David A Shapiro
Biographic Data
| ID | 1358535 |
|---|---|
| NAME | David A Shapiro |
| GIVEN NAMES | David A |
| FAMILY NAME | Shapiro |
| SIGNATURE | SHAPIRO D A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Economic and Social Research Council |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4186-6017 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 55 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2012 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Plato was wrong: Doing Philosophy With Young People
The role of personal therapy for therapists: A review
This paper reviews the research literature on personal therapy and makes some recommendations for how future work in this area may be improved. Despite the general acceptance of the importance of personal therapy amongst therapists, there has been relatively little research to evaluate its effectiveness. The vast majority of studies have consisted of surveys of therapists' opinions and experiences of therapy or naturalistic comparisons across the…
Therapist contributions to psychotherapeutic assimilation: An alternative to the drug metaphor
A psychotherapist's verbal interventions may be understood as promoting a client's eventual improvement by facilitating developmental change processes within the client. This approach is an alternative to the traditional search for statistical links between aggregates of therapist interventions and global outcome measures. Our approach employs models of clients' assimilation of problematic experiences within problem domains and therapists' implem…
Resolving a challenge to the therapeutic relationship: A single‐case study
The selection of a case of demonstrated change using a quantitative criterion preceded an exploration of possible change mechanisms in therapy. Between‐session variations in the therapeutic relationship revealed by a quantitative measure prompted an intensive qualitative investigation of in‐session events. Within these events, the study focused on challenges to the therapeutic relationship and their subsequent resolution. Understanding the resolu…
Session impact and outcome in stress management training
The evaluation of stress management training (SMT) programmes suggest that benefits to participants may be due to non‐specific factors and not to the technical components of SMT. The current study employed a method of psychotherapy process research to assess the extent to which task, i.e. technique driven, impacts and non‐specific impacts are related to outcome. Sixty‐two female health service workers participated in six standardized sessions of …
Stress Reduction in Transition: Conceptual Problems in the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Worksite Stress Management Interventions
Interventions to reduce occupational stress have focused primarily on strategies which target change in individual employees despite recommendations that researchers address organizational issues in occupational stress. This paper discusses the impact of the medical model in stress research and explores the extent to which it has constrained the design, implementation, and evaluation of stress management interventions. It is suggested that psycho…
The Second Sheffield Psychotherapy Project: Rationale, design and preliminary outcome data
The cost‐efficiency of psychotherapy research can be enhanced by ( a ) dissemination of the rationale and design of large‐scale investigations whilst still under way, ( b ) incorporation of process measures within comparative outcome studies, ( c ) cumulative development of a series of related studies, and ( d ) sharing of recordings and other data with other investigators. We present the rationale and design, including full details of process an…
Brief Structured Recall: A more efficient method for studying significant therapy events
Previously, significant therapy events have been studied using a time‐consuming form of tape‐assisted recall. Brief Structured Recall (BSR) was developed to overcome difficulties with this earlier method. We carried out two case studies of time‐limited therapy following the protocol of the Sheffield Psychotherapy Project (eight sessions each of Prescriptive and Exploratory therapies). In the first case study, we developed a more efficient method …
"Are all psychotherapies equivalent?"
"Are all psychotherapies equivalent?"
Despite clear demonstrations by process researchers of systematic differences in therapists' techniques, most reviews of psychotherapy outcome research show little or no differential effectiveness of different psychotherapies. This contradiction presents dilemma to researchers and practitioners. Numerous possible solutions have been suggested. Some of these challenge the apparent equivalence of outcome, arguing that differential results could be …
An evaluation of psychotherapy for job‐related distress
This paper reports findings from a project which evaluated two forms of individual psychotherapy for 40 managerial/professional workers seeking help for clinically severe job‐related distress. In order to throw light upon the paradox suggested by previous research that psychotherapeutic techniques differ in their content but are quite similar in outcome, these clients suffering from clinical levels of psychiatric symptoms, received eight sessions…
The case of the anxious executive: A study from the research clinic
Most psychotherapists are neither active researchers nor consumers of research findings. Research approaches are needed which build a bridge between clinical realism and independent evidence, but which are applicable in National Health Service settings by clinicians lacking substantial research resources. A new method of clinical inquiry is described which combines measurement techniques developed in psychotherapy research with the therapist's se…
The reliability of a modified Helper Behaviour Rating System
Response mode analysis seeks to classify the utterances of psychotherapists and others offering personal help, with respect to the interpersonal function of the utterance. It is applicable in diverse settings, and irrespective of the theoretical orientation of the helper or the researcher. The present study presents reliability data on a new such system of analysis, incorporating a novel mode, termed exploration. Intermediate between interpretati…
Beyond locus of control: Attribution of responsibility for positive and negative outcomes
Many locus of control measures fail to distinguish attributions for positive and negative outcomes even though these appear to be separate dimensions. Scales measuring the attribution of responsibility for positive and for negative outcomes are reported, together with data on their reliability and validity. Rotter's I-E scale was found to correlate with responsibility for positive but not for negative outcomes. Responsibility for positive outcome…
Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement
Effect of mutual acquaintance on the construction of conversation
