Rosalee A Clawson
Biographic Data
| ID | 119709 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Rosalee A Clawson |
| GIVEN NAMES | Rosalee A |
| FAMILY NAME | Clawson |
| SIGNATURE | CLAWSON R A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Purdue University West Lafayette |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2217-3968 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1240 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Electric vehicle framing: Comparing insights using traditional and social media
To reach net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050, countries around the world are incentivizing the uptake of low and zero-emission electric vehicles (EVs). To understand the social and political context of this shift toward electrified transportation, we study media coverage of EVs. Using a mixed methods approach, we examine media framing of EVs to understand how EV-related information is constructed and conveyed to the public. We draw on…
Combatting Sexual Harassment in the Field Is Fundamental to the Research Enterprise
Field research, defined as “leaving one’s home institution in order to acquire data, information, or insights that significantly inform one’s research” (Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read 2015, 1), is a beneficial research practice. It also is a practice with significant safety risks, including sexual harassment, that can undermine the research process and harm researchers. Thus, combatting sexual harassment in the field is fundamental to maintaining…
Creating, Implementing, and Experiencing Research Opportunities: A Focus on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
High-impact educational practices benefit undergraduate students in a variety of ways. These opportunities include student–faculty research, study-abroad and study-away programs, and internships, among others. This study focuses on one type of these high-impact practices: research. Research experiences foster student engagement and success, and they especially matter for marginalized and minoritized students, who all too often are underrepresente…
Learning through Peer Reviewing and Publishing in the Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics: Twenty Years Later
The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics (PSAJ) , sponsored by the Pi Sigma Alpha National Honor Society, was founded in 2001 at Purdue University. After 20 years, much has changed in undergraduate research and publishing, but the benefits of producing a peer-reviewed journal remain the same. Undergraduate research has increased in prominence, and the journal has modernized to meet these transformations. This article describes the his…
MeToo from a Department Head Perspective
In this essay I discuss some key ways in which sexual harassment policies have changed over time and provide advice to department leaders on handling and combatting sexual harassment. I encourage department leaders to know and understand how to implement the sexual harassment policies at their universities, follow through and be persistent, proactively train colleagues and students, and ensure due process for, and respect the humanity of, all par…
The role of social capital, personal networks, and emergency responders in post-disaster recovery and resilience: A study of rural communities in Indiana
Media and the politics of groups and identities in tumultuous times
The media are critical to a well-functioning democratic society, and freedom of the press is a fundamental tenet of democracy. Through their reporting, journalists hold elites and institutions acco
The media whiteness of Social Security and Medicare
The mass media often represent black Americans in negative, stereotypical, and inaccurate ways. Scholars know much less about how the media characterize white citizens and the implications of these depictions for public opinion and public policy. In this research, we examine the whiteness of two popular social welfare programs—Social Security and Medicare. We argue that at least part of the popularity of these policies stems from their constructi…
Media coverage and its impact on the politics of groups and identities
Media coverage of issues important to non-majority populations and marginalized groups has a checkered history. For many groups, the first hurdle is getting the media to pay attention. Once coverag
A Dialectical and Dialogical Approach to Health Policies and Programs: The Case of Open Defecation in India
A multi-pronged approach to health policy and programs related to open defecation (OD) is proposed via a qualitative study conducted in rural India. A dialogic and dialectic perspective is employed to interpret the key findings from nine focus groups, highlighting the dialectical views toward OD and latrines. Findings indicate that current policy may be too narrow as it does not fully deal with the multiple reasons, including social communication…
Finding the Right Value: Framing Effects on Domain Experts
By defining the essence of a policy problem, an issue frame shapes how individuals think about a political issue. In this research, we investigate framing effects among domain experts, an understudied yet increasingly important set of individuals in the policymaking process. Because domain experts have extensive and highly structured knowledge on a particular topic, they are likely to actively process issue frames to which they are exposed. Conse…
