Leonard S Newman
Biographic Data
| ID | 134949 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leonard S Newman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Leonard S |
| FAMILY NAME | Newman |
| SIGNATURE | NEWMAN L S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Syracuse University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9385-4707 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 43 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Mnemic Neglect in the United States and China: A Cross-cultural Investigation of Spontaneous Self-protection
Mnemic Neglect ( MN ) is a well-established finding within Western culture; individuals selectively retain the memory of positive rather than negative self-relevant information in the service of self-enhancement/protection (Sedikides et al., 2016). There have, however, been no cross-cultural investigations of MN , despite an ongoing debate about the universality of self-enhancement motivations. A study with American and Chinese participants was c…
In Search of the Enlightenment Effect
Social psychologists have long expressed the hope that their students will apply what they learn about the field's theories and principles to their everyday behavior. Gergen referred to this presumed impact on people's lives as the enlightenment effect . We discuss the type of evidence that would be required to convincingly demonstrate enlightenment effects, and conclude that surprisingly few such studies seem to have been conducted (although soc…
Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization . David Livingstone Smith
Journal Article Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization. David Livingstone Smith Get access Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization, David Livingstone Smith (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021), 352 pp., hardcover $29.00, electronic version available. Leonard Newman Leonard Newman Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA Email: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-4707 Search for other works by this…
Differential Evaluation of Straight and Gay Men for Nonverbal Effeminate Behavior
An investigation of emotional and evaluative implicit associations with police using four versions of the Implicit Association Test
829), we assessed civilian implicit associations with police using four modified Implicit Association Tests (IAT). Across studies and IATs, individuals harbored stronger negative implicit associations (associating police with fear/bad) than positive implicit associations (associating police with safety/good). The predictive validity of the implicit associations and magnitude of D scores varied across IAT. In Study 1, the IATs involving categoriza…
General perceptions of police mediate relationships between police contact and anticipated police behavior in imagined roadside encounters
Confronted with Bullying when You Believe in a Just World
Bullying has been recognized as a phenomenon that detrimentally affects the lives of many, and researchers continue to explore its various influences and correlates. We examined the relationship between the global belief in a just world (BJW; a person’s tendency to believe that life is fair and people get what they deserve) and reactions to bullying. Although BJW is undergirded by a justice motive, and although previous research found that global…
Liberals Report Lower Levels of Attitudinal Ambivalence Than Conservatives
Political conservatism has been shown to be positively correlated with intolerance of ambiguity, need for closure, and dogmatism and negatively correlated with openness to new experiences and uncertainty tolerance. Those findings suggest that conservatism should also be negatively correlated with attitudinal ambivalence; by definition, ambivalent attitudes are more complex and more tinged with uncertainty than univalent attitudes. However, little…
Attitudes toward guns and mental illness stigma among college students in the United States
In the United States, citizens opposed to stricter gun control laws as a response to mass shootings frequently reframe the problem of gun violence as a mental health issue. As a result, it has been suggested that pro-gun attitudes (i.e., pro-gun rights attitudes and favorable attitudes toward the National Rifle Association) might be associated with stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness. In three studies (total N = 756), we asse…
Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers
Imagine a criminal-justice system with the following features: (1) criminal defendants more likely to be convicted and punished when they caused the death of one person than when they played a crucial role in killing thousands of people; (2) willing and enthusiastic wrongdoing treated in court not as an aggravating factor but as a mitigating factor; and (3) trials with judges who were essentially accomplices of the accused. Unfortunately, this is…
Prejudice in Major League Baseball: Have Black Players Been Held to a Higher Standard Than White Players
It has long been suggested that even after baseball's 'color line' was broken in 1947, Black players had to be better than White ones to be given an opportunity to play in the major leagues. The present article provides empirical support for that claim, using data from the point at which all major league teams were integrated and five subsequent major league seasons, sampled at equal time intervals through 1999. Average annual wins above replacem…
What's Recalled Depends on the Nature of the Recall Procedure: The Case of Mnemic Neglect
According to the mnemic neglect model, people process non-threatening feedback more deeply than threatening feedback. Tests of the model rely on behavior recall as the primary dependent variable. Similar to other research programs in social psychology, little attention has been paid to determining the optimal recall procedure for testing the model and replicating its predicted findings. Four experiments reveal that the results of mnemic neglect s…
How People React to Social-Psychological Accounts of Wrongdoing: The Moderating Effects of Culture