Science and psychotherapy: The state of the art
Training and practice within British clinical psychology are profoundly influenced by the belief that behavioural psychotherapy has been shown as more effective than verbal psychotherapy in the treatment of disorders for which both claim utility. A review of the comparative outcome evidence shows that this belief is largely unfounded. Taken together with the growing theoretical convergence between verbal and behavioural approaches, this negative …
Resources required in the construction and reconstruction of conversation
Some correlates of repertory grid measures used to study a psychotherapeutic group
Repertory grid data provided monthly by the members of a psychotherapeutic group were related to measures of verbal behaviour during group sessions in ways which were both statistically significant and psychologically meaningful. There was evidence that the group members re-enacted earlier patterns of family relationship in their mutual interaction. For individual patient members of the group, speaking, being spoken to, and introducing several ki…
Some implications of psychotherapy research for clinical psychology
Personal Questionnaire changes and their correlates in a psychotherapeutic group
Personal questionnaires were constructed for seven members of a psychotherapy group. Self-reported changes during group sessions and over a period of up to 10 months' treatment were analysed. There was no general pattern of 'improvement' either during sessions or in the longer term. There was evidence suggestive of an inverse relationship between changes during sessions and over the period of the study. Some clinically meaningful relationships we…
Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement
Resources required in the construction and reconstruction of conversation
Brief Structured Recall: A more efficient method for studying significant therapy events
Previously, significant therapy events have been studied using a time‐consuming form of tape‐assisted recall. Brief Structured Recall (BSR) was developed to overcome difficulties with this earlier method. We carried out two case studies of time‐limited therapy following the protocol of the Sheffield Psychotherapy Project (eight sessions each of Prescriptive and Exploratory therapies). In the first case study, we developed a more efficient method …
Effect of mutual acquaintance on the construction of conversation
Beyond locus of control: Attribution of responsibility for positive and negative outcomes
Many locus of control measures fail to distinguish attributions for positive and negative outcomes even though these appear to be separate dimensions. Scales measuring the attribution of responsibility for positive and for negative outcomes are reported, together with data on their reliability and validity. Rotter's I-E scale was found to correlate with responsibility for positive but not for negative outcomes. Responsibility for positive outcome…
Stress Reduction in Transition: Conceptual Problems in the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Worksite Stress Management Interventions
Interventions to reduce occupational stress have focused primarily on strategies which target change in individual employees despite recommendations that researchers address organizational issues in occupational stress. This paper discusses the impact of the medical model in stress research and explores the extent to which it has constrained the design, implementation, and evaluation of stress management interventions. It is suggested that psycho…
The Second Sheffield Psychotherapy Project: Rationale, design and preliminary outcome data
The cost‐efficiency of psychotherapy research can be enhanced by ( a ) dissemination of the rationale and design of large‐scale investigations whilst still under way, ( b ) incorporation of process measures within comparative outcome studies, ( c ) cumulative development of a series of related studies, and ( d ) sharing of recordings and other data with other investigators. We present the rationale and design, including full details of process an…
Some correlates of repertory grid measures used to study a psychotherapeutic group
Repertory grid data provided monthly by the members of a psychotherapeutic group were related to measures of verbal behaviour during group sessions in ways which were both statistically significant and psychologically meaningful. There was evidence that the group members re-enacted earlier patterns of family relationship in their mutual interaction. For individual patient members of the group, speaking, being spoken to, and introducing several ki…
Some implications of psychotherapy research for clinical psychology
Personal Questionnaire changes and their correlates in a psychotherapeutic group
Personal questionnaires were constructed for seven members of a psychotherapy group. Self-reported changes during group sessions and over a period of up to 10 months' treatment were analysed. There was no general pattern of 'improvement' either during sessions or in the longer term. There was evidence suggestive of an inverse relationship between changes during sessions and over the period of the study. Some clinically meaningful relationships we…
Resources required in the construction and reconstruction of conversation
Science and psychotherapy: The state of the art
Training and practice within British clinical psychology are profoundly influenced by the belief that behavioural psychotherapy has been shown as more effective than verbal psychotherapy in the treatment of disorders for which both claim utility. A review of the comparative outcome evidence shows that this belief is largely unfounded. Taken together with the growing theoretical convergence between verbal and behavioural approaches, this negative …
Effect of mutual acquaintance on the construction of conversation
Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement
The reliability of a modified Helper Behaviour Rating System
Response mode analysis seeks to classify the utterances of psychotherapists and others offering personal help, with respect to the interpersonal function of the utterance. It is applicable in diverse settings, and irrespective of the theoretical orientation of the helper or the researcher. The present study presents reliability data on a new such system of analysis, incorporating a novel mode, termed exploration. Intermediate between interpretati…
Beyond locus of control: Attribution of responsibility for positive and negative outcomes
Many locus of control measures fail to distinguish attributions for positive and negative outcomes even though these appear to be separate dimensions. Scales measuring the attribution of responsibility for positive and for negative outcomes are reported, together with data on their reliability and validity. Rotter's I-E scale was found to correlate with responsibility for positive but not for negative outcomes. Responsibility for positive outcome…
"Are all psychotherapies equivalent?"
