Margaret A Chesney
Biographic Data
| ID | 1258997 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Margaret A Chesney |
| GIVEN NAMES | Margaret A |
| FAMILY NAME | Chesney |
| SIGNATURE | CHESNEY M A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, San Francisco |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6038-3486 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 570 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 70 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Health equity checklist for research
Health equity is the principle of ensuring that all individuals have optimal opportunities to attain the best health possible, addressing disparities in access, outcomes, costs, quality, and appropriateness of care. This focus on health equity is important in healthcare research, driven by the need to investigate systemic injustices and foster fair health outcomes for all, regardless of background or circumstances. Researchers have an ethical imp…
A Tribute to Kristina Orth-Gomér – an Outstanding Scientist for Women’s Health in Behavioral and Psychosomatic Medicine
Schneiderman, Neil PhD; Chesney, Margaret A. PhD; Williams, Redford B. MD; Lane, Richard D. MD, PhD; Deter, Hans-Christian MDAuthor Information
Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Novel RDoC-Based Treatment Program for Adolescent Depression: “Training for Awareness Resilience and Action” (Tara)—A Pilot Study
TARA is feasible in a sample of clinically depressed and/or anxious adolescents and preliminary efficacy was demonstrated by reduced depression and anxiety symptoms. The specific symptom and behavioral outcomes corresponded well with the hypothesized mechanisms of change
Gradients in Depressive Symptoms by Socioeconomic Position Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the EXPLORE Study
This study examines gradients in depressive symptoms by socioeconomic position (SEP; i.e., income, education, employment) in a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM). Data were used from EXPLORE, a randomized, controlled behavioral HIV prevention trial for HIV-uninfected MSM in six U.S. cities (n = 4,277). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (short form). Multiple linear regressions wer…
The Effect of Psychosocial Syndemic Production on 4-Year HIV Incidence and Risk Behavior in a Large Cohort of Sexually Active Men Who Have Sex With Men
BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional studies have suggested that co-occurring epidemics or "syndemics" of psychosocial health problems may accelerate HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States. We aimed to assess how 5 syndemic conditions (depressive symptoms, heavy alcohol use, stimulant use, polydrug use, and childhood sexual abuse) affected HIV incidence and sexual risk behavior over time. METHODS: Eligible men in a lar…
Family Adversity and Autonomic Reactivity Association With Immune Changes in HIV-Affected School Children
OBJECTIVE: To explore whether primary school entry is associated with changes in immune system parameters in HIV-affected children. HIV-affected children are vulnerable to psychosocial stressors, regardless of their own HIV serological status. METHODS: Data from 38 HIV-positive and 29 HIV-negative children born to seropositive women were obtained. Measures included family adversity questionnaires, autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity, and en…
Use of Non-Occupational Post-Exposure Prophylaxis does not Lead to an Increase in High Risk Sex Behaviors in Men Who have Sex with Men Participating in the EXPLORE Trial
Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) use is an HIV prevention strategy that has been recommended by the CDC to prevent HIV infection after a high risk sexual exposure since 1997. In a behavioral intervention trial of 4,295 MSM we assessed perceptions and use of nPEP over 4 years in six cities across the United States. Overall, 1.9% of MSM reported use of nPEP prior to enrollment, and 6.3% at least once during the trial. Awareness of …
Childhood Sexual Abuse Is Highly Associated With HIV Risk-Taking Behavior and Infection Among MSM in the EXPLORE Study
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found high rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among US men who have sex with men (MSM). CSA history has been associated with a variety of negative effects later in life including behaviors that place MSM at greater risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. The present analysis is the first to examine the longitudinal association between CSA and HIV infection, unprotected anal sex, and serodiscordant unprotect…
Adherence to antiretroviral medications and medical care in HIV-infected adults diagnosed with mental and substance abuse disorders
This paper examines factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral medications (ARVs) in an HIV-infected population at high risk for non-adherence: individuals living with psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Data were examined from baseline interviews of a multisite cohort intervention study of 1138 HIV-infected adults with both a psychiatric and substance abuse disorder (based on a structured psychiatric research interview using DSM-…
The Rebirth of Neuroscience in Psychosomatic Medicine, Part I: Historical Context, Methods, and Relevant Basic Science