While social-psychological research has afforded much insight into the causes of human behavior, its emphasis on "the power of the situation" has been met with resistance from laypeople. Previous research found that American participants, when provided with different accounts of wrongdoing, were comfortable endorsing dispositional explanations of the behavior, but suspected that psychologists were exonerating wrongdoers when they were provided wi…
The Ambiguity of a Transgression and the Type of Apology Influence Immediate Reactions
An implication of Trope's (1986) dual process model of social information processing is that this may not be so when interpersonal transgressions are ambiguous. In such cases, full apologies primarily serve to identify behaviors as affronts. In Study 1, participants read vignettes involving clear or ambiguous transgressions for which 1 of 3 alternative forms of apology were received by the wronged person: no apology, a full apology, or an express…
Shedding light on insight: Priming bright ideas
Was Walter Lippmann interested in stereotyping: Public opinion and cognitive social psychology
Walter Lippmann's Public Opinion is much cited but little read. A review of references to Public Opinion by social psychologists over the last 20 years reveals the widespread beliefs that (1) the book focuses primarily on group stereotypes and prejudice, and (2) the concept of stereotyping originated with Lippmann. However, stereotypes, as currently conceived--as opposed to schemata more generally--do not play a central role in the book, and Lipp…
Mnemic neglect is not an artifact of expectancy: The moderating role of defensive pessimism
Research supporting the mnemic neglect model finds that people more easily recall positive than negative personality feedback, even when only asked to imagine that the feedback is real. The same bias is not found when people are asked to recall information about other people. Despite evidence that these findings reflect self‐enhancement motives, more research is needed to rule out the possibility that they instead simply reflect expectancies. Res…
Implicit Egotism on the Baseball Diamond: Why Peter Piper Prefers to Pitch for the Pittsburgh Pirates
Research on “implicit egotism” indicates that people tend to react positively to anything that reminds them of themselves, including their own names and the letters in their names. Names can have effects (presumably unconscious ones) even on people's choices of mates and careers. Nelson and Simmons (2007) presented evidence suggesting that people are attracted to name-resembling outcomes even when those outcomes undermine their conscious goals. F…
Understanding genocide: The social psychology of the Holocaust
When and why do groups target each other for extermination? How do seemingly normal people become participants in genocide? Why do some individuals come to the rescue of members of targeted groups, while others just passively observe their victimization? And how do perpetrators and bystanders later come to terms with the choices that they made? These questions have long vexed scholars and laypeople alike, and they have not decreased in urgency as…
Coping and defense: No clear distinction
Reactions to the O. J. Simpson Verdict: “Mindless Tribalism” or Motivated Inference Processes
The difference in opinion between White Americans and Black Americans as to whether O. J. Simpson is guilty of murder can be understood within the context of the literature on motivated inference. Both self‐serving and group‐serving motives can lead to bias in how people gather, interpret, and integrate evidence. The current study revealed that the relative salience of race and gender in women's self‐concepts (measured by the Twenty Statements Te…
A new look at defensive projection: Thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception
It has long been assumed that people perceive in others qualities that they wish to deny in themselves, but empirical evidence for defensive projection is limited and controversial. A new model for projection is presented in this article. People might try to actively suppress thoughts about the possibility that they have undesirable personality traits, but it was hypothesized that this response to threat ultimately causes thoughts about the unwan…
Social cognition in schizophrenia
The study of social cognition in schizophrenia may augment the understanding of clinical and behavioral manifestations of the disorder. In this article, the authors describe social cognition and differentiate it from nonsocial cognition. They garner evidence to support the role of social cognition in schizophrenia: Nonsocial information-processing models are limited to explain social dysfunction in schizophrenia, measures of social cognition may …
People as Flexible Interpreters: Evidence and Issues from Spontaneous Trait Inference
Rebound Effects in Impression Formation: Assimilation and Contrast Effects Following Thought Suppression
A new look at defensive projection: Thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception
It has long been assumed that people perceive in others qualities that they wish to deny in themselves, but empirical evidence for defensive projection is limited and controversial. A new model for projection is presented in this article. People might try to actively suppress thoughts about the possibility that they have undesirable personality traits, but it was hypothesized that this response to threat ultimately causes thoughts about the unwan…
Rebound Effects in Impression Formation: Assimilation and Contrast Effects Following Thought Suppression
Was Walter Lippmann interested in stereotyping: Public opinion and cognitive social psychology
Walter Lippmann's Public Opinion is much cited but little read. A review of references to Public Opinion by social psychologists over the last 20 years reveals the widespread beliefs that (1) the book focuses primarily on group stereotypes and prejudice, and (2) the concept of stereotyping originated with Lippmann. However, stereotypes, as currently conceived--as opposed to schemata more generally--do not play a central role in the book, and Lipp…
Shedding light on insight: Priming bright ideas
Gender and computers. II. The interactive effects of knowledge and constancy on gender-stereotyped attitudes
Implicit Egotism on the Baseball Diamond: Why Peter Piper Prefers to Pitch for the Pittsburgh Pirates