"Are all psychotherapies equivalent?"
Despite clear demonstrations by process researchers of systematic differences in therapists' techniques, most reviews of psychotherapy outcome research show little or no differential effectiveness of different psychotherapies. This contradiction presents dilemma to researchers and practitioners. Numerous possible solutions have been suggested. Some of these challenge the apparent equivalence of outcome, arguing that differential results could be …
An evaluation of psychotherapy for job‐related distress
This paper reports findings from a project which evaluated two forms of individual psychotherapy for 40 managerial/professional workers seeking help for clinically severe job‐related distress. In order to throw light upon the paradox suggested by previous research that psychotherapeutic techniques differ in their content but are quite similar in outcome, these clients suffering from clinical levels of psychiatric symptoms, received eight sessions…
The case of the anxious executive: A study from the research clinic
Most psychotherapists are neither active researchers nor consumers of research findings. Research approaches are needed which build a bridge between clinical realism and independent evidence, but which are applicable in National Health Service settings by clinicians lacking substantial research resources. A new method of clinical inquiry is described which combines measurement techniques developed in psychotherapy research with the therapist's se…
Brief Structured Recall: A more efficient method for studying significant therapy events
Previously, significant therapy events have been studied using a time‐consuming form of tape‐assisted recall. Brief Structured Recall (BSR) was developed to overcome difficulties with this earlier method. We carried out two case studies of time‐limited therapy following the protocol of the Sheffield Psychotherapy Project (eight sessions each of Prescriptive and Exploratory therapies). In the first case study, we developed a more efficient method …
The Second Sheffield Psychotherapy Project: Rationale, design and preliminary outcome data
The cost‐efficiency of psychotherapy research can be enhanced by ( a ) dissemination of the rationale and design of large‐scale investigations whilst still under way, ( b ) incorporation of process measures within comparative outcome studies, ( c ) cumulative development of a series of related studies, and ( d ) sharing of recordings and other data with other investigators. We present the rationale and design, including full details of process an…
Stress Reduction in Transition: Conceptual Problems in the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Worksite Stress Management Interventions
Interventions to reduce occupational stress have focused primarily on strategies which target change in individual employees despite recommendations that researchers address organizational issues in occupational stress. This paper discusses the impact of the medical model in stress research and explores the extent to which it has constrained the design, implementation, and evaluation of stress management interventions. It is suggested that psycho…
Session impact and outcome in stress management training
The evaluation of stress management training (SMT) programmes suggest that benefits to participants may be due to non‐specific factors and not to the technical components of SMT. The current study employed a method of psychotherapy process research to assess the extent to which task, i.e. technique driven, impacts and non‐specific impacts are related to outcome. Sixty‐two female health service workers participated in six standardized sessions of …
Resolving a challenge to the therapeutic relationship: A single‐case study
The selection of a case of demonstrated change using a quantitative criterion preceded an exploration of possible change mechanisms in therapy. Between‐session variations in the therapeutic relationship revealed by a quantitative measure prompted an intensive qualitative investigation of in‐session events. Within these events, the study focused on challenges to the therapeutic relationship and their subsequent resolution. Understanding the resolu…
Therapist contributions to psychotherapeutic assimilation: An alternative to the drug metaphor
A psychotherapist's verbal interventions may be understood as promoting a client's eventual improvement by facilitating developmental change processes within the client. This approach is an alternative to the traditional search for statistical links between aggregates of therapist interventions and global outcome measures. Our approach employs models of clients' assimilation of problematic experiences within problem domains and therapists' implem…
The role of personal therapy for therapists: A review
This paper reviews the research literature on personal therapy and makes some recommendations for how future work in this area may be improved. Despite the general acceptance of the importance of personal therapy amongst therapists, there has been relatively little research to evaluate its effectiveness. The vast majority of studies have consisted of surveys of therapists' opinions and experiences of therapy or naturalistic comparisons across the…
Plato was wrong: Doing Philosophy With Young People
Psychology (20 works) · Psychotherapist (14 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Clinical Psychology (9 works) · Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications (7 works) · Computer Science (5 works) · Outcome (game theory) (5 works) · Psychiatric care and mental health services (5 works) · Psychoanalysis (5 works) · Applied Psychology (4 works)