John Bound
Biographic Data
| ID | 109435 |
|---|---|
| NAME | John Bound |
| GIVEN NAMES | John |
| FAMILY NAME | Bound |
| SIGNATURE | BOUND J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 683 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1952 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The Globalization of Postsecondary Education: The Role of International Students in the US Higher Education System
In the four decades since 1980, US colleges and universities have seen the number of students from abroad quadruple. This rise in enrollment and degree attainment affects the global supply of highly educated workers, the flow of talent to the US labor market, and the financing of US higher education. Yet, the impacts are far from uniform, with significant differences evident by level of study and type of institution. The determinants of foreign f…
Public Universities: The Supply Side of Building a Skilled Workforce
Weathering, Drugs, and Whack-a-Mole: Fundamental and Proximate Causes of Widening Educational Inequity in U.S. Life Expectancy by Sex and Race, 1990–2015
Discussion of growing inequity in U.S. life expectancy increasingly focuses on the popularized narrative that it is driven by a surge of “deaths of despair.” Does this narrative fit the empirical evidence? Using census and Vital Statistics data, we apply life-table methods to calculate cause-specific years of life lost between ages 25 and 84 by sex and educational rank for non-Hispanic blacks and whites in 1990 and 2015. Drug overdoses do contrib…
The Declining Labor Market Prospects of Less-Educated Men
Over the last half century, US wage growth stagnated, wage inequality rose, and the labor-force participation rate of prime-age men steadily declined. In this article, we examine these worrying labor market trends, focusing on outcomes for males without a college education. Though wages and participation have fallen in tandem for this population, we argue that the canonical neoclassical framework, which postulates a labor demand curve shifting in…
Black lives matter: Differential mortality and the racial composition of the U.S. electorate, 1970–2004
Cohort and Duration Patterns Among Asian Immigrants: Comparing Trends in Obesity and Self-Rated Health
Many studies, but not all, suggest that immigrant health worsens with duration of residence in the United States. Cohort effects may explain the inconsistent findings; not only are cohort effects confounded with duration, but the timing of entry into the United States may also create qualitatively different migration experiences. The present study tests for duration and cohort patterns among Asian immigrants to the United States across six year-o…
Residential Mobility Across Local Areas in the United States and the Geographic Distribution of the Healthy Population
Determining whether population dynamics provide competing explanations to place effects for observed geographic patterns of population health is critical for understanding health inequality. We focus on the working-age population—the period of adulthood when health disparities are greatest—and analyze detailed data on residential mobility collected for the first time in the 2000 U.S. census. Residential mobility over a five-year period is frequen…
Excess Black Mortality in the United States and in Selected Black and White High-Poverty Areas, 1980–2000
Objectives. Black working-aged residents of urban high-poverty areas suffered severe excess mortality in 1980 and 1990. Our goal in this study was to determine whether this trend persisted in 2000. Methods. We analyzed death certificate and census data to estimate age-standardized all-cause and cause-specific mortality among 16- to 64-year-old Blacks and Whites nationwide and in selected urban and rural high-poverty areas. Results. Urban men's mo…
Geronimus et al. Respond
Geronimus et al. Respond
Playing the Admissions Game: Student Reactions to Increasing College Competition
Gaining entrance to a four-year college or university, particularly a selective institution, has become increasingly competitive over the last several decades. We document this phenomenon and show how it has varied across different parts of the student ability distribution and across regions, with the most pronounced increases in competition being found among higher-ability students and in the Northeast. Additionally, we explore how the college p…
Maternal Upward Socioeconomic Mobility and Black–White Disparities in Infant Birthweight
Objectives. We estimate the extent to which upward socioeconomic mobility limits the probability that Black and White women who spent their childhoods in or near poverty will give birth to a low-birthweight baby. Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the 1970 US Census were used to complete a series of logistic regression models. We restricted multivariate analyses to female survey respondents who, at 14 years of a…
Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
Objectives. We considered whether US Blacks experience early health deterioration, as measured across biological indicators of repeated exposure and adaptation to stressors. Methods. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we examined allostatic load scores for adults aged 18–64 years. We estimated probability of a high score by age, race, gender, and poverty status and Blacks’ odds of having a high score relative to Whites’ …
Geronimus Et Al. Respond
Between 1980 and 2009, the US incarcerated population exploded from 300 000 to more than 2 million. This unprecedented increase, set in motion by the 1980s War on Drugs and exacerbated during the 1990s by Get Tough on Crime policies, resulted in more than 7 million individuals being incarcerated or placed on probation or on parole by 2004. Because of race- and place-selective stops, searches, arrests, prosecutions, and sentencing, 90% of felons c…
Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Effects of the G.I. Bill and World War II on the Educational Outcomes of Black Americans
The effects of the G.I. Bill on collegiate attainment may have differed for black and white Americans owing to differential returns to education and differences in opportunities at colleges and universities, with men in the South facing explicitly segregated colleges. The empirical evidence suggests that World War II and the availability of G.I. benefits had a substantial and positive impact on the educational attainment of white men and black me…
Accounting for the Black–White Wealth Gap: A Nonparametric Approach
Many applications involve a decomposition of the mean intergroup difference in a given variable into the portion attributable to differences in the distribution of one or more explanatory variables and that due to differences in the conditional expectation function. This article notes two interrelated reasons why the Blinder–Oaxaca (B–O) method—the approach most commonly used in the literature—may yield misleading results. We suggest a natural so…
Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans?