Neuroscience was an integral part of psychosomatic medicine at its inception in the early 20th century. Since the mid-20th century, however, psychosomatic research has largely ignored the brain. The field of neuroscience has burgeoned in recent years largely because a variety of powerful new methods have become available. Many of these methods allow for the noninvasive study of the living human brain and thus are potentially available for integra…
The Rebirth of Neuroscience in Psychosomatic Medicine, Part II: Clinical Applications and Implications for Research
During the second half of the last century, biopsychosocial research in psychosomatic medicine largely ignored the brain. Neuroscience has started to make a comeback in psychosomatic medicine research and promises to advance the field in important ways. In this paper we briefly review select brain imaging research findings in psychosomatic medicine in four key areas: cardiovascular regulation, visceral pain in the context of functional gastrointe…
A randomized comparison of two instruments for measuring self-reported antiretroviral adherence
A randomised trial compared two instruments for assessing self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications: (1) a day-by-day recall instrument that elicited the number of missed doses in each of the prior three days (3-day instrument; n=64) and (2) a general recall instrument that elicited an estimate of proportion of pills taken during the prior seven days (7-day instrument; n=70). Adherence was measured at study visits over 12 months among…
Predictors of Attrition Among High Risk HIV-Infected Participants Enrolled in a Multi-Site Prevention Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for HIV-Positive Persons: An Investigation of Treatment Effects on Psychosocial Adjustment
Depressive Symptoms, Utilization of Mental Health Care, Substance Use and Sexual Risk Among Young Men Who have Sex with Men in EXPLORE: Implications for Age-Specific Interventions
Influence of Coping, Social Support, and Depression on Subjective Health Status Among HIV-Positive Adults With Different Sexual Identities
The authors examined associations between psychosocial variables (coping self-efficacy, social support, and cognitive depression) and subjective health status among a large national sample (N = 3,670) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons with different sexual identities. After controlling for ethnicity, heterosexual men reported fewer symptoms than did either bisexual or gay men and heterosexual women reported fewer symptoms tha…
The Role of Self-Efficacy in HIV Treatment Adherence: Validation of the HIV Treatment Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (HIV-Ases)
Affect Regulation, Stimulant Use, and Viral Load Among HIV-Positive Persons on Anti-Retroviral Therapy
Objective: A substantial minority of HIV-positive individuals have comorbid affective or substance use disorders, which can interfere with effective medical management. The present study examined the associations among affect regulation, substance use, non-adherence to anti-retroviral therapy (ART), and immune status in a diverse sample of HIV-positive persons. Methods: A total of 858 HIV-positive participants self-reporting risk of transmitting …
Health behaviors and risk factors in those who use complementary and alternative medicine
Those engaging in positive health behaviors and exhibiting fewer health risk factors are more likely to use CAM than those who forgo positive health behaviors or exhibit more health risk factors. The fact that users of CAM tend to pursue generally healthy lifestyles suggests that they may be open to additional recommendations toward optimizing their health
Medication Adherence and Sexual Risk Behavior among HIV-Infected Adults: Implications for Transmission of Resistant Virus
A validity and reliability study of the coping self‐efficacy scale
Objectives. Investigate the psychometric characteristics of the coping self‐efficacy (CSE) scale, a 26‐item measure of one's confidence in performing coping behaviors when faced with life challenges. Design. Data came from two randomized clinical trials ( N 1 = 149, N 2 = 199) evaluating a theory‐based Coping Effectiveness Training (CET) intervention in reducing psychological distress and increasing positive mood in persons coping with chronic il…
Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men
OBJECTIVES: Risk factors for HIV acquisition were examined in a recent cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM). DESIGN: A longitudinal analysis of 4295 HIV-negative MSM enrolled in a randomized behavioral intervention trial conducted in six US cities. METHODS: MSM were enrolled and assessed for HIV infection and risk behaviors semi-annually, up to 48 months. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, men reporting four or more male sex partners, unprot…
Depressive Symptomatology among HIV‐Positive Women in the Era of Haart: A Stress and Coping Model
Objective: An enhanced stress and coping model was used to explain depression among HIV‐positive women in healthcare and community settings where highly active anti‐retroviral treatment (HAART) was commonplace. Method: HIV‐infected women in four cities ( N =978) were assessed, cross‐sectionally, for mental and physical health, stress, social support, and other background factors. Results: Self‐reported level of depressive symptomatology was high.…
The Value and Challenges of Improving Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
From the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Chesney currently is at National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Reprints: Dr. Mallory Johnson, CAPS-UCSF, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1300, San Francisco, CA 94105. E-mail: [email protected…
