Justin Kruger
Biographic Data
| ID | 142202 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Justin Kruger |
| GIVEN NAMES | Justin |
| FAMILY NAME | Kruger |
| SIGNATURE | KRUGER J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8229-1224 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 689 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Christian hermeneutics in South Africa
Hermeneutics remains a divisive and polarizing topic within scholarly and ecclesiastical communities in South Africa. These tensions are not limited to theoretical differences but often crystallize on a grassroots level when local churches and church assemblies have to make important decisions on controversial ethical topics such as ordaining women in church offices, assessing the ethics of gay marriages, and taking a stance on the land debate in…
An Arrovian impossibility in combining ranking and evaluation
The relationship between Arrow’s and Wilson’s theorems on restricted domains
Which dictatorial domains are superdictatorial? A complete characterization for the Gibbard–Satterthwaite impossibility
Experiences of music listening among rugby players at North-West University
This article documents a study that investigated the reasons why a group of student rugby players habitually listen to music as part of their pre-match routine. The investigation followed a hermeneutic phenomenological approach that allowed the players to verbalise their personal music listening experiences. The investigation links the music listening practices of the players with the concept of musical experience as an innate human capacity dire…
The church organist's rappers: Redefining roles and strategies in music education
Arts and culture teachers often are ill-equipped to meet the requirements of school music programmes. They labour especially to accommodate the diverse musical preferences of learners. This discussion accordingly describes the implementation of a once-off rap programme at an inner-city secondary school in Pretoria. It shows the programme evolving fitfully into a remarkably effective synergy between a teacher (trained as a church organist), the fo…
How unaware are the unskilled? Empirical tests of the “signal extraction” counterexplanation for the Dunning–Kruger effect in self-evaluation of performance
The hobgoblin of consistency: Algorithmic judgment strategies underlie inflated self-assessments of performance
People often hold inflated views of their performance on intellectual tasks, with poor performers exhibiting the most inflation. What leads to such excessive confidence? We suggest that the more people approach such tasks in a "rational" (i.e., consistent, algorithmic) manner, relative to those who use more variable or ad hoc approaches, the more confident they become, irrespective of whether they are reaching correct judgments. In 6 studies, par…
Slow Down! Insensitivity to Rate of Consumption Leads to Avoidable Satiation
Consumers often choose how quickly to consume things they enjoy. The research presented here demonstrates that they tend to consume too rapidly, growing tired of initially well-liked stimuli such as a favorite snack (experiments 1 and 4) or an enjoyable video game (experiments 2 and 3) more quickly than they would if they slowed consumption. The results also demonstrate that such overly rapid consumption results from a failure to appreciate that …
Learning about the world: Developing Higher Order Thinking in Music Education
Innovative thinking is an innate human capacity geared towards adaptation and survival. Theories of education accordingly aim at developing teaching-learning strategies that promote creative, problem-solving reasoning referred to as higher order thinking. This essay briefly explains some of the assumptions underlying this concept, and then suggests how they may be reconfigured in a strategy suitable for education in and through music. The strateg…
The feature-positive effect in allocations of responsibility for collaborative tasks
Between a rock and a hard place: Damned if you do, damned if you don’t
The paradox of Alypius and the pursuit of unwanted information
Variety Amnesia: Recalling Past Variety Can Accelerate Recovery from Satiation
Consumers frequently consume items to the point where they no longer enjoy them. In a pilot study and two experiments spanning three distinct classes of stimuli, we find that people can recover from this satiation by simply recalling the variety of alternative items they have consumed in the past. And yet, people seem to exhibit “variety amnesia” in that they do not spontaneously recall this past variety despite the fact that it would result in a…
Why the unskilled are unaware: Further explorations of (absent) self-insight among the incompetent
Singing Psalms with owls: A Venda 20th century musical history part two: tshikona, beer songs and personal songs
The three categories of Venda music discussed here are tshikona (the bamboo pipe dance), beer songs (malende, jive) and personal songs. As I indicate in part One of this essay, tshikona is useful for the construction of a musical history because its performance is intimately associated with traditional politics. By contrast, beer songs do not feature directly in politics. However, they not only comprise the largest category of adult music, they a…
The rational side of egocentrism in social comparisons
Songs of struggle: Dominance and resistance in Venda ngano song narratives
Characterisation in Venda ngano song narratives affirms social identity as comprising multiple divergent social roles that are situationally enacted. Such characterisation subverts the notion of structure as the fixed, overarching principle of social organisation. Instead, structure emerges as a variable framework within which divergent views of the world are expressed in a variety of conflicting situations. Any notion of a dominance-acquiescence…
Intentions in teasing: When "just kidding" just isn't good enough
Teasing is ambiguous. Although the literal content of a tease is, by definition, negative, seldom do teasers intend for their tease to be taken literally. Toward this aim, teasers often attempt to mitigate the negative surface content of the tease by communicating via gesture, facial expression, or tone of voice that they are "just kidding." The research presented here suggests that such attempts often fall on deaf ears. Despite teasers' attempts…