Extended Narrative Empathy: Poly-Narratives and the Practice of Open Defecation
After reviewing empathy, narrative, and narrative empathy, the three concepts are combined to create a communication theory—Extended Narrative Empathy (ENE). The theory supports expanding perspectives via the collection of a rich array of narratives that are not always in agreement (poly-narratives). Empathy is required in order to see similar stories, peripheral stories, contentious stories, and antagonists as protagonists (via protagonist inver…
A Wise Latina or a Baffled Rookie? Media Coverage of Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s Ascent to the Bench
We examine newspaper coverage of the US Supreme Court confirmation process to investigate whether Sonia Sotomayor received different coverage than other nominees due to her status as a minority woman. Sotomayor was the only justice seated over the last three decades who received extensive attention to her race and gender, and her coverage was more negatively toned than that received by other nominees. Compared to her counterparts, the press downp…
Framing, partisan predispositions, and public opinion on climate change
Interviewing the Interviewers: Journalistic Norms and Racial Diversity in the Newsroom
Many mainstream newspapers have diversified their organizations—at least to some extent—by hiring minority journalists. Some scholars argue that a diversified newsroom will improve media coverage of minority communities and issues; others think that the power of journalistic norms will constrain minority journalists so that they will be unable or unwilling to enhance the news coverage of minorities. In this article, the authors examine journalist…
Learning through Publishing The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics
Publishing a research journal can be a rewarding and useful learning experience for undergraduate students. Drawing upon our experiences with The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics, we describe the benefits of producing a peer-reviewed journal. Among the benefits we highlight are gains in political science knowledge, increased understanding of research methodologies, refinement of writing and debating skills, and development of inte…
Legacy and Legitimacy: Black Americans and the Supreme Court
Preface 1. Legitimacy and American Democracy 2. Blacks, Civil Rights, and the Supreme Court 3. Establishing the Supreme Court's Legitimizing Capacity 4. Different Presses, Different Frames: Black and Mainstream Press Coverage of a Supreme Court Decision 5. Media Framing and the Supreme Court's Legitimizing Capacity 6. The Supreme Court's Legitimizing Capacity among African Americans: Support for Capital Punsihment and Affirmative Action 7. The Ca…
Media Coverage of Congress in the 1990s: Scandals, Personalities, and the Prevalence of Policy and Process
In this article, we provide a comprehensive, systematic examination of media coverage of Congress in the 1990s. Specifically, we content analyze over 2,600 congressional news stories from the New York Times and CBS Evening News from 1990 through 1998. We find that the news media covered substantive policy concerns and the legislative process quite regularly and that stories focusing on individual personalities and political scandals were comparat…
The Intersection of Race and Gender: An Examination of Black Feminist Consciousness, Race Consciousness, and Policy Attitudes
Objective. In this article, we investigate black feminist consciousness, its relationship to race consciousness, and its impact on policy attitudes. Unlike scholars and activists who argue that black feminist consciousness detracts from race consciousness, we argue that the two go hand in hand. Methods. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we examine public opinion survey data from the 1993 National Black Politics Study. Results. We find that both…
Framing Supreme Court Decisions: The Mainstream Versus the Black Press
The Supreme Court regularly makes decisions with profound policy implications, but it largely leaves it to others to shape public opinion regarding those policies. The media play an important role in framing the Court's decisions, yet few studies have examined media coverage of the Court. It is quite possible that not all media frame the Court's decisions in the same way. We analyze the Black and mainstream presses' coverage of the Court's 1995 A…
The Attitudinal Structure of African American Women Party Activists: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Religion
The Attitudinal Structure of African American Women Party Activists: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Religion
Using data on grassroots party activists in the South, we explore the attitudinal structure of Democratic activists. Because of their socialization experiences with both racial and gender discrimination, we hypothesize that African American women will have a unique attitudinal structure regarding racial and gender issues when compared to other activist subgroups. Our results indicate the importance of race, gender, and the black church for unders…