Quality of life in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy is related to adherence
This study assesses changes in quality of life (QoL) over time among HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and evaluates how this relates to ARTadherence. Prospective, longitudinal data were examined from 1050 participants in two large, randomized, multi-centre antiretroviral clinical trials. QoL was assessed by the SF-12; adherence by the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS Antiretroviral Medica…
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient
SES is consistently associated with health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms that might explain this association. Researchers usually control for SES rather than examine it. When it is studied, only effects of lower, poverty-level SES are generally examined. However, there is evidence of a graded association with health at all levels of SES, an observation that requires new thought about domains throug…
Critical Delays in HIV Testing and Care: The Potential Role of Stigma
When learning of a positive HIV test, individuals face a host of psychological and social stresses. HIV-related stigma is associated with psychological distress and can interfere with coping, adjustment, and management of HIV disease. Effective management of HIV disease requires timely testing for HIV infection so that persons who are infected can learn of their serostatus and gain access to care, therefore benefiting from available treatment opt…
High-Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in 6 US Cities: Baseline Data From the EXPLORE Study
Objectives. We describe the prevalence of risk behaviors at baseline among men who have sex with men (MSM) who were enrolled in a randomized behavioral intervention trial conducted in 6 US cities. Methods. Data analyses involved MSM who were negative for HIV antibodies and who reported having engaged in anal sex with 1 or more partners in the previous year. Results. Among 4295 men, 48.0% and 54.9%, respectively, reported unprotected receptive and…
Adherence to HIV combination therapy
An Individually Tailored Intervention for HIV Prevention: Baseline Data From the EXPLORE Study
Objectives. We describe the intervention tested in EXPLORE, an HIV prevention trial aimed at men who have sex with men (MSM), and test the empirical basis of the individually tailored intervention. Methods. Data on participants’ self-efficacy, communication skills, social norms, and enjoyment of unprotected anal intercourse were examined in relation to sexual risk. Combinations of these factors, together with alcohol use and noninjection drug use…
Postbereavement depressive mood and its prebereavement predictors in HIV+ and HIV– gay men
Prebereavement predictors of the course of postbereavement depressive mood were examined in 110 gay men who were their partner's caregiver until the partner's death of AIDS. In all, 37 HIV+ and 73 HIV- bereaved caregiving partners were assessed bimonthly throughout a 10-month period beginning 3 months before and ending 7 months after the partner's death. Throughout the 10 months, mean Centers for Epidemiology Scale-Depression (CES-D) scores on de…
Access to antiretroviral treatment among French HIV infected injection drug users: The influence of continued drug use. Manif 2000 Study Group
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of continued drug use and its perception by prescribing physicians on access to antiretroviral treatment among French HIV infected injection drug users (IDUs). DESIGN: Cross sectional including enrollment data (October 1995-1996) of the cohort study MANIF 2000. Access to treatment is compared in three groups: former IDUs (n = 68) and active IDUs whether or not this behaviour remains undetected (n = 38) …
Histories of substance use and risk behavior: Precursors to HIV seroconversion in homosexual men
OBJECTIVES: This study compared history of substance use and episodic use in terms of HIV seroconversion. METHODS: A sample of 337 baseline HIV-negative gay men was followed for 6 years. Bivariate and survival analyses were used to compare 39 converters with nonconverters on substance use behaviors. RESULTS: Seroconverters were consistently more likely to report use of marijuana, nitrite inhalants, amphetamines, and cocaine than nonconverters. Co…
Dilemmas of Self in the Method
In this article, the author focuses on the researcher in research. Challenged by the theory and criticism of self-indulgence, the author has, as the researcher, come out through reflection and self-scrutiny to address some of the dilemmas the research process has held for her. Dilemmas concerning interviewing women from Pakistan using interpreters have been covered previously. The dilemmas discussed in this article concern the position of the res…
Gradients in Depressive Symptoms by Socioeconomic Position Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the EXPLORE Study
This study examines gradients in depressive symptoms by socioeconomic position (SEP; i.e., income, education, employment) in a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM). Data were used from EXPLORE, a randomized, controlled behavioral HIV prevention trial for HIV-uninfected MSM in six U.S. cities (n = 4,277). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (short form). Multiple linear regressions wer…
