R Wilkes
Biographic Data
| ID | 14524 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R Wilkes |
| GIVEN NAMES | R |
| FAMILY NAME | Wilkes |
| SIGNATURE | WILKES R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of British Columbia |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2078-3308 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 61 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 935 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 61 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Why are some racial disparities harder to interpret than others
By definition, every racial disparity entails an ordering of racial groups, with one positioned higher and another lower. Cultural frameworks typically interpret disparities by emphasizing higher outcome positions as desirable, while implicitly casting lower positions as requiring improvement. Structural frameworks, by contrast, interpret disparities by treating higher outcome positions as structurally advantaged and therefore as the locus of cri…
Racial Triangulation: Past, Present, and Future Theorizing via Visualizing Diagrams
How have Asians experienced discrimination differently during Covid-19? The role of nativity
In this article, we consider differences in how native-born Asians and foreign-born Asians may have experienced rising anti-Asian attacks during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyze Canadian data from a national survey (two waves conducted in April and December 2020) that includes a subsample of 464 Asians (native-born=178; foreign-born=286). Results from negative binomial regressions suggest that perception of anti-Asian racism is highly conditione…
Are we really surmounting the binary? Visualizing race and ethnicity group relations via embedded relational diagrams
Social theories explain the current state of affairs between social groups. In the sociological race literature, theories traditionally explained White-Black relations. In the ethnicity literature, theories explained native-born and immigrant relations. What happens to social theorizing of current group relations when new third groups emerge in society? Because social reconfigurations unfold in the longue durée and are less amenable to controlled…
Classic, Segmented-, or Neo-Assimilation, Which Theory to Use? A Scientific-Method Investigation
Classic, segmented, and neo-assimilation theories delineate immigrants’ assimilation trajectories. Classic assimilation, since the early twentieth century, treats newcomers’ and established groups’ interactions as leading to ethnoracial pluralism within one culture. Segmented-assimilation, since the 1990s, examines non-European immigrants’ experiences, and considers how factors such as ethnic capital, immigration policies, and racial discriminati…
Visualizing Social Theory with Embedded Relational Diagrams: Theoretical Illustration, Development, and Innovation
How to assign social groups to ethnic and racial categories after Racial Domination
What is assimilation, how do we measure it, and how do we know if a group has assimilated
What does the Maihda method explain
A transnational amendment to assimilation theory: Country of origin’s racial status versus transnational Whiteness
In the twentieth century, European migrants’ ethnic and racial status changed as they joined the mainstream. Assimilation theory identified socioeconomic mobility as the driver of this outcome. More recently, non-European migrants have also achieved socioeconomic parity with the mainstream. Yet, a puzzle has emerged: unlike earlier European migrants these non-Europeans remain “racialized”. They are both a part of, and excluded from, the majority …
Assimilated or the boundary of Whiteness expanded? A boundary model of group belonging
In 19th century U.S., European ethnics were considered dark-skinned and working-class. By the 1950s, they were re-categorized as White Americans. Assimilation theory suggests that Europeans' intergroup interactions such as socioeconomic attainments and intermarriage with Anglo-Saxon Whites led to their assimilation and racial re-categorization. The theory anticipates that class mobility translates into re-categorization into Whiteness such that n…
Multi-group data versus dual-side theory: On race contrasts and police-caused homicides
Empirical evidence points to a persistent Black-White racial gap in police-caused homicides. Some scholarship treats the gap as denoting criminal justice exposure either in terms of involvement in crime or living in a high-crime context. By contrast, health scholarship typically points to the importance of racism including the attitudes, institutional practices, and overall structures that operate to privilege one group over another. Still, given…
Dialogic Autoethnography
It is widely held that positional characteristics such as gender, age, education and race reflect experience. Here I draw attention to the fact that the understanding of how these and other positional characteristics matter is pre-determined by the theoretical positionality that we forget about. To show that theorizing is to take a position (on positionality), I present a new “dialogic autoethnography” of the two years I spent online dating. In t…
Supplemental Material for Relative Power and Interpersonal Trust
Race & Political Trust: Justice as a Unifying Influence on Political Trust
