Irene V Blair
Biographic Data
| ID | 131383 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Irene V Blair |
| GIVEN NAMES | Irene V |
| FAMILY NAME | Blair |
| SIGNATURE | BLAIR I V |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Colorado Boulder |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4360-3093 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 413 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 27 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The Cambridge Handbook of Implicit Bias and Racism
The concept of implicit bias – the idea that the unconscious mind might hold and use negative evaluations of social groups that cannot be documented via explicit measures of prejudice – is a hot topic in the social and behavioral sciences. It has also become a part of popular culture, while interventions to reduce implicit bias have been introduced in police forces, educational settings, and workplaces. Yet researchers still have much to understa…
Discrimination among American Indian and Alaska Native people: Implications for public health communication
Introduction: American Indian and Alaska Native People (AI/AN) have experienced discrimination stemming from sustained attempts to erase AI/AN People and their culture or livelihood. Research identifying the types of discrimination experienced by AI/AN People is needed to help individuals recognize discrimination in daily life. We examine experiences of discrimination among an urban AI/AN population using a mixed methods approach. Methods: = 294 …
Health Behavior Theory and Hypertension Management: Comparisons Among Black, White, and American Indian and Alaska Native Patients
A Brief Online Implicit Bias Intervention for School Mental Health Clinicians
Clinician bias has been identified as a potential contributor to persistent healthcare disparities across many medical specialties and service settings. Few studies have examined strategies to reduce clinician bias, especially in mental healthcare, despite decades of research evidencing service and outcome disparities in adult and pediatric populations. This manuscript describes an intervention development study and a pilot feasibility trial of t…
Responsive social support serves important functions in clinical communication: Translating perspectives from relationship science to improve cancer clinical interactions
Older and Wiser? Age Moderates the Association Between Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Objectives: To examine age differences in the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among urban American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). Methods: A sample of 303 urban AI/AN (18-78 years old) reported on lifetime and past-week experiences of racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were regressed on racial discrimination, age, and their interaction, adjusting for demographic factors and other lif…
Validation of the Brief Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire–Community Version in American Indians
This study provides strong evidence that the PEDQ-CVB behaves consistently for AIs and other underrepresented ethnic/racial groups. As such, the PEDQ-CVB allows for documentation of the experiences of different ethnic/racial groups and provides a means to test theoretical models of the antecedents and consequences of perceived discrimination within and across groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved
Factors Related to Physician Clinical Decision-Making for African-American and Hispanic Patients: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis
Racial discrimination associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in a sample of A merican I ndian adults
The results of this analysis suggest that racial discrimination may contribute to higher diastolic blood pressure within Native communities. These findings highlight one pathway through which the social environment can shape patterns of biology and health in AI and other socially and politically marginalized groups
Moving beyond the individual: Community-level prejudice and health
Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: A narrative review
Recent evidence suggests that one possible cause of disparities in health outcomes for stigmatized groups is the implicit biases held by health care providers. In response, several health care organizations have called for, and developed, new training in implicit bias for their providers. This review examines current evidence on the role that provider implicit bias may play in health disparities, and whether training in implicit bias can effectiv…
Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
The American Heart
Reducing Racial Health Care Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis
Large health disparities persist between Black and White Americans. The social psychology of intergroup relations suggests some solutions to health care disparities due to racial bias. Three paths can lead from racial bias to poorer health among Black Americans. First is the already well-documented physical and psychological toll of being a target of persistent discrimination. Second, implicit bias can affect physicians’ perceptions and decisions…
Clinicians' Implicit Ethnic/Racial Bias and Perceptions of Care Among Black and Latino Patients
PURPOSE: We investigated whether clinicians' explicit and implicit ethnic/racial bias is related to black and Latino patients' perceptions of their care in established clinical relationships. METHODS: We administered a telephone survey to 2,908 patients, stratified by ethnicity/race, and randomly selected from the patient panels of 134 clinicians who had previously completed tests of explicit and implicit ethnic/racial bias. Patients completed th…
Implicit Stereotypes and Prejudice
The experimental study of implicit intergroup bias began soon after Crosby et al. concluded that Whites had something to hide. By adapting theories and methods from the study of implicit memory and unconscious perception, stereotype and prejudice researchers gained access to a new level of analysis. Particularly influential was the theory of spreading activation (e.g., Collins & Loftus, 1975; Posner & Snyder, 1975). According to this theory, conc…
Assessment of Biases Against Latinos and African Americans Among Primary Care Providers and Community Members
