in body appreciation between Romanian adults residing in rural (n = 191) and urban areas (n = 252). All participants were opportunistically recruited from areas…
Validation of a short-form, state version of the Body Appreciation Scale‐2 (SBAS-2SF) for use in experience sampling method (ESM) studies
Body appreciation is an important facet of the positive body image construct and can be measured as either trait or state variants. Trait measures of body appreciation evidence good psychometric properties, but less work has focused on state measures, particularly for use in experience sample method (ESM) studies. Here, we assessed the psychometric properties of a short (3-item) form, state version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (SBAS-2SF) for …
Racism, white supremacy, and resistance in body image research and practice: Introduction to the special issue
The Functionality Appreciation Scale: An examination of its psychometric properties in a French-Canadian adult sample
The 7-item Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) is a widely used instrument to assess functionality appreciation, a central facet of positive body image. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel French translation of the FAS. French-speaking Canadian adults were asked to complete the FAS and validated measures of positive body image, psychological well-being, and eating patterns. In a first split-half subsample ( n = 385), explo…
Psychometric properties of a Greek translation of the Breast Appreciation Scale (BrAS) in women from Greece
Racial discrimination and body appreciation: Testing direct, and, via coping strategies, indirect links in racialised minority adults from the United Kingdom
Racial discrimination is associated with adverse health outcomes, including negative body image, but less is known about the extent to which racial discrimination is associated with positive body image. The aim of this preregistered study was to test the association between racial discrimination and body appreciation (i.e., a facet of positive body image) and to explore whether different coping strategies mediated any direct relationship. An onli…
The Breast Appreciation Scale: An examination of its psychometric properties in French-Canadian women
Scholars are increasingly focused on women’s positive, embodied “breasted experienced”, which includes breast appreciation. This positive body image facet is assessed using the 9-item Breast Appreciation Scale (BrAS; Swami et al., 2022), but assessments of its psychometric properties in diverse cultural communities are limited. Here, we report on the translation and validation of a French translation of the BrAS in French-Canadian women. A sample…
Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Breast Appreciation Scale (BrAS) in Lebanese women
The 9-item Breast Appreciation Scale (BrAS) measures the construct of breast appreciation, posited as a facet of the broader positive body image construct. To date, there has been limited assessment of the psychometric properties of the BrAS across national and linguistic groups. To add to the literature on breast appreciation, we assessed the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the BrAS. An online convenience sample of 626 cisgen…
“I’m not concerned with being ‘attractive’”: A qualitative study of positive body image in asexual adults in an allonormative society
Although body image scholars are increasingly centring marginalised communities in their research, individuals who identify as asexual or on the asexual spectrum remain largely invisible in this work. To overturn this, we explored understandings and experiences of positive body image in asexual adults using reflective thematic analysis. One-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 asexual adults (five woman-identifying, six man-id…
“I don’t care what you like, when I look in the mirror, I need to be happy”: A qualitative study of hair-related positive body image
Hair is increasingly recognised as playing an important role in body image, yet research in this area has focused predominantly on dissatisfaction and appearance-related concern. As a result, little is known about what it means to have a positive relationship with one's hair, or how such experiences may be understood within broader conceptualisations of positive body image. The present study explored individuals' lived experiences of relating pos…
Using Virtual Reality to Enable Emotional Engagement Around Knife Crime in Young People
The carrying and use of knives by young people represents significant public and political concerns in the United Kingdom and educational interventions have the potential to promote behavioural change in relation to knife crime behaviours. Here, we first describe the creation of a novel virtual reality immersive film – RELOADED – designed to educate young people about the dangers of carrying knives. Co-created with secondary-school students, RELO…
Psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the compensatory eating and behaviors in response to alcohol consumption scale (Cebracs)
The 21-item Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS) is the most widely used instrument for the assessment of food and alcohol disturbance. In the present study, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Romanian translation of the CEBRACS in two studies. In Study 1 with 1,022 Romanian university students, exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis indicated that our data reduced to thre…
Macro-level determinants of nature connectedness: An exploratory analysis of 61 countries
Nature connectedness is increasingly recognised as a causal issue in environmental crises and a powerful strategy for transformative change. However, little is known about how it varies across countries and the macro-level factors that influence the human–nature relationship at a societal level. Using a large dataset ( N = 56 968) from a diverse set of 61 countries, this study explored how both objective country-level indicators of the socio-ecol…