The flood of veterans enrolling in college at the end of World War II contributed to widespread rhetoric that the G.I. Bill brought about the “democratization” of American higher education. Whether military service, combined with educational benefits, led World War II veterans to increase their investments in college has received little research attention. Our estimation strategy focuses on between‐cohort differences in military service, and we u…
Measurement Error in Survey Data
Inequality in life expectancy, functional status, and active life expectancy across selected black and white populations in the United States
We calculated population-level estimates of mortality, functional health, and active life expectancy for black and white adults living in a diverse set of 23 local areas in 1990, and nationwide. At age 16, life expectancy and active life expectancy vary across the local populations by as much as 28 and 25 years respectively. The relationship between population infirmity and longevity also varies. Rural residents outlive urban residents, but their…
Demand Shifts, Population Adjustments, and Labor Market Outcomes during the 1980s
In this article we explore the effects of labor demand shifts and population adjustments across metropolitan areas on the employment and earnings of various demographic groups during the 1980s. We find that population shifts across areas at least partially offset the effects of these demand shifts, but less‐educated workers showed substantially lower population adjustments in response to these demand shifts. These limited supply responses apparen…
Double trouble: On the value of twins-based estimation of the return to schooling
Poverty, time, and place: Variation in excess mortality across selected US populations, 1980-1990
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe variation in levels and causes of excess mortality and temporal mortality change among young and middle aged adults in a regionally diverse set of poor local populations in the USA. DESIGN: Using standard demographic techniques, death certificate and census data were analysed to make sex specific population level estimates of 1980 and 1990 death rates for residents of selected areas of concentrated poverty. For compar…
Health inequality and population variation in fertility-timing
Use of Census-based Aggregate Variables to Proxy for Socioeconomic Group: Evidence from National Samples
Increasingly, investigators append census-based socioeconomic characteristics of residential areas to individual records to address the problem of inadequate socioeconomic information on health data sets. Little empirical attention has been given to the validity of this approach. The authors estimate health outcome equations using samples from nationally representative data sets linked to census data. They investigate whether statistical power is…
Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change: International Evidence
Demand for less-skilled workers plummeted in developed countries in the 1980s. In open economies, pervasive skill-biased technological change (SBTC) can explain this decline. SBTC tends to increase the domestic supply of unskill-intensive goods by releasing less-skilled labor. The more countries experiencing a SBTC, the greater its potential to decrease the relative wages of less-skilled labor by increasing the world supply of unskill-intensive g…
Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
Objectives. We considered whether US Blacks experience early health deterioration, as measured across biological indicators of repeated exposure and adaptation to stressors. Methods. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we examined allostatic load scores for adults aged 18–64 years. We estimated probability of a high score by age, race, gender, and poverty status and Blacks’ odds of having a high score relative to Whites’ …
Inequality in life expectancy, functional status, and active life expectancy across selected black and white populations in the United States
We calculated population-level estimates of mortality, functional health, and active life expectancy for black and white adults living in a diverse set of 23 local areas in 1990, and nationwide. At age 16, life expectancy and active life expectancy vary across the local populations by as much as 28 and 25 years respectively. The relationship between population infirmity and longevity also varies. Rural residents outlive urban residents, but their…
Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Effects of the G.I. Bill and World War II on the Educational Outcomes of Black Americans
The effects of the G.I. Bill on collegiate attainment may have differed for black and white Americans owing to differential returns to education and differences in opportunities at colleges and universities, with men in the South facing explicitly segregated colleges. The empirical evidence suggests that World War II and the availability of G.I. benefits had a substantial and positive impact on the educational attainment of white men and black me…
Maternal Upward Socioeconomic Mobility and Black–White Disparities in Infant Birthweight
Objectives. We estimate the extent to which upward socioeconomic mobility limits the probability that Black and White women who spent their childhoods in or near poverty will give birth to a low-birthweight baby. Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the 1970 US Census were used to complete a series of logistic regression models. We restricted multivariate analyses to female survey respondents who, at 14 years of a…
Health inequality and population variation in fertility-timing
Poverty, time, and place: Variation in excess mortality across selected US populations, 1980-1990