Supreme Court Legitimacy and Group-Centric Forces: Black Support for Capital Punishment and Affirmative Action
Support For A Supreme Court Affirmative Action Decision: A Story in Black and White
Unlike other policy-making institutions that actively attempt to shape public opinion, the Supreme Court is largely dependent upon others to disseminate its policy pronouncements to the public. One consequence: How the media frame the Court’s actions can affect public support for Court policies. This article presents the results of an experiment designed to take soundings on the effect of different media frames on White and Black support for a co…
Poor People, Black Faces: The Portrayal of Poverty in Economics Textbooks
In this study, the author examines the portrayal of poverty in economics textbooks. The author tests the hypothesis that Blacks are disproportionately represented among the poor. In other words, she analyzes whether poverty is predicted as a “Black” problem. She found evidence that Black faces are overwhelmingly portrayed among the contemporary poor. She also demonstrates that Blacks are not portrayed among the Great Depression era poor, a partic…
Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance
Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy. Two experiments examined the effect of news frames on tolerance for the Ku Klux Klan. The first presented research participants with one of two local news stories about a Klan rally that varied by frame: One framed the rally as a free speech issue, and the other framed it as a disruption of public or…
Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects
Poverty as We Know It
Framing, partisan predispositions, and public opinion on climate change
The Intersection of Race and Gender: An Examination of Black Feminist Consciousness, Race Consciousness, and Policy Attitudes
Objective. In this article, we investigate black feminist consciousness, its relationship to race consciousness, and its impact on policy attitudes. Unlike scholars and activists who argue that black feminist consciousness detracts from race consciousness, we argue that the two go hand in hand. Methods. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we examine public opinion survey data from the 1993 National Black Politics Study. Results. We find that both…
Interviewing the Interviewers: Journalistic Norms and Racial Diversity in the Newsroom
Many mainstream newspapers have diversified their organizations—at least to some extent—by hiring minority journalists. Some scholars argue that a diversified newsroom will improve media coverage of minority communities and issues; others think that the power of journalistic norms will constrain minority journalists so that they will be unable or unwilling to enhance the news coverage of minorities. In this article, the authors examine journalist…
Support For A Supreme Court Affirmative Action Decision: A Story in Black and White
Unlike other policy-making institutions that actively attempt to shape public opinion, the Supreme Court is largely dependent upon others to disseminate its policy pronouncements to the public. One consequence: How the media frame the Court’s actions can affect public support for Court policies. This article presents the results of an experiment designed to take soundings on the effect of different media frames on White and Black support for a co…
Media Coverage of Congress in the 1990s: Scandals, Personalities, and the Prevalence of Policy and Process
In this article, we provide a comprehensive, systematic examination of media coverage of Congress in the 1990s. Specifically, we content analyze over 2,600 congressional news stories from the New York Times and CBS Evening News from 1990 through 1998. We find that the news media covered substantive policy concerns and the legislative process quite regularly and that stories focusing on individual personalities and political scandals were comparat…
The Legitimacy-conferring Authority of the U.S. Supreme Court: An Experimental Design
Convention holds that the Supreme Court, because of its special constitutional role, can confer an element of legitimacy on a policy simply by endorsing it. In this study, we conducted an experiment to test the legitimacy-conferring effect of Court rulings on public opinion in two policy areas—affirmative action and regulation of phone rates. We found that in both cases, the Supreme Court had an impact on policy agreement and behavioral intention…
Finding the Right Value: Framing Effects on Domain Experts
By defining the essence of a policy problem, an issue frame shapes how individuals think about a political issue. In this research, we investigate framing effects among domain experts, an understudied yet increasingly important set of individuals in the policymaking process. Because domain experts have extensive and highly structured knowledge on a particular topic, they are likely to actively process issue frames to which they are exposed. Conse…
A Wise Latina or a Baffled Rookie? Media Coverage of Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s Ascent to the Bench