Norms concerning the recognition of victimhood in postconflict societies: An analysis of “whatabouteries” in online sectarian arguments
Acknowledging the victims on both sides of a conflict is crucial to peacebuilding and reconciliation. However, recognizing the victims of one community can challenge an opposing group's conflict narrative, particularly when their own group is seen as the primary victim. Suggestions of inclusive victimhood and blame can also threaten the sense of distinctiveness of each group's experience, leading to resistance. This article examines the conflict …
A worldwide test of the predictive validity of ideal partner preference matching
10,358) across 43 countries and 22 languages to estimate preference-matching effect sizes. The most rigorous tests revealed significant preference-matching effects in the whole sample and for partnered and single participants separately. The "corrected pattern metric" that collapses across 35 traits revealed a zero-order effect of β = .19 and an effect of β = .11 when included alongside a normative preference-matching metric. Specific traits in t…
Appearance‐based rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between Instagram addiction and dysmorphic concerns in young adult women
INTRODUCTION: Dysmorphic concerns refer to excessive preoccupations with one's physical characteristics. There is a need to better understand the factors associated with these experiences, especially in young adult women. Given emergent research suggesting a link between the use of Instagram, dysmorphic concerns, and appearance pressures, we tested a mediation model in which appearance-based rejection sensitivity mediated the relationship between…
Associations between nature exposure and body image: A critical, narrative review of the evidence
The Intuitive Eating Scale-3: Development and psychometric evaluation
Greek adaptation of the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) in adults from the Republic of Cyprus: A bidimensional model may not be universal
Associations Between Negative Body Image and Sexual Health Practices in Emerging Adults from Malaysia
Past findings on the association between negative body image and sexual health behaviors have been mixed and mostly derived from Western samples. The aim of the current study was to examine associations between indices of negative body image and sexual health practices that reduce the risk of disease transmission in emerging adults, and whether these associations are moderated by gender. Using an online survey, a convenience sample of 584 Malaysi…
An examination of the higher-order dimensionality and psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ)
An examination of procrastination in a multi-ethnic population of adolescents from New Caledonia
Relatively high levels of procrastination were observed in Kanak and Polynesian adolescents, and in girls. These findings, while preliminary, may have important implications for academic attainment in the New Caledonian context
Mapping Operationalised Hunger and Appetite in the Literature
Conspiracist ideation in Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious conspiracy theories
Despite evidence of widespread belief in conspiracy theories, there remains a dearth of research on the individual difference correlates of conspiracist ideation. In two studies, we sought to overcome this limitation by examining correlations between conspiracist ideation and a range of individual psychological factors. In Study 1, 817 Britons indicated their agreement with conspiracist ideation concerning the July 7, 2005 (7/7), London bombings,…
Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries
Gender, health inequalities and welfare state regimes: A cross-national study of 13 European countries
BACKGROUND: This study is the first to examine the relationship between gender and self-assessed health (SAH), and the extent to which this varies by socioeconomic position in different European welfare state regimes (Liberal, Corporatist, Social Democratic, Southern). METHODS: The EUROTHINE harmonised data set (based on representative cross-sectional national health surveys conducted between 1998 and 2004) was used to analyse SAH differences by …
Investigating the Links Between Cultural Values and Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Key Roles of Collectivism and Masculinity
Research suggests that belief in conspiracy theories (CT) stems from basic psychological mechanisms and is linked to other belief systems (e.g., religious beliefs). While previous research has extensively examined individual and contextual variables associated with CT beliefs, it has not yet investigated the role of culture. In the current research, we tested, based on a situated cultural cognition perspective, the extent to which culture predict…
Oppressive Beliefs at Play: Associations among Beauty Ideals and Practices and Individual Differences in Sexism, Objectification of Others, and Media Exposure
In recent years, beauty ideals and practices have been explained almost exclusively using evolutionary psychological frameworks, to the exclusion of more proximate factors such as psychosocial and individual psychological variables. To overcome this limitation, we examined the associations among sexist beliefs, objectification of others, media exposure, and three distinct beauty ideals or practices. Across three studies, a total of 1,158 particip…
To B rexit or not to B rexit: The roles of I slamophobia, conspiracist beliefs, and integrated threat in voting intentions for the U nited K ingdom E uropean U nion membership referendum
We used an identities approach to examine voting intentions in the J une 2016 UK referendum on membership of the E uropean U nion ( EU ). In A pril 2016, 303 B ritish adults (58.7% women, age M = 34.73) indicated their voting intentions for the referendum and completed measures of identification with the national in‐group, perceived threat from Muslim immigrants, belief in I slamophobic conspiracy narratives, I slamophobia, general conspiracist b…