Americans’ trust in government is lower than ever. However, while all groups have seen a decline in trust since the 1960s, the gap in trust between racial and ethnic minorities and Whites in this period has varied not only in size but also in direction. At times, racial and ethnic minorities have actually had higher rates of trust than Whites, contradicting the broad assumptions in research about race and political trust. Explanations of the caus…
A methodological analysis of national models of integration: Time to Think Without the Models
National models of integration are widely used to understand the relationship between nationalism and integration-immigration policies. In this methodological article, we highlight two key concerns. First, national models of integration emerged out of inductive and normative case studies. The analytical value of models which are based on inductive and normative reasoning is not directly generalisable beyond very similar cases. Second, and despite…
Can Bureaucrats Break Trust? Testing Cultural and Institutional Theories of Trust with Chinese Panel Data
What is the relationship between trust and the quality of political institutions in a society? According to an influential cultural perspective, social trust-the belief that most people can be trusted-is a value inculcated during individuals' formative years, and remains fixed afterward. A second perspective holds that social trust reflects experiences throughout the life course, particularly interactions with public institutions and officials. T…
Indigenization, institutions, and imperatives: Perspectives on reconciliation from the CSA decolonization sub‐committee
Chinese Citizen Satisfaction with Government Performance during Covid-19
While foreign pundits have alternatively blamed and praised the Chinese government’s handling of the COVID-19 virus, little is known about how citizens within China understand this performance. This article considers how satisfied Chinese citizens are with their government’s performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. It first considers the impact of authoritarian control, political culture, and/or actual government performance on citizen satisfact…
Discrimination Impacts Trust During Collaborative Natural Resource Governance Involving Indigenous Communities
Trust is critical to collaborative governance, including of natural resources. Existing frameworks variously emphasize the impact of individual propensity, interpersonal dynamics, and institutional characteristics on trust. However, few frameworks consider the impacts of these influences on trust simultaneously. This study uses a survey of 51 representatives of Indigenous and non-Indigenous governments from across Canada with experience in natura…
Experiences matter: A longitudinal study of individual-level sources of declining social trust in the United States
The US has experienced a substantial decline in social trust in recent decades. Surprisingly few studies analyze whether individual-level explanations can account for this decrease. We use three-wave panel data from the General Social Survey (2006-2014) to study the effects of four possible individual-level sources of changes in social trust: job loss, social ties, income, and confidence in political institutions. Findings from fixed-effects line…
Anti-Asian discrimination and the Asian-white mental health gap during Covid-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread mental health issues. In this article, we consider how, due to a spike in anti-Asian hate crimes across the country, Asians might face a disproportionate mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyzing data from the University of Southern California’s Center for Economic and Social Research Understanding Coronavirus in America survey, we report several major findings. First, since the onset of …
Does Reconciliation and Racial Justice Necessitate a Struggle against White Supremacy
Several literatures including those focusing on settler colonialism, critical antiracism as well as ethnic studies and sociology more broadly often position racial injustice and genocide as a struggle against whiteness and white supremacy. Here I use my own positionality to illustrate what might be unseen in the current thinking about the meaning of what whiteness entails. Then I propose the preliminary workings of a nonbinary approach to thinkin…
Immigration, Discrimination, and Trust: A Simply Complex Relationship
Many immigrants experience discrimination. In this paper we consider how discrimination affects their trust. We make a theoretical case for a formal mediation approach to studying the immigration, discrimination, and trust relationship. This approach shifts attention to the basic fact that the overall levels of discrimination experienced by different immigrant and native-born groups are not the same. We also build on previous empirical research b…
Social Change and the Gendered Division of Household Labor in Canada
Housework is asymmetrically distributed by gender. This uneven allocation is an important indicator of inequality between women and men. The imbalance is closing, although exactly why remains uncertain. It is also unclear if the convergence has more to do with women's lives becoming more like men's, or whether it is because men are changing their practices on the home front. Using 30 years of nationally representative time use diary data, we expl…