We examine newspaper coverage of the US Supreme Court confirmation process to investigate whether Sonia Sotomayor received different coverage than other nominees due to her status as a minority woman. Sotomayor was the only justice seated over the last three decades who received extensive attention to her race and gender, and her coverage was more negatively toned than that received by other nominees. Compared to her counterparts, the press downp…
The media whiteness of Social Security and Medicare
The mass media often represent black Americans in negative, stereotypical, and inaccurate ways. Scholars know much less about how the media characterize white citizens and the implications of these depictions for public opinion and public policy. In this research, we examine the whiteness of two popular social welfare programs—Social Security and Medicare. We argue that at least part of the popularity of these policies stems from their constructi…
Extended Narrative Empathy: Poly-Narratives and the Practice of Open Defecation
After reviewing empathy, narrative, and narrative empathy, the three concepts are combined to create a communication theory—Extended Narrative Empathy (ENE). The theory supports expanding perspectives via the collection of a rich array of narratives that are not always in agreement (poly-narratives). Empathy is required in order to see similar stories, peripheral stories, contentious stories, and antagonists as protagonists (via protagonist inver…
Supreme Court Legitimacy and Group-Centric Forces: Black Support for Capital Punishment and Affirmative Action
The Attitudinal Structure of African American Women Party Activists: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Religion
Using data on grassroots party activists in the South, we explore the attitudinal structure of Democratic activists. Because of their socialization experiences with both racial and gender discrimination, we hypothesize that African American women will have a unique attitudinal structure regarding racial and gender issues when compared to other activist subgroups. Our results indicate the importance of race, gender, and the black church for unders…
MeToo from a Department Head Perspective
In this essay I discuss some key ways in which sexual harassment policies have changed over time and provide advice to department leaders on handling and combatting sexual harassment. I encourage department leaders to know and understand how to implement the sexual harassment policies at their universities, follow through and be persistent, proactively train colleagues and students, and ensure due process for, and respect the humanity of, all par…
Media coverage and its impact on the politics of groups and identities
Media coverage of issues important to non-majority populations and marginalized groups has a checkered history. For many groups, the first hurdle is getting the media to pay attention. Once coverag
Creating, Implementing, and Experiencing Research Opportunities: A Focus on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
High-impact educational practices benefit undergraduate students in a variety of ways. These opportunities include student–faculty research, study-abroad and study-away programs, and internships, among others. This study focuses on one type of these high-impact practices: research. Research experiences foster student engagement and success, and they especially matter for marginalized and minoritized students, who all too often are underrepresente…
Learning through Peer Reviewing and Publishing in the Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics: Twenty Years Later
The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics (PSAJ) , sponsored by the Pi Sigma Alpha National Honor Society, was founded in 2001 at Purdue University. After 20 years, much has changed in undergraduate research and publishing, but the benefits of producing a peer-reviewed journal remain the same. Undergraduate research has increased in prominence, and the journal has modernized to meet these transformations. This article describes the his…
Learning through Publishing The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics
Publishing a research journal can be a rewarding and useful learning experience for undergraduate students. Drawing upon our experiences with The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics, we describe the benefits of producing a peer-reviewed journal. Among the benefits we highlight are gains in political science knowledge, increased understanding of research methodologies, refinement of writing and debating skills, and development of inte…
Explaining Participation on a Class Newsgroup
Ce rapport examine la participation d'etudiants a un groupe d'informations par ordinateur dans une classe preliminaire au cours sur les femmes et la politique. Le but de ce groupe etait d'amener les etudiants a avoir une reflexion critique sur le contenu du cours et de developper des approches de questions plus complexes a travers des conversations ecrites. En prolongeant les discussions au-dela du cadre de la classe scolaire et en encourageant a…
Bridging a Disciplinary Divide: The Summer Institute in Political Psychology