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe variation in levels and causes of excess mortality and temporal mortality change among young and middle aged adults in a regionally diverse set of poor local populations in the USA. DESIGN: Using standard demographic techniques, death certificate and census data were analysed to make sex specific population level estimates of 1980 and 1990 death rates for residents of selected areas of concentrated poverty. For compar…
Excess Black Mortality in the United States and in Selected Black and White High-Poverty Areas, 1980–2000
Objectives. Black working-aged residents of urban high-poverty areas suffered severe excess mortality in 1980 and 1990. Our goal in this study was to determine whether this trend persisted in 2000. Methods. We analyzed death certificate and census data to estimate age-standardized all-cause and cause-specific mortality among 16- to 64-year-old Blacks and Whites nationwide and in selected urban and rural high-poverty areas. Results. Urban men's mo…
Black lives matter: Differential mortality and the racial composition of the U.S. electorate, 1970–2004
Weathering, Drugs, and Whack-a-Mole: Fundamental and Proximate Causes of Widening Educational Inequity in U.S. Life Expectancy by Sex and Race, 1990–2015
Discussion of growing inequity in U.S. life expectancy increasingly focuses on the popularized narrative that it is driven by a surge of “deaths of despair.” Does this narrative fit the empirical evidence? Using census and Vital Statistics data, we apply life-table methods to calculate cause-specific years of life lost between ages 25 and 84 by sex and educational rank for non-Hispanic blacks and whites in 1990 and 2015. Drug overdoses do contrib…
Age patterns of smoking in US black and white women of childbearing age
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of the study was to describe age patterns of smoking among Black and White women of reproductive age, with cohort membership controlled for. METHOD. Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Supplement, weighted to be nationally representative, were used to calculate the fractions of women who were ever smokers, quitters, and current smokers by age and race. Summary distributions of age patterns of smoking…
Black/White Differences in Women’s Reproductive-Related Health Status: Evidence From Vital Statistics
Maternal-age-specific neonatal mortality risk differs by race, with the mid-20s risk low for whites but not blacks. This may be partially due to worsening health for black relative to white women. We analyzed deaths to young women in the aggregate and classified by causes that are also pregnancy risk factors. Over the predominant childbearing ages, mortality increases for blacks exceeded those for whites, usually by at least 25%. These indicators…
The Declining Labor Market Prospects of Less-Educated Men
Over the last half century, US wage growth stagnated, wage inequality rose, and the labor-force participation rate of prime-age men steadily declined. In this article, we examine these worrying labor market trends, focusing on outcomes for males without a college education. Though wages and participation have fallen in tandem for this population, we argue that the canonical neoclassical framework, which postulates a labor demand curve shifting in…
Playing the Admissions Game: Student Reactions to Increasing College Competition
Gaining entrance to a four-year college or university, particularly a selective institution, has become increasingly competitive over the last several decades. We document this phenomenon and show how it has varied across different parts of the student ability distribution and across regions, with the most pronounced increases in competition being found among higher-ability students and in the Northeast. Additionally, we explore how the college p…
Public Universities: The Supply Side of Building a Skilled Workforce
Cohort and Duration Patterns Among Asian Immigrants: Comparing Trends in Obesity and Self-Rated Health
Many studies, but not all, suggest that immigrant health worsens with duration of residence in the United States. Cohort effects may explain the inconsistent findings; not only are cohort effects confounded with duration, but the timing of entry into the United States may also create qualitatively different migration experiences. The present study tests for duration and cohort patterns among Asian immigrants to the United States across six year-o…
Residential Mobility Across Local Areas in the United States and the Geographic Distribution of the Healthy Population
Determining whether population dynamics provide competing explanations to place effects for observed geographic patterns of population health is critical for understanding health inequality. We focus on the working-age population—the period of adulthood when health disparities are greatest—and analyze detailed data on residential mobility collected for the first time in the 2000 U.S. census. Residential mobility over a five-year period is frequen…
Worker Adaptation and Employer Accommodation following the Onset of a Health Impairment
The responses of workers and their employers to the onset of work-limiting health impairments were investigated using data from the new Health and Retirement Study. The results indicate that many workers who suffer from health limitations are directly accommodated by their employers, and that those those who do not receive direct accommodation frequently adapt to their limitations by altering their job demands or by changing jobs. These findings …
A note on the measurement of hypertension in HHANES