Associations among men's sexist attitudes, objectification of women, and their own drive for muscularity
The present study tested the hypothesis, derived from feminist perspectives on body image, that men’s greater endorsement of sexist attitudes and objectification of women would be associated with their own drive for muscularity. A total of 327 British men completed scales measuring their drive for muscularity, sexist attitudes, hostility toward women, objectification of women, and key demographics. Results showed that greater drive for muscularit…
Examining Conspiracist Beliefs About the Disappearance of Amelia Earhart
Previous studies have suggested that conspiracist ideation forms part of a monological belief system in which one conspiracist idea acts as evidence for new conspiracist ideas. Here, we examined this possibility in relation to an event lacking reliable or conclusive evidence, namely the disappearance of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. A total of 914 members of the British general public completed scales measuring their beliefs about the disappear…
A Critical Test of the Waist-to-Hip Ratio Hypothesis of Women's Physical Attractiveness in Britain and Greece
Psychometric Evaluation of the Tagalog and German Subjective Happiness Scales and a Cross-Cultural Comparison
The Influence of Body Mass Index on the Physical Attractiveness Preferences of Feminist and Nonfeminist Heterosexual Women and Lesbians
The present study examined associations between lesbian and feminist identity and predictors of female physical attractiveness. Seventy-two nonfeminist heterosexuals, 38 feminist heterosexuals, 75 nonfeminist lesbians, and 33 feminist lesbians were asked to rate according to physical attractiveness a set of images of real women with known body mass indexes (BMIs). The results showed that regardless of sexual orientation and feminist ascription, B…
Big Beautiful Women: The Body Size Preferences of Male Fat Admirers
This study examined the body size ideals of a group of male fat admirers (FAs) in comparison with an age-and body mass index (BMI)-matched control sample. Forty-seven men, who were involved in the fat acceptance community, and 64 control individuals rated a series of 10 images of women that varied in BM1 from emaciated to obese. As expected, the results showed that FAs rated a significantly higher BMI as the most physically attractive compared wi…
Translation and Validation of the Malay Subjective Happiness Scale
An assessment of positive illusions of the physical attractiveness of romantic partners
Positive illusions about a partner's physical attractiveness occur when individuals' ratings of their partner's attractiveness are more positive than more objective ratings. Ratings that may serve as a''reality benchmark' include ratings by the partner him/herself and observer ratings. The present study compared the effects of using different reality benchmarks on the strength of positive partner physical attractiveness illusions ( n = 70 couples…
The Relationship Between Dimensions of Love, Personality, and Relationship Length
Does hunger influence judgments of female physical attractiveness
To account for male preferences for female body weight following a consistent socio-economic pattern, Nelson and Morrison (2005) proposed a social-cognitive model based on the individual experience of resource scarcity. We replicated their studies showing that calorific dissatisfaction can influence preference for female body weight using a different dependent variable, namely photographic stimuli of women with known body weight and shape. Using …
Psychometric Evaluation of the Malay Satisfaction With Life Scale
Differences in attractiveness preferences between observers in low- and high-resource environments in Thailand
It has been suggested that certain physical cues can be used to predict mate quality, and that sensitivity to these cues would therefore be adaptive. It follows that in environments where the optimal values for these features differ, attractiveness preferences should also be different. In this study, we show that there are striking differences in attractiveness preferences for female bodies between Thai observers in affluent, industrialised envir…
An examination of the psychometric properties of Brazilian Portuguese translations of the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Masculine Body Ideal Dis…
The aim of this study was to translate into Brazilian Portuguese three scales for the assessment of men's body image, namely the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (SMAQ), and the Male Body Ideal Distress Scale (MBIDS), and to evaluate the factor structure of each of these translated scales.A sample of 878 men completed translated versions of each of the scales, a previously translated Portuguese ve…
Men’s Oppressive Beliefs Predict Their Breast Size Preferences in Women
A worldwide test of the predictive validity of ideal partner preference matching
10,358) across 43 countries and 22 languages to estimate preference-matching effect sizes. The most rigorous tests revealed significant preference-matching effects in the whole sample and for partnered and single participants separately. The "corrected pattern metric" that collapses across 35 traits revealed a zero-order effect of β = .19 and an effect of β = .11 when included alongside a normative preference-matching metric. Specific traits in t…
The Intuitive Eating Scale-3: Development and psychometric evaluation
Dimensionality and psychometric properties of an Italian translation of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2): An assessment using a bifactor exploratory structural equation modelling framework
Is the hijab protective? An investigation of body image and related constructs among British Muslim women