Depressive Symptomatology among HIV‐Positive Women in the Era of Haart: A Stress and Coping Model
Objective: An enhanced stress and coping model was used to explain depression among HIV‐positive women in healthcare and community settings where highly active anti‐retroviral treatment (HAART) was commonplace. Method: HIV‐infected women in four cities ( N =978) were assessed, cross‐sectionally, for mental and physical health, stress, social support, and other background factors. Results: Self‐reported level of depressive symptomatology was high.…
Smokeless tobacco cessation intervention for college athletes: Results after 1 year
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a college-based smokeless tobacco cessation intervention targeting college athletes. METHODS: Sixteen colleges were matched for prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in their combined baseball and football teams and randomly assigned within college pairs to the intervention or the control group. One-year prevalence of cessation among smokeless tobacco users was determined by sel…
Postbereavement depressive mood and its prebereavement predictors in HIV+ and HIV- gay men
Primary HIV infection--a public health opportunity
Primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection should be considered a key target for HIV prevention activities. Mathematical models suggest that the primary HIV infection interval makes a disproportionate contribution to the HIV epidemic, perhaps accounting for as many as half of the existing infections at any point in time. If this is true, primary infection presents a special window of opportunity within which to exert a maximum impact on…
Self-Ratings of Type A (Coronary Prone) Adults: Do Type Aʼs Know They Are Type Aʼs
This study compared self-ratings and interview-band ratings of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. A Type A adjective scale was developed from the Gough-Adjective Checklist (ACL), using adjectives rated as characteristic and uncharacteristic of the Type A individual by a panel of 20 Type A researchers. Scores on this scale were compared with Type A ratings based on the structural interview. Results from a sample of 378 employed males indi…
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Responses in Continuously Collected Human Plasma to a Series of Stressors
The present study employed continuous blood withdrawal to examine epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to a cognitive stressor (mental arithmetic), active physical stressors (handgrip and knee bends), passive painful stressors (venipuncture and cold pressor), and a medical procedure that was considered nonstressful (blood pressure measurements). The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by time series analysis. The ANOVA indi…
Consistency and Variation Among Instruments Purporting to Measure the Type A Behavior Pattern
A variety of instruments have been developed to measure the Type A behavior pattern (TABP), although concern has often been expressed that no single measure captures the complete range of attributes encompassed by the notion of the TABP. This paper presents data using a broad range of these instruments applied to a large sample of men at risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The data indicate considerable variation in strengths of association bet…
Relaxation training for essential hypertension at the worksite: I. The untreated mild hypertensive
This industry-based randomized study compared the effects of behavioral treatment (BT) and blood pressure monitoring (BPM) on blood pressure (BP) change in 158 unmedicated persons with mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 90 to 104 mm Hg). Participants recruited by a three-stage screening were randomly assigned to BT or BPM groups and stratified by entry diastolic blood pressure (DBP), age, and sex. BT participants received relaxation trai…
Coronary-prone behaviors in the Western Collaborative Group Study
Two-hundred-fifty CHD cases and 500 matched controls from the Western Collaborative Group Study were studied to assess the 8.5-yr prospective relationship of specific behavioral dimensions to the incidence of coronary heart disease. Type A structured interviews administered at intake were reevaluated in terms of 12 operationally defined components, which include previously described facets of the Type A behavior pattern. Univariate risk analyses …
Type A behavior pattern: Facial behavior and speech components
Early descriptions of the Type A coronary-prone pattern include both nonverbal and motoric signs. Facial behaviors during the Type A Structured Interview of 24 Type A and 24 Type B men were examined using the Facial Action Coding System. In addition, speech components and heart rate reactivity during the Structured Interviews were examined. Among the facial behaviors assessed, two significantly differentiated Type As from Type Bs: Glare and Disgu…
Cook-Medley Hostility scale and subsets: Relationship to demographic and psychosocial characteristics in young adults in the Cardia study
This report describes the relationships between scores obtained on the Cook-Medley Hostility (Ho) scale and race, education, gender, and age in a sample of 5115 young adult participants in a prospective study of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. Large differences were observed in total Ho scale scores and in six recently identified subsets according to race, education, gender, and age. Young black males with limited education had the hig…
Stress, coping, and high-risk sexual behavior.