Using data from the HHANES, we found the rates of elevated blood pressure readings on clinical examination to be extremely low for a sample of Mexican American and Puerto Rican women. The prevalence rates were one-fourth to one-fifth the rates found for a comparable sample of White women from NHANESII. These findings are discrepant with the little that is known about hypertension prevalence among Hispanics and with estimates of hypertension preva…
Coastwise Shipping and the Small Ports
Journal Article Coastwise Shipping and the Small Ports Get access Coastwise Shipping and the Small Ports. By P. FOKD and J. A. BOUND. (Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1951. Pp.52. 10s. 6d.) E. D. McCallum E. D. McCallum King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 62, Issue 247, 1 September 1952, Pages 641–643, https://doi.org/10.2307/2226917 Published: 01 Sept…
A note on the measurement of hypertension in HHANES
Using data from the HHANES, we found the rates of elevated blood pressure readings on clinical examination to be extremely low for a sample of Mexican American and Puerto Rican women. The prevalence rates were one-fourth to one-fifth the rates found for a comparable sample of White women from NHANESII. These findings are discrepant with the little that is known about hypertension prevalence among Hispanics and with estimates of hypertension preva…
Black/White Differences in Women’s Reproductive-Related Health Status: Evidence From Vital Statistics
Maternal-age-specific neonatal mortality risk differs by race, with the mid-20s risk low for whites but not blacks. This may be partially due to worsening health for black relative to white women. We analyzed deaths to young women in the aggregate and classified by causes that are also pregnancy risk factors. Over the predominant childbearing ages, mortality increases for blacks exceeded those for whites, usually by at least 25%. These indicators…
Self-Reported Versus Objective Measures of Health in Retirement Models
Labor supply models are sensitive to the measures of health used. When self-reported measures are used, health seems to play a larger role and economic factors a smaller one than when more objective measures are used. While this may indicate biases inherent in using self-reported measures, there are reasons to be suspicious of more objective measures as well. A statistical model incorporating both self-reported and objective measures of health sh…
The Extent of Measurement Error in Longitudinal Earnings Data: Do Two Wrongs Make a Right
This article examines the properties and prevalence of measurement error in longitudinal earnings data. The analysis compares matched Current Population Survey data to administrative Social Security payroll tax records. In contrast to typically assumed properties of measurement error, the results indicate that errors are serially correlated over two years and negatively correlated with true earnings (i.e., mean reverting). In a cross section, the…
Disability and Work: Incentives, Rights, and Opportunies
Industrial Shifts, Skills Levels, and the Labor Market for White and Black Males
In this paper we estimate the effects of industrial shifts in the 1970s and 1980s on the wages and employment of black and white males. We use micro Census data for 52 MSAs, and estimate effects separately by age and education group. The results show that industrial shifts did reduce demand for blacks and 1essskilled males in 1970s and 1980s. Demand shifts away from manufacturing, in particular, reduced employment and wages for black and white ma…
Age patterns of smoking in US black and white women of childbearing age
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of the study was to describe age patterns of smoking among Black and White women of reproductive age, with cohort membership controlled for. METHOD. Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Supplement, weighted to be nationally representative, were used to calculate the fractions of women who were ever smokers, quitters, and current smokers by age and race. Summary distributions of age patterns of smoking…
Evidence on the Validity of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Labor Market Data
This article investigates error properties of survey reports of labor market variables. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Validation Study, a two-wave panel survey of workers employed by a large firm that shared its detailed payroll records. Individuals' reports of annual earnings are fairly accurate. Errors are negatively related to true earnings, reducing bias due to measurement error when earnings are used as an independent vari…
Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor within U. S. Manufacturing: Evidence from the Annual Survey of Manufactures
This paper investigates the shift in demand away from unskilled and toward skilled labor in U. S. manufacturing over the 1980s. Production labor-saving technological change is the chief explanation for this shift. That conclusion is based on three facts: (1) the shift is due mostly to increased use of skilled workers within the 450 industries in U. S. manufacturing rather than to a reallocation of employment between industries, as would be implie…
Uneven Tides: Rising Inequality in America
Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation When the Correlation Between the Instruments and the Endogeneous Explanatory Variable is Weak
John Bound, David A. Jaeger, Regina M. Baker, Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation When the Correlation Between the Instruments and the Endogeneous Explanatory Variable is Weak, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 90, No. 430 (Jun., 1995), pp. 443-450
Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation when the Correlation between the Instruments and the Endogenous Explanatory Variable is Weak