Counterfactual Thinking and the First Instinct Fallacy
Most people believe that they should avoid changing their answer when taking multiple-choice tests. Virtually all research on this topic, however, has suggested that this strategy is ill-founded: Most answer changes are from incorrect to correct, and people who change their answers usually improve their test scores. Why do people believe in this strategy if the data so strongly refute it? The authors argue that the belief is in part a product of …
Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think
Without the benefit of paralinguistic cues such as gesture, emphasis, and intonation, it can be difficult to convey emotion and tone over electronic mail (e-mail). Five experiments suggest that this limitation is often underappreciated, such that people tend to believe that they can communicate over e-mail more effectively than they actually can. Studies 4 and 5 further suggest that this overconfidence is born of egocentrism, the inherent difficu…
Actions, Intentions, and Self-Assessment: The Road to Self-Enhancement Is Paved with Good Intentions
Actions and intentions do not always align. Individuals often have good intentions that they fail to fulfill. The studies presented here suggest that actors and observers differ in the weight they assign to intentions when deciding whether an individual possesses a desirable trait. Participants were more likely to give themselves credit for their intentions than they were to give others credit for theirs (Studies 1 and 2). This caused individuals…
When what you type isn’t what they read: The perseverance of stereotypes and expectancies over e-mail
What to Do on Spring Break?: The Role of Predicted, On-Line, and Remembered Experience in Future Choice
When individuals choose future activities on the basis of their past experiences, what guides those choices? The present study compared students' predicted, on-line, and remembered spring-break experiences, as well as the influence of these factors on students' desire to take a similar vacation in the future. Predicted and remembered experiences were both more positive—and, paradoxically, more negative—than on-line experiences. Of key importance,…
Why People Fail to Recognize Their Own Incompetence
Successful negotiation of everyday life would seem to require people to possess insight about deficiencies in their intellectual and social skills. However, people tend to be blissfully unaware of their incompetence. This lack of awareness arises because poor performers are doubly cursed: Their lack of skill deprives them not only of the ability to produce correct responses, but also of the expertise necessary to surmise that they are not produci…
Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains. The authors suggest that this overestimation occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled in these domains suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it. Across 4 studies, the authors found that participants…
Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments
The effort heuristic
Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism)
Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think
Without the benefit of paralinguistic cues such as gesture, emphasis, and intonation, it can be difficult to convey emotion and tone over electronic mail (e-mail). Five experiments suggest that this limitation is often underappreciated, such that people tend to believe that they can communicate over e-mail more effectively than they actually can. Studies 4 and 5 further suggest that this overconfidence is born of egocentrism, the inherent difficu…
Variety Amnesia: Recalling Past Variety Can Accelerate Recovery from Satiation
Consumers frequently consume items to the point where they no longer enjoy them. In a pilot study and two experiments spanning three distinct classes of stimuli, we find that people can recover from this satiation by simply recalling the variety of alternative items they have consumed in the past. And yet, people seem to exhibit “variety amnesia” in that they do not spontaneously recall this past variety despite the fact that it would result in a…
The Influence of Egocentrism and Focalism on People's Optimism in Competitions: When What Affects Us Equally Affects Me More
Six experiments investigated people's optimism in competitions. The studies involved hypothetical and real competitions (course grades in Experiments 1 and 2, a trivia game in Experiments 3-5, and a poker game in Experiment 6) in which the presence of shared adversities and benefits (factors that would generally hinder or help the absolute performance of all competitors) was manipulated. Shared adversities tended to reduce people's subjective lik…
If you don't want to be late, enumerate: Unpacking reduces the planning fallacy
You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight
People, it is hypothesized, show an asymmetry in assessing their own interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge relative to that of their peers. Six studies suggested that people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them. Several of the studies explored sources of this perceived asymmetry, especially the conviction that while observable behaviors (e.g., interpersonal revelations or idiosyncratic word complet…
Slow Down! Insensitivity to Rate of Consumption Leads to Avoidable Satiation
Consumers often choose how quickly to consume things they enjoy. The research presented here demonstrates that they tend to consume too rapidly, growing tired of initially well-liked stimuli such as a favorite snack (experiments 1 and 4) or an enjoyable video game (experiments 2 and 3) more quickly than they would if they slowed consumption. The results also demonstrate that such overly rapid consumption results from a failure to appreciate that …
"Naive cynicism" in everyday theories of responsibility assessment: On biased assumptions of bias