Previous studies have reported equivocal findings concerning the impact of wearing a hijab, or Islamic head- and body-cover, on Muslim women's body image. Here, we sought to examine that impact using a larger sample of Muslim women than has been relied upon and a wider range of body image measures. A total of 587 British Muslim women completed a battery of scales assessing their frequency and conservativeness of hijab use, body image variables, a…
Big and Beautiful: Attractiveness and Health Ratings of the Female Body by Male “Fat Admirers”
Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia: A cross-cultural study
Changing perceptions of attractiveness as observers are exposed to a different culture☆
Perception of Female Buttocks and Breast Size in Profile
This study looked at the contribution of breast size and buttock size on ratings of female physical attractiveness in profile. A total of 114 British undergraduates rated 9 silhouettes with 3 varying levels of breast size and 3 levels of buttock size. Results showed significant main effects of breast size (with an overall preference for small breasts) but not of buttock size. Gender of the participants did not have a significant effect on the var…
The Influence of Body Mass Index on the Physical Attractiveness Preferences of Feminist and Nonfeminist Heterosexual Women and Lesbians
The present study examined associations between lesbian and feminist identity and predictors of female physical attractiveness. Seventy-two nonfeminist heterosexuals, 38 feminist heterosexuals, 75 nonfeminist lesbians, and 33 feminist lesbians were asked to rate according to physical attractiveness a set of images of real women with known body mass indexes (BMIs). The results showed that regardless of sexual orientation and feminist ascription, B…
A Critical Test of the Waist-to-Hip Ratio Hypothesis of Women's Physical Attractiveness in Britain and Greece
Does hunger influence judgments of female physical attractiveness
To account for male preferences for female body weight following a consistent socio-economic pattern, Nelson and Morrison (2005) proposed a social-cognitive model based on the individual experience of resource scarcity. We replicated their studies showing that calorific dissatisfaction can influence preference for female body weight using a different dependent variable, namely photographic stimuli of women with known body weight and shape. Using …
Beliefs in Genetic Determinism and Attitudes towards Psychiatric Genetic Research: Psychometric Scale Properties, Construct Associations, Demographic Correlates, and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Using two new scales, this study examined beliefs in genetic determinism and attitudes towards psychiatric genetic research in student samples from Austria, Malaysia, Romania, and the United Kingdom. For both constructs, effects of culture were detectable, whereas those related to key demographics were either small and inconsistent across samples (political orientation and religiosity) or zero (sex and age). Judged from factorial dimensionality a…
Differences in attractiveness preferences between observers in low- and high-resource environments in Thailand
It has been suggested that certain physical cues can be used to predict mate quality, and that sensitivity to these cues would therefore be adaptive. It follows that in environments where the optimal values for these features differ, attractiveness preferences should also be different. In this study, we show that there are striking differences in attractiveness preferences for female bodies between Thai observers in affluent, industrialised envir…
Evolutionary Psychology: New Science of the Mind' or 'Darwinian Fundamentalism
As practitioners of a putative science of the mind, evolutionary psychologists have earned a degree of cachet with their provocative and sometimes controversial pronouncements about human nature and behaviour. In this article, I briefly survey the history of an evolutionary approach to the psychological sciences before considering the core assumptions of the field that has come to be known as 'evolutionary psychology'. By examining one particular…
Context-dependent preferences for facial dimorphism in a rural Malaysian population
The social construction of gender and its influence on suicide: A review of the literature
In developed Western societies, it is well known that more men than women commit suicide each year, whereas women are more likely to be involved in suicide attempts. Despite these differences, public policies in the West have tended to treat gender as a descriptive, rather than causal, factor in suicidal behaviours. However, differences between socially constructed masculinities and femininities may impact on suicide-related behaviours and help e…
Running out of time: A qualitative investigation of homeless men’s access to health services
This study examined health beliefs and health care utilisation among 20 homeless men in Liverpool, through the voices of homeless men themselves. Using semi-structured interviews and framework analysis, narratives highlighted the interplay between the limiting structures of the health care system and an individual's ability to know how to seek out health care in order to improve their own health. Specifically, we found that individual agency was …
Beliefs About Schizophrenia and Its Treatment in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Background: Lay beliefs about schizophrenia have been extensively studied in cross-cultural settings, but research on ethnic differences are currently lacking. Aims: This study examined beliefs about the manifestations, causes and cures of schizophrenia in a multi-ethnic sample from Malaysia. Methods: In this study, 561 Malay, Chinese and Kadazan-Dusun participants rated 72 statements about schizophrenia on a 7-point scale. Results: Results showe…
The influence of skin tone, body weight, and hair colour on perceptions of women's attractiveness and health: A cross-cultural investigation