Research on “implicit egotism” indicates that people tend to react positively to anything that reminds them of themselves, including their own names and the letters in their names. Names can have effects (presumably unconscious ones) even on people's choices of mates and careers. Nelson and Simmons (2007) presented evidence suggesting that people are attracted to name-resembling outcomes even when those outcomes undermine their conscious goals. F…
What's Recalled Depends on the Nature of the Recall Procedure: The Case of Mnemic Neglect
According to the mnemic neglect model, people process non-threatening feedback more deeply than threatening feedback. Tests of the model rely on behavior recall as the primary dependent variable. Similar to other research programs in social psychology, little attention has been paid to determining the optimal recall procedure for testing the model and replicating its predicted findings. Four experiments reveal that the results of mnemic neglect s…
Mnemic neglect is not an artifact of expectancy: The moderating role of defensive pessimism
Research supporting the mnemic neglect model finds that people more easily recall positive than negative personality feedback, even when only asked to imagine that the feedback is real. The same bias is not found when people are asked to recall information about other people. Despite evidence that these findings reflect self‐enhancement motives, more research is needed to rule out the possibility that they instead simply reflect expectancies. Res…
Reactions to the O. J. Simpson Verdict: “Mindless Tribalism” or Motivated Inference Processes
The difference in opinion between White Americans and Black Americans as to whether O. J. Simpson is guilty of murder can be understood within the context of the literature on motivated inference. Both self‐serving and group‐serving motives can lead to bias in how people gather, interpret, and integrate evidence. The current study revealed that the relative salience of race and gender in women's self‐concepts (measured by the Twenty Statements Te…
Social cognition in schizophrenia
The study of social cognition in schizophrenia may augment the understanding of clinical and behavioral manifestations of the disorder. In this article, the authors describe social cognition and differentiate it from nonsocial cognition. They garner evidence to support the role of social cognition in schizophrenia: Nonsocial information-processing models are limited to explain social dysfunction in schizophrenia, measures of social cognition may …
Instant placement: A new model for providing rehabilitation services within a community mental health program
Instant placement: A new model for providing rehabilitation services within a community mental health program
Can personality traits be inferred automatically? Spontaneous inferences require cognitive capacity at encoding
Do young children use the discounting principle
Self-Regulation of Cognitive Inference and Decision Processes
Mechanisms for controlling inference processes are analyzed according to the models of intuitive scientist (who desires optimal, accurate conclusions) and intuitive lawyer (who desires predetermined, particular conclusions), using a step model of the inference process. The first step, gathering evidence, can be regulated by moving the termination point and by looking in particular places for evidence. The second step, drawing immediate implicatio…
How Stories Make Sense of Personal Experiences: Motives that Shape Autobiographical Narratives
People's efforts to understand their experiences often take the form of constructing narratives (stories) out of them, and this article offers framework for the motivations that may guide the construction of stories. Evidence about the nature, importance, and pervasiveness of narrative thinking is reviewed. Next, motivations are considered that may guide narrative thought, both in terms of interpersonal manipulation and in terms of wanting to mak…
Gender and computers. II. The interactive effects of knowledge and constancy on gender-stereotyped attitudes
People as Flexible Interpreters: Evidence and Issues from Spontaneous Trait Inference
Rebound Effects in Impression Formation: Assimilation and Contrast Effects Following Thought Suppression
Reactions to the O. J. Simpson Verdict: “Mindless Tribalism” or Motivated Inference Processes
The difference in opinion between White Americans and Black Americans as to whether O. J. Simpson is guilty of murder can be understood within the context of the literature on motivated inference. Both self‐serving and group‐serving motives can lead to bias in how people gather, interpret, and integrate evidence. The current study revealed that the relative salience of race and gender in women's self‐concepts (measured by the Twenty Statements Te…
A new look at defensive projection: Thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception
It has long been assumed that people perceive in others qualities that they wish to deny in themselves, but empirical evidence for defensive projection is limited and controversial. A new model for projection is presented in this article. People might try to actively suppress thoughts about the possibility that they have undesirable personality traits, but it was hypothesized that this response to threat ultimately causes thoughts about the unwan…
Social cognition in schizophrenia
The study of social cognition in schizophrenia may augment the understanding of clinical and behavioral manifestations of the disorder. In this article, the authors describe social cognition and differentiate it from nonsocial cognition. They garner evidence to support the role of social cognition in schizophrenia: Nonsocial information-processing models are limited to explain social dysfunction in schizophrenia, measures of social cognition may …
Coping and defense: No clear distinction
Understanding genocide: The social psychology of the Holocaust
When and why do groups target each other for extermination? How do seemingly normal people become participants in genocide? Why do some individuals come to the rescue of members of targeted groups, while others just passively observe their victimization? And how do perpetrators and bystanders later come to terms with the choices that they made? These questions have long vexed scholars and laypeople alike, and they have not decreased in urgency as…