This research provided the first evidence of implicit bias against Latinos in health care, as well as confirming previous findings of implicit bias against African Americans. Lack of substantive differences in bias between the experienced PCPs and CMs suggested a wider societal problem. At the same time, the wide range of implicit bias suggested that bias in health care is neither uniform nor inevitable, and important lessons might be learned fro…
The use of Afrocentric features as cues for judgment in the presence of diagnostic information
Prior research has shown that within racial category, group members with more Afrocentric facial features are presumed to have more stereotypic traits than those with less Afrocentric features. The present experiment investigated whether this form of feature-based stereotyping occurs when more diagnostic information is available. The participants were provided with photographs and information about the aggressive (or non-aggressive) behaviour of …
The Influence of Afrocentric Facial Features in Criminal Sentencing
Prior research has shown that within a racial category, people with more Afrocentric facial features are presumed more likely to have traits that are stereotypic of Black Americans compared with people with less Afrocentric features. The present study investigated whether this form of feature-based stereotyping might be observed in criminal-sentencing decisions. Analysis of a random sample of inmate records showed that Black and White inmates, gi…
The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments
Four experiments were conducted to examine the automaticity of stereotyping based on racial category and (within-race) Afrocentric facial features. Results showed that both forms of stereotyping are efficient processes, able to operate when cognitive resources are highly restricted. The 2 differed, however, in their controllability. Participants demonstrated that they were sensitized to race-based stereotypes and able to control that influence to…
Understanding Intergroup Anxiety: Are Some People More Anxious than Others
Theory suggests that individuals who are more prejudiced or who have had less intergroup contact are more likely to experience intergroup anxiety. Although prior research has supported those proposals, it is weakened by the use of abstract (and therefore often ambiguous) intergroup encounters. The present research provided better evidence by measuring participants' anxiety in well-specified situations. This research also extended past work by stu…
Automatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the weapon paradigm
Exit, Loyalty, and Collective Action Among Workers in a Simulated Business Environment: Interactive Effects of Group Identification and Boundary Permeability
The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice
The present article reviews evidence for the malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. In contrast to assumptions that such responses are fixed and inescapable, it is shown that automatic stereotypes and prejudice are influenced by, (a) self- and social motives, (b) specific strategies, (c) the perceiver's focus of attention, and (d) the configuration of stimulus cues. In addition, group members' individual characteristics are shown to…
The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories
Four studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that group-related physical features may directly activate related stereotypes, leading to more stereotypic inferences over and above those resulting from categorization. As predicted, targets with more Afrocentric features were judged as more likely to have traits stereotypic of African Americans. This effect was found with judgments of African Americans and of European Americans. Furthermore, t…
Illusions of Gender: Stereotypes Evoke False Memories
Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery
Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming
The experiments in this article were conducted to observe the automatic activation of gender stereo- types and to assess theoretically specified conditions under which such stereotype priming may be moderated. Across 4 experiments, 3 patterns of data were observed: (a) evidence of stereotype prim- ing under baseline conditions of intention and high cognitive constraints, (b) significant reduction of stereotype priming when a counterstereotype int…
The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories
Four studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that group-related physical features may directly activate related stereotypes, leading to more stereotypic inferences over and above those resulting from categorization. As predicted, targets with more Afrocentric features were judged as more likely to have traits stereotypic of African Americans. This effect was found with judgments of African Americans and of European Americans. Furthermore, t…
The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments
Four experiments were conducted to examine the automaticity of stereotyping based on racial category and (within-race) Afrocentric facial features. Results showed that both forms of stereotyping are efficient processes, able to operate when cognitive resources are highly restricted. The 2 differed, however, in their controllability. Participants demonstrated that they were sensitized to race-based stereotypes and able to control that influence to…
Reducing Racial Health Care Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis
Large health disparities persist between Black and White Americans. The social psychology of intergroup relations suggests some solutions to health care disparities due to racial bias. Three paths can lead from racial bias to poorer health among Black Americans. First is the already well-documented physical and psychological toll of being a target of persistent discrimination. Second, implicit bias can affect physicians’ perceptions and decisions…
Assessment of Biases Against Latinos and African Americans Among Primary Care Providers and Community Members
This research provided the first evidence of implicit bias against Latinos in health care, as well as confirming previous findings of implicit bias against African Americans. Lack of substantive differences in bias between the experienced PCPs and CMs suggested a wider societal problem. At the same time, the wide range of implicit bias suggested that bias in health care is neither uniform nor inevitable, and important lessons might be learned fro…
The use of Afrocentric features as cues for judgment in the presence of diagnostic information