Does Socioeconomic Status Matter? Race, Class, and Residential Segregation
Spatial assimilation theory predicts that racial and ethnic residential segregation results at least in part from socioeconomic differences across groups. In contrast, the place stratification perspective emphasizes the role of prejudice and discrimination in shaping residential patterns. This article evaluates these perspectives by examining the role of race and class in explaining the residential segregation of African Americans, Hispanics, and…
Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century
We used metropolitan-level data from the 2000 U.S. census to analyze the hypersegregation of four groups from whites: blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans. While blacks were hypersegregated in 29 metropolitan areas and Hispanics were hypersegregated in 2, Asians and Native Americans were not hypersegregated in any. There were declines in the number of metropolitan areas with black hypersegregation, although levels of segregation experi…
Does Size Really Matter? On the Relationship between Immigrant Group Size and Anti-Immigrant Prejudice
Group threat theory understands prejudice as a manifestation of the threat, either actual or assumed, that minority groups pose to majority groups. This theory is often operationalized by analyzing the impact of group size on anti-immigrant prejudice. We test this hypothesis with a new dataset documenting 487 effects of group size on prejudice provided in 55 studies. More than half of these results show no relationship and the remainder shows bot…
No Thanks, We're Full”: Individual Characteristics, National Context, and Changing Attitudes toward Immigration
In this paper we examine how individual-level characteristics and national context affect attitudes toward immigration. Although many previous studies have compared attitudes toward immigration across countries, little attention has been paid to how attitudes may be affected by changes within a country over time. We take advantage of seventeen national Canadian Gallup surveys to consider how differences in national economic conditions and changin…
Local–national political trust patterns: Why China is an exception
Is political trust in China anomalous? In most countries there are systematic differences in the level of trust in national and local government that take one of three patterns. In some countries, individuals trust the national government more than local government (hierarchical trust); in others individuals trust local government more than national government; while in some countries individuals trust both levels of government equally. Of 11 Asi…
Explaining time trends in public opinion: Attitudes towards immigration and immigrants
Why does public opinion change over time? Much debate on this question centers on whether it is caused by the replacement of people or by individuals changing how they think. Theoretical approaches to this question have emphasized the importance of birth cohort succession, generational differences, and changing macro-economic conditions. In this article, we consider the extent to which these processes can account for changing attitudes towards im…
Right-Wing Parties and Anti-foreigner Sentiment in Europe
Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans
International students’ post-graduation migration plans and the search for home
Finding critical trusters: A response pattern model of political trust
How can declining political trust in Western democracies be explained, especially, when it remains stable and high in authoritarian societies? Underlying this question is a debate about whether political trust represents a diffuse orientation toward the political system as a whole or a specific assessment of incumbent performance. This article argues that the solution requires a move away from existing approaches that focus on question content an…
Experiences matter: A longitudinal study of individual-level sources of declining social trust in the United States
The US has experienced a substantial decline in social trust in recent decades. Surprisingly few studies analyze whether individual-level explanations can account for this decrease. We use three-wave panel data from the General Social Survey (2006-2014) to study the effects of four possible individual-level sources of changes in social trust: job loss, social ties, income, and confidence in political institutions. Findings from fixed-effects line…
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Social Change and the Gendered Division of Household Labor in Canada
Housework is asymmetrically distributed by gender. This uneven allocation is an important indicator of inequality between women and men. The imbalance is closing, although exactly why remains uncertain. It is also unclear if the convergence has more to do with women's lives becoming more like men's, or whether it is because men are changing their practices on the home front. Using 30 years of nationally representative time use diary data, we expl…
We trust in government, just not in yours: Race, partisanship, and political trust, 1958-2012
Representations of race and skin tone in medical textbook imagery
Chinese Citizen Satisfaction with Government Performance during Covid-19