Was Walter Lippmann interested in stereotyping: Public opinion and cognitive social psychology
Walter Lippmann's Public Opinion is much cited but little read. A review of references to Public Opinion by social psychologists over the last 20 years reveals the widespread beliefs that (1) the book focuses primarily on group stereotypes and prejudice, and (2) the concept of stereotyping originated with Lippmann. However, stereotypes, as currently conceived--as opposed to schemata more generally--do not play a central role in the book, and Lipp…
Mnemic neglect is not an artifact of expectancy: The moderating role of defensive pessimism
Research supporting the mnemic neglect model finds that people more easily recall positive than negative personality feedback, even when only asked to imagine that the feedback is real. The same bias is not found when people are asked to recall information about other people. Despite evidence that these findings reflect self‐enhancement motives, more research is needed to rule out the possibility that they instead simply reflect expectancies. Res…
Implicit Egotism on the Baseball Diamond: Why Peter Piper Prefers to Pitch for the Pittsburgh Pirates
Research on “implicit egotism” indicates that people tend to react positively to anything that reminds them of themselves, including their own names and the letters in their names. Names can have effects (presumably unconscious ones) even on people's choices of mates and careers. Nelson and Simmons (2007) presented evidence suggesting that people are attracted to name-resembling outcomes even when those outcomes undermine their conscious goals. F…
Shedding light on insight: Priming bright ideas
The Ambiguity of a Transgression and the Type of Apology Influence Immediate Reactions
An implication of Trope's (1986) dual process model of social information processing is that this may not be so when interpersonal transgressions are ambiguous. In such cases, full apologies primarily serve to identify behaviors as affronts. In Study 1, participants read vignettes involving clear or ambiguous transgressions for which 1 of 3 alternative forms of apology were received by the wronged person: no apology, a full apology, or an express…
What's Recalled Depends on the Nature of the Recall Procedure: The Case of Mnemic Neglect
According to the mnemic neglect model, people process non-threatening feedback more deeply than threatening feedback. Tests of the model rely on behavior recall as the primary dependent variable. Similar to other research programs in social psychology, little attention has been paid to determining the optimal recall procedure for testing the model and replicating its predicted findings. Four experiments reveal that the results of mnemic neglect s…
How People React to Social-Psychological Accounts of Wrongdoing: The Moderating Effects of Culture
While social-psychological research has afforded much insight into the causes of human behavior, its emphasis on "the power of the situation" has been met with resistance from laypeople. Previous research found that American participants, when provided with different accounts of wrongdoing, were comfortable endorsing dispositional explanations of the behavior, but suspected that psychologists were exonerating wrongdoers when they were provided wi…
Prejudice in Major League Baseball: Have Black Players Been Held to a Higher Standard Than White Players
It has long been suggested that even after baseball's 'color line' was broken in 1947, Black players had to be better than White ones to be given an opportunity to play in the major leagues. The present article provides empirical support for that claim, using data from the point at which all major league teams were integrated and five subsequent major league seasons, sampled at equal time intervals through 1999. Average annual wins above replacem…
Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers
Imagine a criminal-justice system with the following features: (1) criminal defendants more likely to be convicted and punished when they caused the death of one person than when they played a crucial role in killing thousands of people; (2) willing and enthusiastic wrongdoing treated in court not as an aggravating factor but as a mitigating factor; and (3) trials with judges who were essentially accomplices of the accused. Unfortunately, this is…
Confronted with Bullying when You Believe in a Just World
Bullying has been recognized as a phenomenon that detrimentally affects the lives of many, and researchers continue to explore its various influences and correlates. We examined the relationship between the global belief in a just world (BJW; a person’s tendency to believe that life is fair and people get what they deserve) and reactions to bullying. Although BJW is undergirded by a justice motive, and although previous research found that global…
Liberals Report Lower Levels of Attitudinal Ambivalence Than Conservatives
Political conservatism has been shown to be positively correlated with intolerance of ambiguity, need for closure, and dogmatism and negatively correlated with openness to new experiences and uncertainty tolerance. Those findings suggest that conservatism should also be negatively correlated with attitudinal ambivalence; by definition, ambivalent attitudes are more complex and more tinged with uncertainty than univalent attitudes. However, little…
Attitudes toward guns and mental illness stigma among college students in the United States
In the United States, citizens opposed to stricter gun control laws as a response to mass shootings frequently reframe the problem of gun violence as a mental health issue. As a result, it has been suggested that pro-gun attitudes (i.e., pro-gun rights attitudes and favorable attitudes toward the National Rifle Association) might be associated with stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness. In three studies (total N = 756), we asse…
Psychology (29 works) · Social Psychology (25 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (13 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Cognitive psychology (11 works) · Cognition (10 works) · Developmental psychology (9 works) · Political science (9 works) · Law (8 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (7 works)