Prior research has shown that within racial category, group members with more Afrocentric facial features are presumed to have more stereotypic traits than those with less Afrocentric features. The present experiment investigated whether this form of feature-based stereotyping occurs when more diagnostic information is available. The participants were provided with photographs and information about the aggressive (or non-aggressive) behaviour of …
Understanding Intergroup Anxiety: Are Some People More Anxious than Others
Theory suggests that individuals who are more prejudiced or who have had less intergroup contact are more likely to experience intergroup anxiety. Although prior research has supported those proposals, it is weakened by the use of abstract (and therefore often ambiguous) intergroup encounters. The present research provided better evidence by measuring participants' anxiety in well-specified situations. This research also extended past work by stu…
Illusions of Gender: Stereotypes Evoke False Memories
Automatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the weapon paradigm
Moving beyond the individual: Community-level prejudice and health
Racial discrimination associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in a sample of A merican I ndian adults
The results of this analysis suggest that racial discrimination may contribute to higher diastolic blood pressure within Native communities. These findings highlight one pathway through which the social environment can shape patterns of biology and health in AI and other socially and politically marginalized groups
Exit, Loyalty, and Collective Action Among Workers in a Simulated Business Environment: Interactive Effects of Group Identification and Boundary Permeability
Validation of the Brief Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire–Community Version in American Indians
This study provides strong evidence that the PEDQ-CVB behaves consistently for AIs and other underrepresented ethnic/racial groups. As such, the PEDQ-CVB allows for documentation of the experiences of different ethnic/racial groups and provides a means to test theoretical models of the antecedents and consequences of perceived discrimination within and across groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved
Factors Related to Physician Clinical Decision-Making for African-American and Hispanic Patients: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis
A Brief Online Implicit Bias Intervention for School Mental Health Clinicians
Clinician bias has been identified as a potential contributor to persistent healthcare disparities across many medical specialties and service settings. Few studies have examined strategies to reduce clinician bias, especially in mental healthcare, despite decades of research evidencing service and outcome disparities in adult and pediatric populations. This manuscript describes an intervention development study and a pilot feasibility trial of t…
Older and Wiser? Age Moderates the Association Between Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Objectives: To examine age differences in the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among urban American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). Methods: A sample of 303 urban AI/AN (18-78 years old) reported on lifetime and past-week experiences of racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were regressed on racial discrimination, age, and their interaction, adjusting for demographic factors and other lif…
Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming
The experiments in this article were conducted to observe the automatic activation of gender stereo- types and to assess theoretically specified conditions under which such stereotype priming may be moderated. Across 4 experiments, 3 patterns of data were observed: (a) evidence of stereotype prim- ing under baseline conditions of intention and high cognitive constraints, (b) significant reduction of stereotype priming when a counterstereotype int…
Illusions of Gender: Stereotypes Evoke False Memories
Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery
The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice
The present article reviews evidence for the malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. In contrast to assumptions that such responses are fixed and inescapable, it is shown that automatic stereotypes and prejudice are influenced by, (a) self- and social motives, (b) specific strategies, (c) the perceiver's focus of attention, and (d) the configuration of stimulus cues. In addition, group members' individual characteristics are shown to…
The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories
Four studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that group-related physical features may directly activate related stereotypes, leading to more stereotypic inferences over and above those resulting from categorization. As predicted, targets with more Afrocentric features were judged as more likely to have traits stereotypic of African Americans. This effect was found with judgments of African Americans and of European Americans. Furthermore, t…
Understanding Intergroup Anxiety: Are Some People More Anxious than Others
Theory suggests that individuals who are more prejudiced or who have had less intergroup contact are more likely to experience intergroup anxiety. Although prior research has supported those proposals, it is weakened by the use of abstract (and therefore often ambiguous) intergroup encounters. The present research provided better evidence by measuring participants' anxiety in well-specified situations. This research also extended past work by stu…
Automatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the weapon paradigm
Exit, Loyalty, and Collective Action Among Workers in a Simulated Business Environment: Interactive Effects of Group Identification and Boundary Permeability
The Influence of Afrocentric Facial Features in Criminal Sentencing
Prior research has shown that within a racial category, people with more Afrocentric facial features are presumed more likely to have traits that are stereotypic of Black Americans compared with people with less Afrocentric features. The present study investigated whether this form of feature-based stereotyping might be observed in criminal-sentencing decisions. Analysis of a random sample of inmate records showed that Black and White inmates, gi…
The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments
Four experiments were conducted to examine the automaticity of stereotyping based on racial category and (within-race) Afrocentric facial features. Results showed that both forms of stereotyping are efficient processes, able to operate when cognitive resources are highly restricted. The 2 differed, however, in their controllability. Participants demonstrated that they were sensitized to race-based stereotypes and able to control that influence to…
The use of Afrocentric features as cues for judgment in the presence of diagnostic information
Prior research has shown that within racial category, group members with more Afrocentric facial features are presumed to have more stereotypic traits than those with less Afrocentric features. The present experiment investigated whether this form of feature-based stereotyping occurs when more diagnostic information is available. The participants were provided with photographs and information about the aggressive (or non-aggressive) behaviour of …
Assessment of Biases Against Latinos and African Americans Among Primary Care Providers and Community Members
This research provided the first evidence of implicit bias against Latinos in health care, as well as confirming previous findings of implicit bias against African Americans. Lack of substantive differences in bias between the experienced PCPs and CMs suggested a wider societal problem. At the same time, the wide range of implicit bias suggested that bias in health care is neither uniform nor inevitable, and important lessons might be learned fro…
Clinicians' Implicit Ethnic/Racial Bias and Perceptions of Care Among Black and Latino Patients
PURPOSE: We investigated whether clinicians' explicit and implicit ethnic/racial bias is related to black and Latino patients' perceptions of their care in established clinical relationships. METHODS: We administered a telephone survey to 2,908 patients, stratified by ethnicity/race, and randomly selected from the patient panels of 134 clinicians who had previously completed tests of explicit and implicit ethnic/racial bias. Patients completed th…
Implicit Stereotypes and Prejudice
The experimental study of implicit intergroup bias began soon after Crosby et al. concluded that Whites had something to hide. By adapting theories and methods from the study of implicit memory and unconscious perception, stereotype and prejudice researchers gained access to a new level of analysis. Particularly influential was the theory of spreading activation (e.g., Collins & Loftus, 1975; Posner & Snyder, 1975). According to this theory, conc…
Reducing Racial Health Care Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis
Large health disparities persist between Black and White Americans. The social psychology of intergroup relations suggests some solutions to health care disparities due to racial bias. Three paths can lead from racial bias to poorer health among Black Americans. First is the already well-documented physical and psychological toll of being a target of persistent discrimination. Second, implicit bias can affect physicians’ perceptions and decisions…
Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
The American Heart
Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: A narrative review
Recent evidence suggests that one possible cause of disparities in health outcomes for stigmatized groups is the implicit biases held by health care providers. In response, several health care organizations have called for, and developed, new training in implicit bias for their providers. This review examines current evidence on the role that provider implicit bias may play in health disparities, and whether training in implicit bias can effectiv…
Racial discrimination associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in a sample of A merican I ndian adults
The results of this analysis suggest that racial discrimination may contribute to higher diastolic blood pressure within Native communities. These findings highlight one pathway through which the social environment can shape patterns of biology and health in AI and other socially and politically marginalized groups
Moving beyond the individual: Community-level prejudice and health
Factors Related to Physician Clinical Decision-Making for African-American and Hispanic Patients: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis
Validation of the Brief Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire–Community Version in American Indians
This study provides strong evidence that the PEDQ-CVB behaves consistently for AIs and other underrepresented ethnic/racial groups. As such, the PEDQ-CVB allows for documentation of the experiences of different ethnic/racial groups and provides a means to test theoretical models of the antecedents and consequences of perceived discrimination within and across groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved
Older and Wiser? Age Moderates the Association Between Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Objectives: To examine age differences in the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among urban American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). Methods: A sample of 303 urban AI/AN (18-78 years old) reported on lifetime and past-week experiences of racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were regressed on racial discrimination, age, and their interaction, adjusting for demographic factors and other lif…
Health Behavior Theory and Hypertension Management: Comparisons Among Black, White, and American Indian and Alaska Native Patients
A Brief Online Implicit Bias Intervention for School Mental Health Clinicians
Clinician bias has been identified as a potential contributor to persistent healthcare disparities across many medical specialties and service settings. Few studies have examined strategies to reduce clinician bias, especially in mental healthcare, despite decades of research evidencing service and outcome disparities in adult and pediatric populations. This manuscript describes an intervention development study and a pilot feasibility trial of t…
Responsive social support serves important functions in clinical communication: Translating perspectives from relationship science to improve cancer clinical interactions
Psychology (25 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (13 works) · Medicine (12 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (10 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Cognitive psychology (7 works) · Clinical Psychology (6 works) · Developmental psychology (6 works) · Political science (6 works)