Deborah M. Wituski, Rosalee A. Clawson, Zoe M. Oxley, Melanie C. Green, Michael K. Barr, Bridging a Disciplinary Divide: The Summer Institute in Political Psychology, PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 221-226
Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects
Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance
Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy. Two experiments examined the effect of news frames on tolerance for the Ku Klux Klan. The first presented research participants with one of two local news stories about a Klan rally that varied by frame: One framed the rally as a free speech issue, and the other framed it as a disruption of public or…
Bridging a Disciplinary Divide: The Summer Institute in Political Psychology
Deborah M. Wituski, Rosalee A. Clawson, Zoe M. Oxley, Melanie C. Green, Michael K. Barr, Bridging a Disciplinary Divide: The Summer Institute in Political Psychology, PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 221-226
Explaining Participation on a Class Newsgroup
Ce rapport examine la participation d'etudiants a un groupe d'informations par ordinateur dans une classe preliminaire au cours sur les femmes et la politique. Le but de ce groupe etait d'amener les etudiants a avoir une reflexion critique sur le contenu du cours et de developper des approches de questions plus complexes a travers des conversations ecrites. En prolongeant les discussions au-dela du cadre de la classe scolaire et en encourageant a…
Poverty as We Know It
The Legitimacy-conferring Authority of the U.S. Supreme Court: An Experimental Design
Convention holds that the Supreme Court, because of its special constitutional role, can confer an element of legitimacy on a policy simply by endorsing it. In this study, we conducted an experiment to test the legitimacy-conferring effect of Court rulings on public opinion in two policy areas—affirmative action and regulation of phone rates. We found that in both cases, the Supreme Court had an impact on policy agreement and behavioral intention…
Poor People, Black Faces: The Portrayal of Poverty in Economics Textbooks
In this study, the author examines the portrayal of poverty in economics textbooks. The author tests the hypothesis that Blacks are disproportionately represented among the poor. In other words, she analyzes whether poverty is predicted as a “Black” problem. She found evidence that Black faces are overwhelmingly portrayed among the contemporary poor. She also demonstrates that Blacks are not portrayed among the Great Depression era poor, a partic…
Online Discussions Across Three Universities: Student Participation and Pedagogy
From PowerPoint presentations to web-based quizzes to entire classes taught online, technological changes have had a strong influence on pedagogical practices. The initial research into the pedagogical effectiveness of these emerging technologies suggests there are many ways in which they might be useful (Boschmann 1995; Hiltz 1994; Palloff and Pratt 2001). In this paper, we examine student participation on a structured online discussion group th…
Framing Supreme Court Decisions: The Mainstream Versus the Black Press
The Supreme Court regularly makes decisions with profound policy implications, but it largely leaves it to others to shape public opinion regarding those policies. The media play an important role in framing the Court's decisions, yet few studies have examined media coverage of the Court. It is quite possible that not all media frame the Court's decisions in the same way. We analyze the Black and mainstream presses' coverage of the Court's 1995 A…
The Attitudinal Structure of African American Women Party Activists: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Religion
The Attitudinal Structure of African American Women Party Activists: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Religion
Using data on grassroots party activists in the South, we explore the attitudinal structure of Democratic activists. Because of their socialization experiences with both racial and gender discrimination, we hypothesize that African American women will have a unique attitudinal structure regarding racial and gender issues when compared to other activist subgroups. Our results indicate the importance of race, gender, and the black church for unders…
Supreme Court Legitimacy and Group-Centric Forces: Black Support for Capital Punishment and Affirmative Action
Support For A Supreme Court Affirmative Action Decision: A Story in Black and White
Unlike other policy-making institutions that actively attempt to shape public opinion, the Supreme Court is largely dependent upon others to disseminate its policy pronouncements to the public. One consequence: How the media frame the Court’s actions can affect public support for Court policies. This article presents the results of an experiment designed to take soundings on the effect of different media frames on White and Black support for a co…
The Intersection of Race and Gender: An Examination of Black Feminist Consciousness, Race Consciousness, and Policy Attitudes