Evidence from several lab and field studies is presented that indicates that people have cynical intuitions about how others assess responsibility. Married couples (Study 1), video game enthusiasts (Study 2), debaters (Study 3), and darts players (Study 4) divided responsibility for a series of desirable and undesirable joint outcomes and estimated how others would apportion responsibility. In all studies, participants expected the responsibility…
The paradox of Alypius and the pursuit of unwanted information
The rational side of egocentrism in social comparisons
The Spotlight Effect Revisited: Overestimating the Manifest Variability of Our Actions and Appearance
Unskilled and unaware--but why? A reply to Krueger and Mueller (2002)
J. Kruger and D. Dunning (1999) argued that the unskilled suffer a dual burden: Not only do they perform poorly, but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it. J. Krueger and R. A. Mueller (2002) replicated these basic findings but interpreted them differently. They concluded that a combination of the better-than-average (BTA) effect and a regression artifact better explains why the unskilled are unaware. The authors…
When what you type isn’t what they read: The perseverance of stereotypes and expectancies over e-mail
How unaware are the unskilled? Empirical tests of the “signal extraction” counterexplanation for the Dunning–Kruger effect in self-evaluation of performance
Counterfactual Thinking and the First Instinct Fallacy
Most people believe that they should avoid changing their answer when taking multiple-choice tests. Virtually all research on this topic, however, has suggested that this strategy is ill-founded: Most answer changes are from incorrect to correct, and people who change their answers usually improve their test scores. Why do people believe in this strategy if the data so strongly refute it? The authors argue that the belief is in part a product of …
Intentions in teasing: When "just kidding" just isn't good enough
Teasing is ambiguous. Although the literal content of a tease is, by definition, negative, seldom do teasers intend for their tease to be taken literally. Toward this aim, teasers often attempt to mitigate the negative surface content of the tease by communicating via gesture, facial expression, or tone of voice that they are "just kidding." The research presented here suggests that such attempts often fall on deaf ears. Despite teasers' attempts…
The hobgoblin of consistency: Algorithmic judgment strategies underlie inflated self-assessments of performance
People often hold inflated views of their performance on intellectual tasks, with poor performers exhibiting the most inflation. What leads to such excessive confidence? We suggest that the more people approach such tasks in a "rational" (i.e., consistent, algorithmic) manner, relative to those who use more variable or ad hoc approaches, the more confident they become, irrespective of whether they are reaching correct judgments. In 6 studies, par…
Unskilled and unaware--but why? A reply to Krueger and Mueller (2002)
Singing Psalms with owls: A Venda twentieth century musical history
World historiography of the second half of the twentieth century has been marked by the expansion of historical subject matter. Bundy (1991:94-95) notes of American historiography that “new methodologies, new sources of evidence, new themes and concepts have not only transformed existing specialist fields of enquiry but also called into being entirely new genres and sub-disciplines†. South African historiography has lagged behind in this respect,…
Rediscovering the Venda Ground-Bow
This article contains material originally presented for degree purposes (see Kruger 1986). I would like to thank the University of Cape Town for granting permission to publish the original material here. I am also grateful to the University of Venda for the rendering of financial assistance to carry out further investigation into the Venda ground-bow tradition during 1987. 2The precise naming of this type of instrument has been problematic for le…
Rediscovering the Venda Ground-Bow
This article contains material originally presented for degree purposes (see Kruger 1986). I would like to thank the University of Cape Town for granting permission to publish the original material here. I am also grateful to the University of Venda for the rendering of financial assistance to carry out further investigation into the Venda ground-bow tradition during 1987. 2The precise naming of this type of instrument has been problematic for le…
Singing Psalms with owls: A Venda twentieth century musical history
World historiography of the second half of the twentieth century has been marked by the expansion of historical subject matter. Bundy (1991:94-95) notes of American historiography that “new methodologies, new sources of evidence, new themes and concepts have not only transformed existing specialist fields of enquiry but also called into being entirely new genres and sub-disciplines†. South African historiography has lagged behind in this respect,…
Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains. The authors suggest that this overestimation occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled in these domains suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it. Across 4 studies, the authors found that participants…
"Naive cynicism" in everyday theories of responsibility assessment: On biased assumptions of bias
Evidence from several lab and field studies is presented that indicates that people have cynical intuitions about how others assess responsibility. Married couples (Study 1), video game enthusiasts (Study 2), debaters (Study 3), and darts players (Study 4) divided responsibility for a series of desirable and undesirable joint outcomes and estimated how others would apportion responsibility. In all studies, participants expected the responsibility…
Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments
Mitambo: Venda Dance Theatre
(2000). Mitambo: Venda Dance Theatre. South African Theatre Journal: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 73-96
South Africa, Republic of
You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight
People, it is hypothesized, show an asymmetry in assessing their own interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge relative to that of their peers. Six studies suggested that people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them. Several of the studies explored sources of this perceived asymmetry, especially the conviction that while observable behaviors (e.g., interpersonal revelations or idiosyncratic word complet…