Behavioral clusters and coronary heart disease risk
The purpose of the present study was to empirically identify individuals who differed in their patterns of components derived from the structured interview (SI), and to evaluate whether individuals characterized by the different patterns varied in terms of their risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). The present study represents a reanalysis of data from the Western Collaborative Group Study in which components of Type A were individually related…
Social isolation, depression, and heart disease: Research on women broadens the agenda
Women, Work, and Health: Stress and Opportunities
Hostility and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis
We studied prospectively the association of hostility and anger suppression by the use of ultrasonographically assessed 2-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis (PCA) in a sample of 119 middle-aged men from eastern Finland. Based on measures of cynical distrust, impatience-irritability, anger-in, and anger-control, four variants of hostility-by-anger suppression model were tested with multiple regression analysis. In addition to the previous…
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient
SES is consistently associated with health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms that might explain this association. Researchers usually control for SES rather than examine it. When it is studied, only effects of lower, poverty-level SES are generally examined. However, there is evidence of a graded association with health at all levels of SES, an observation that requires new thought about domains throug…
Relationship of Optimism, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs to Use of HIV Antibody Testing by At-Risk Female Adolescents
This study's purpose was to examine the extent to which optimism, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs predict use of HIV testing services in a group of at-risk female adolescents. We prospectively interviewed 124 consecutive girls engaging in risky behaviors before regularly scheduled pediatric clinic appointments at a large urban HMO. Subjects completed a self-report questionnaire assessing optimism (Scheier's Life Optimism Test, or LOT), HIV-rela…
Psychobiologic Reactivity to Stress and Childhood Respiratory Illnesses: Results of Two Prospective Studies
Psychological stress is thought to undermine host resistance to infection through neuroendocrine-mediated changes in immune competence. Associations between stress and infection have been modest in magnitude, however, suggesting individual variability in stress response. We therefore studied environmental stressors, psychobiologic reactivity to stress, and respiratory illness incidence in two studies of 236 preschool children. In Study 1, 137 3- …
Introduction for Superhighways for Disease
Psychosocial Factors and Plasma Lipids in Black and White Young Adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study Data
These analyses examined the relationship between fasting plasma lipids and several psychosocial factors in a healthy cohort of 5115 black and white men and women between the ages of 18 and 30. Primary analyses were performed within race/gender subgroups and were supplemented with analyses examining consistency of associations across these groups. After controlling for age, high density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased, triglycerides increased, low den…
Postbereavement depressive mood and its prebereavement predictors in HIV+ and HIV- gay men
Postbereavement depressive mood and its prebereavement predictors in HIV+ and HIV– gay men
Prebereavement predictors of the course of postbereavement depressive mood were examined in 110 gay men who were their partner's caregiver until the partner's death of AIDS. In all, 37 HIV+ and 73 HIV- bereaved caregiving partners were assessed bimonthly throughout a 10-month period beginning 3 months before and ending 7 months after the partner's death. Throughout the 10 months, mean Centers for Epidemiology Scale-Depression (CES-D) scores on de…
The Control Group Dilemma in Clinical Research: Applications for Psychosocial and Behavioral Medicine Trials
OBJECTIVE: Clinical research on psychosocial and behavioral medicine interventions has burgeoned in the past two decades, so much so that sole reliance on standard no-treatment control conditions may no longer be appropriate or feasible. We discuss the ethical, theoretical, scientific, and statistical considerations that shape current clinical outcomes research for psychosocial and behavioral medicine interventions. METHOD AND RESULTS: Secondary …
Social Dominance and 22-Year All-Cause Mortality in Men
OBJECTIVE: Research findings suggest that, in addition to hostility, social dominance-related variables may be related to morbidity and mortality. The purposes of the present study were to evaluate a) whether pressured social dominance (defined as a pattern of structured-interview-defined characteristics of verbal competition, immediateness of response, and fast speaking rate) was related to long-term health outcomes, namely, all-cause mortality,…
Primary HIV infection--a public health opportunity
Primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection should be considered a key target for HIV prevention activities. Mathematical models suggest that the primary HIV infection interval makes a disproportionate contribution to the HIV epidemic, perhaps accounting for as many as half of the existing infections at any point in time. If this is true, primary infection presents a special window of opportunity within which to exert a maximum impact on…
Medication adherence strategies for drug abusers with HIV/Aids
This paper describes two clinical techniques aiming to improve adherence to medications for HIV/AIDS in methadone maintenance patients. The first technique, providing on-site dispensing of antiretroviral medications, enhanced medication adherence but did not produce enduring effects beyond the time of the intervention. To develop a more long-lasting intervention, the programme is experimenting with more individualized medication management, in wh…
Expanding the Terrain of Psychosomatic Medicine: Seizing Opportunities for Growth
Center for the Advancement of Health (Gruman). University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine (Chesney). Ohio University (Keefe). The George Washington University (Peterson)
Cardiovascular Reactivity to Video Game Predicts Subsequent Blood Pressure Increases in Young Men: The Cardia Study
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between heightened reactivity of blood pressure (BP) during stress and 5-year changes in blood pressure and hypertensive status, using the CARDIA study. METHOD: A total of 3364 participants (910 white men, 909 white women, 678 black men, and 867 black women), initially 20 to 32 years old and normotensive, were included. Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stressors (video g…
Medicine (62 works) · Psychology (42 works) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (36 works) · Psychiatry (33 works) · Clinical Psychology (32 works) · Internal Medicine (27 works) · Internal Medicine (25 works) · Family medicine (19 works) · Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (18 works) · Viral load (18 works)