Objective. In this article, we investigate black feminist consciousness, its relationship to race consciousness, and its impact on policy attitudes. Unlike scholars and activists who argue that black feminist consciousness detracts from race consciousness, we argue that the two go hand in hand. Methods. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we examine public opinion survey data from the 1993 National Black Politics Study. Results. We find that both…
Media Coverage of Congress in the 1990s: Scandals, Personalities, and the Prevalence of Policy and Process
In this article, we provide a comprehensive, systematic examination of media coverage of Congress in the 1990s. Specifically, we content analyze over 2,600 congressional news stories from the New York Times and CBS Evening News from 1990 through 1998. We find that the news media covered substantive policy concerns and the legislative process quite regularly and that stories focusing on individual personalities and political scandals were comparat…
Legacy and Legitimacy: Black Americans and the Supreme Court
Preface 1. Legitimacy and American Democracy 2. Blacks, Civil Rights, and the Supreme Court 3. Establishing the Supreme Court's Legitimizing Capacity 4. Different Presses, Different Frames: Black and Mainstream Press Coverage of a Supreme Court Decision 5. Media Framing and the Supreme Court's Legitimizing Capacity 6. The Supreme Court's Legitimizing Capacity among African Americans: Support for Capital Punsihment and Affirmative Action 7. The Ca…
Interviewing the Interviewers: Journalistic Norms and Racial Diversity in the Newsroom
Many mainstream newspapers have diversified their organizations—at least to some extent—by hiring minority journalists. Some scholars argue that a diversified newsroom will improve media coverage of minority communities and issues; others think that the power of journalistic norms will constrain minority journalists so that they will be unable or unwilling to enhance the news coverage of minorities. In this article, the authors examine journalist…
Learning through Publishing The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics
Publishing a research journal can be a rewarding and useful learning experience for undergraduate students. Drawing upon our experiences with The Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics, we describe the benefits of producing a peer-reviewed journal. Among the benefits we highlight are gains in political science knowledge, increased understanding of research methodologies, refinement of writing and debating skills, and development of inte…
Framing, partisan predispositions, and public opinion on climate change
Extended Narrative Empathy: Poly-Narratives and the Practice of Open Defecation
After reviewing empathy, narrative, and narrative empathy, the three concepts are combined to create a communication theory—Extended Narrative Empathy (ENE). The theory supports expanding perspectives via the collection of a rich array of narratives that are not always in agreement (poly-narratives). Empathy is required in order to see similar stories, peripheral stories, contentious stories, and antagonists as protagonists (via protagonist inver…
A Wise Latina or a Baffled Rookie? Media Coverage of Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s Ascent to the Bench
We examine newspaper coverage of the US Supreme Court confirmation process to investigate whether Sonia Sotomayor received different coverage than other nominees due to her status as a minority woman. Sotomayor was the only justice seated over the last three decades who received extensive attention to her race and gender, and her coverage was more negatively toned than that received by other nominees. Compared to her counterparts, the press downp…
Finding the Right Value: Framing Effects on Domain Experts
By defining the essence of a policy problem, an issue frame shapes how individuals think about a political issue. In this research, we investigate framing effects among domain experts, an understudied yet increasingly important set of individuals in the policymaking process. Because domain experts have extensive and highly structured knowledge on a particular topic, they are likely to actively process issue frames to which they are exposed. Conse…
The role of social capital, personal networks, and emergency responders in post-disaster recovery and resilience: A study of rural communities in Indiana
Media and the politics of groups and identities in tumultuous times
The media are critical to a well-functioning democratic society, and freedom of the press is a fundamental tenet of democracy. Through their reporting, journalists hold elites and institutions acco
The media whiteness of Social Security and Medicare
The mass media often represent black Americans in negative, stereotypical, and inaccurate ways. Scholars know much less about how the media characterize white citizens and the implications of these depictions for public opinion and public policy. In this research, we examine the whiteness of two popular social welfare programs—Social Security and Medicare. We argue that at least part of the popularity of these policies stems from their constructi…
Political science (29 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Law (19 works) · Politics (18 works) · Psychology (18 works) · Law (16 works) · Public relations (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Computer Science (7 works)