This study investigated the role of skin tone, hair colour, and body weight in perceptions of women's physical attractiveness and health. Four-hundred and thirty-six women and 423 men in eight distinct national settings on three continents rated a series of 18 female line drawings that varied in three levels of skin tone, two levels of hair colour, and three levels of body weight. Results showed significant cross-cultural differences in what was …
Preferences for body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio do not vary with observer age
Several studies have suggested that mate selection strategies alter with age, but the mechanism of this shift in mate strategy is unclear. Two possibilities suggest themselves. The first is that attractiveness preferences themselves alter, compensating for the changing mate value of the observer. Alternatively, the preferences may remain constant with observer age, but an individual may compensate for changes in their own relative attractiveness …
An Exploration of the Indecisiveness Scale in Multiethnic Malaysia
This article examined the construct of indecisiveness, or the inability to make timely decisions, in a multiethnic sample from Malaysia. In all, 164 (84 women, 80 men) Malay participants and 150 (76 women, 74 men) Chinese participants completed a Malay version of Frost and Shows's Indecisiveness Scale. Results showed that interitem reliabilities for both ethnic groups were high. Test-retest reliability with 21 participants after 10 days was also …
Translation and Validation of the Malay Subjective Happiness Scale
Unanswered questions: A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefs
Given the widespread appeal of conspiratorial beliefs, it is surprising that very little empirical research has examined the psychological variables associated with such beliefs. In the present study, we examined individual and demographic predictors of beliefs in conspiracy theories concerning the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks on the World Trade Centre and Pentagon among a representative British sample of 254 women and men. Results of struct…
Demographic Correlates of Just World and Unjust Beliefs in an Austrian Sample
320 Viennese adult participants (47.5% female) in a population sample completed two questionnaires measuring just world beliefs that were scored separately for just and unjust world beliefs. The study aimed to investigate the role of sex and age, as well as religious and political beliefs on just and unjust world beliefs. Older males who identified with a more left-wing political orientation tended to have lower scores on just world beliefs on Ru…
A Fair Day's Wage? Perceptions of Public Sector Pay
There is a scarcity of evidence pertaining to the general public's perception of public sector pay. Hence, in the present study, 161 women and 149 men were asked to estimate the wages 35 public sector professions should receive annually in the fictitious nation of Maldoria, based on a comparison value of an annual income of T10,000 for general practitioners. Analysis showed that only pilots were given a higher annual income than general practitio…
Psychometric analysis of the Malay version of the Ucla Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) and a comparison of loneliness among sojourning and non-sojourning Malaysian students
The UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS) is the most widely used scale for the measurement of loneliness, but no version currently exists for use among Malay-speaking populations. The present study reports on the translation and validation of a Malay version of the 8-item ULS (ULS-8) and conducts an initial comparison of loneliness among students. In Study 1, 532 individuals from community samples in Malaysia completed a Malay version of the ULS-8, which …
Gender, health inequalities and welfare state regimes: A cross-national study of 13 European countries
BACKGROUND: This study is the first to examine the relationship between gender and self-assessed health (SAH), and the extent to which this varies by socioeconomic position in different European welfare state regimes (Liberal, Corporatist, Social Democratic, Southern). METHODS: The EUROTHINE harmonised data set (based on representative cross-sectional national health surveys conducted between 1998 and 2004) was used to analyse SAH differences by …
Big Beautiful Women: The Body Size Preferences of Male Fat Admirers
This study examined the body size ideals of a group of male fat admirers (FAs) in comparison with an age-and body mass index (BMI)-matched control sample. Forty-seven men, who were involved in the fat acceptance community, and 64 control individuals rated a series of 10 images of women that varied in BM1 from emaciated to obese. As expected, the results showed that FAs rated a significantly higher BMI as the most physically attractive compared wi…
Big and Beautiful: Attractiveness and Health Ratings of the Female Body by Male “Fat Admirers”
Men's preferences for women's profile waist-to-hip ratio, breast size, and ethnic group in Britain and South Africa
One particular aspect of the literature on preferences for female body shapes has focused on the purported universality of preferences for a low waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), despite substantial evidence of cross-cultural variability in such preferences. In the present study, we examined the effects of manipulating women's profile WHR, breast size, and ethnicity on men's ratings of physical attractiveness and health. A total of 51 African men in Sout…
Psychology (90 works) · Social Psychology (71 works) · Eating Disorders and Behaviors (43 works) · Social Psychology (38 works) · Sociology (37 works) · Developmental psychology (35 works) · Clinical Psychology (31 works) · Demography (29 works) · Medicine (29 works) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (26 works)