Playing in the land of God: Musical performance and social resistance in South Africa
This essay treats the performances of Venda musician Solomon Mathase as a form of resistance to corruption and poverty at the end of the colonial period. In his music resistance is religiously legitimated through his concept of “God's land”, a moral philosophy that promotes supportive co‐existence. The tenets of this philosophy are powerfully articulated in communal performance through Mathase's manipulation of interactive musical techniques, whi…
Unskilled and unaware--but why? A reply to Krueger and Mueller (2002)
Unskilled and unaware--but why? A reply to Krueger and Mueller (2002)
J. Kruger and D. Dunning (1999) argued that the unskilled suffer a dual burden: Not only do they perform poorly, but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it. J. Krueger and R. A. Mueller (2002) replicated these basic findings but interpreted them differently. They concluded that a combination of the better-than-average (BTA) effect and a regression artifact better explains why the unskilled are unaware. The authors…
The Spotlight Effect Revisited: Overestimating the Manifest Variability of Our Actions and Appearance
What to Do on Spring Break?: The Role of Predicted, On-Line, and Remembered Experience in Future Choice
When individuals choose future activities on the basis of their past experiences, what guides those choices? The present study compared students' predicted, on-line, and remembered spring-break experiences, as well as the influence of these factors on students' desire to take a similar vacation in the future. Predicted and remembered experiences were both more positive—and, paradoxically, more negative—than on-line experiences. Of key importance,…
Why People Fail to Recognize Their Own Incompetence
Successful negotiation of everyday life would seem to require people to possess insight about deficiencies in their intellectual and social skills. However, people tend to be blissfully unaware of their incompetence. This lack of awareness arises because poor performers are doubly cursed: Their lack of skill deprives them not only of the ability to produce correct responses, but also of the expertise necessary to surmise that they are not produci…
Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism)
If you don't want to be late, enumerate: Unpacking reduces the planning fallacy
The effort heuristic
The Influence of Egocentrism and Focalism on People's Optimism in Competitions: When What Affects Us Equally Affects Me More
Six experiments investigated people's optimism in competitions. The studies involved hypothetical and real competitions (course grades in Experiments 1 and 2, a trivia game in Experiments 3-5, and a poker game in Experiment 6) in which the presence of shared adversities and benefits (factors that would generally hinder or help the absolute performance of all competitors) was manipulated. Shared adversities tended to reduce people's subjective lik…
Actions, Intentions, and Self-Assessment: The Road to Self-Enhancement Is Paved with Good Intentions
Actions and intentions do not always align. Individuals often have good intentions that they fail to fulfill. The studies presented here suggest that actors and observers differ in the weight they assign to intentions when deciding whether an individual possesses a desirable trait. Participants were more likely to give themselves credit for their intentions than they were to give others credit for theirs (Studies 1 and 2). This caused individuals…
When what you type isn’t what they read: The perseverance of stereotypes and expectancies over e-mail
Counterfactual Thinking and the First Instinct Fallacy
Most people believe that they should avoid changing their answer when taking multiple-choice tests. Virtually all research on this topic, however, has suggested that this strategy is ill-founded: Most answer changes are from incorrect to correct, and people who change their answers usually improve their test scores. Why do people believe in this strategy if the data so strongly refute it? The authors argue that the belief is in part a product of …
Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think
Without the benefit of paralinguistic cues such as gesture, emphasis, and intonation, it can be difficult to convey emotion and tone over electronic mail (e-mail). Five experiments suggest that this limitation is often underappreciated, such that people tend to believe that they can communicate over e-mail more effectively than they actually can. Studies 4 and 5 further suggest that this overconfidence is born of egocentrism, the inherent difficu…
Intentions in teasing: When "just kidding" just isn't good enough
Teasing is ambiguous. Although the literal content of a tease is, by definition, negative, seldom do teasers intend for their tease to be taken literally. Toward this aim, teasers often attempt to mitigate the negative surface content of the tease by communicating via gesture, facial expression, or tone of voice that they are "just kidding." The research presented here suggests that such attempts often fall on deaf ears. Despite teasers' attempts…
Singing Psalms with owls: A Venda 20th century musical history part two: tshikona, beer songs and personal songs
The three categories of Venda music discussed here are tshikona (the bamboo pipe dance), beer songs (malende, jive) and personal songs. As I indicate in part One of this essay, tshikona is useful for the construction of a musical history because its performance is intimately associated with traditional politics. By contrast, beer songs do not feature directly in politics. However, they not only comprise the largest category of adult music, they a…
The rational side of egocentrism in social comparisons
Psychology (31 works) · Social Psychology (29 works) · Cognitive psychology (16 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (11 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (10 works) · Epistemology (9 works) · Sociology (8 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (7 works)