We draw attention to two problems associated with the use of instrumental variables (IV), the importance of which for empirical work has not been fully appreciated. First, the use of instruments that explain little of the variation in the endogenous explanatory variables can lead to large inconsistencies in the IV estimates even if only a weak relationship exists between the instruments and the error in the structural equation. Second, in finite …
Excess Mortality among Blacks and Whites in the United States
BACKGROUND: Although the general relations between race, socioeconomic status, and mortality in the United States are well known, specific patterns of excess mortality are not well understood. METHODS: Using standard demographic techniques, we analyzed death certificates and census data and made sex-specific population-level estimates of the 1990 death rates for people 15 to 64 years of age. We studied mortality among blacks in selected areas of …
The Effect of Measured School Inputs on Academic Achievement: Evidence from the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s Birth Cohorts
The study presented here uses data from the NORC General Social Surveys to explore the effects of measurable school characteristics on student achievement. What separates this study from many others is the use of aggregate data on older cohorts, usually associated with research on the influence of school inputs on earnings. Earnings studies have tended to find substantial effects, while much of the research on achievement using contemporary, cros…
Worker Adaptation and Employer Accommodation following the Onset of a Health Impairment
The responses of workers and their employers to the onset of work-limiting health impairments were investigated using data from the new Health and Retirement Study. The results indicate that many workers who suffer from health limitations are directly accommodated by their employers, and that those those who do not receive direct accommodation frequently adapt to their limitations by altering their job demands or by changing jobs. These findings …
Use of Census-based Aggregate Variables to Proxy for Socioeconomic Group: Evidence from National Samples
Increasingly, investigators append census-based socioeconomic characteristics of residential areas to individual records to address the problem of inadequate socioeconomic information on health data sets. Little empirical attention has been given to the validity of this approach. The authors estimate health outcome equations using samples from nationally representative data sets linked to census data. They investigate whether statistical power is…
Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change: International Evidence
Demand for less-skilled workers plummeted in developed countries in the 1980s. In open economies, pervasive skill-biased technological change (SBTC) can explain this decline. SBTC tends to increase the domestic supply of unskill-intensive goods by releasing less-skilled labor. The more countries experiencing a SBTC, the greater its potential to decrease the relative wages of less-skilled labor by increasing the world supply of unskill-intensive g…
Double trouble: On the value of twins-based estimation of the return to schooling
Poverty, time, and place: Variation in excess mortality across selected US populations, 1980-1990
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe variation in levels and causes of excess mortality and temporal mortality change among young and middle aged adults in a regionally diverse set of poor local populations in the USA. DESIGN: Using standard demographic techniques, death certificate and census data were analysed to make sex specific population level estimates of 1980 and 1990 death rates for residents of selected areas of concentrated poverty. For compar…
Health inequality and population variation in fertility-timing
Demand Shifts, Population Adjustments, and Labor Market Outcomes during the 1980s
In this article we explore the effects of labor demand shifts and population adjustments across metropolitan areas on the employment and earnings of various demographic groups during the 1980s. We find that population shifts across areas at least partially offset the effects of these demand shifts, but less‐educated workers showed substantially lower population adjustments in response to these demand shifts. These limited supply responses apparen…
Measurement Error in Survey Data
Inequality in life expectancy, functional status, and active life expectancy across selected black and white populations in the United States
We calculated population-level estimates of mortality, functional health, and active life expectancy for black and white adults living in a diverse set of 23 local areas in 1990, and nationwide. At age 16, life expectancy and active life expectancy vary across the local populations by as much as 28 and 25 years respectively. The relationship between population infirmity and longevity also varies. Rural residents outlive urban residents, but their…
Accounting for the Black–White Wealth Gap: A Nonparametric Approach
Many applications involve a decomposition of the mean intergroup difference in a given variable into the portion attributable to differences in the distribution of one or more explanatory variables and that due to differences in the conditional expectation function. This article notes two interrelated reasons why the Blinder–Oaxaca (B–O) method—the approach most commonly used in the literature—may yield misleading results. We suggest a natural so…
Economics (24 works) · Demography (19 works) · Medicine (18 works) · Population (18 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (15 works) · Demographic economics (14 works) · Sociology (13 works) · Environmental health (12 works) · Gerontology (10 works) · Gerontology (10 works)