While foreign pundits have alternatively blamed and praised the Chinese government’s handling of the COVID-19 virus, little is known about how citizens within China understand this performance. This article considers how satisfied Chinese citizens are with their government’s performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. It first considers the impact of authoritarian control, political culture, and/or actual government performance on citizen satisfact…
Racial and Ethnic Residential Patterns in Canada
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Given the theoretical importance and policy implications of the spatial assimilation model, it is surprising that few studies have carefully and empirically examined the relationship of the three key variables in the model that has been used to explain the process of neighborhood attainment among immigrants, i.e., neighborhood environments, socioeconomic resources, and duration of residence in the host country. Few studies have delineated separat…
Immigration, Discrimination, and Trust: A Simply Complex Relationship
Many immigrants experience discrimination. In this paper we consider how discrimination affects their trust. We make a theoretical case for a formal mediation approach to studying the immigration, discrimination, and trust relationship. This approach shifts attention to the basic fact that the overall levels of discrimination experienced by different immigrant and native-born groups are not the same. We also build on previous empirical research b…
Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada
Images of collective action shape public understanding of social movement campaigns and issues. Modern media includes more images than ever before, and these images are remembered longer and are more likely to elicit emotional responses than are textual accounts. Yet when it comes to media coverage of collective action, existing research considers only the written accounts. This means that little is known about the extent to which images of colle…
First Nation Politics: Deprivation, Resources, and Participation in Collective Action
How are levels of deprivation and resources associated with participation by First Nations in collective action? Although previous studies have focused on the relationship between deprivation, resources and the timing of protest, surprisingly few have used these concepts to address the issue of participation in protest. This paper presents the results of a study that compares the characteristics of First Nations with varying levels of mobilizatio…
Visual media and the construction of the benign Canadian border on National Geographic'sBorder Security
Visual media have long been instrumental in the production of international borders as sites of spectacle. Such projects involve careful delineations of who may enter and under what conditions. In Canada, this representation often centres on a dialectical relationship between a welcoming and generous, multicultural nation and a threatening foreign immigrant Other. We adopt a visual content analysis approach to examine Border Security: Canada's Fr…
Can Bureaucrats Break Trust? Testing Cultural and Institutional Theories of Trust with Chinese Panel Data
What is the relationship between trust and the quality of political institutions in a society? According to an influential cultural perspective, social trust-the belief that most people can be trusted-is a value inculcated during individuals' formative years, and remains fixed afterward. A second perspective holds that social trust reflects experiences throughout the life course, particularly interactions with public institutions and officials. T…
Packaging Protest: Media Coverage of Indigenous People's Collective Action
Les personnes autochtones au Canada se sont lancées dans des centaines d'actions collectives. Utilisant la littérature sur les nouvelles et sur les événements collectifs, nous examinons d'une façon systématique les facteurs associés avec le nombre d'articles, leur placement sur la premiére page, et l'inclusion de photos. Nous trouvons que l'augmentation de la taille ou de la longueur d'un événement n'améliore pas sa couverture. Quand il s'agit de…
Media exposure and the engaged citizen: How the media shape political participation
Media exposure is widely known to increase institutional forms of political participation such as voting. Less well understood is whether media exposure also affects protest, a less institutional form of engagement. This paper examines the mechanics through which this relationship operates by considering the media's direct and indirect effect on voting and protesting, via political trust, efficacy, and knowledge. We make these comparisons by anal…
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Given the theoretical importance and policy implications of the spatial assimilation model, it is surprising that few studies have carefully and empirically examined the relationship of the three key variables in the model that has been used to explain the process of neighborhood attainment among immigrants, i.e., neighborhood environments, socioeconomic resources, and duration of residence in the host country. Few studies have delineated separat…
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Ethnic competition and mobilization by minorities at risk
In this article, we use the Minorities at Risk dataset to examine the effects of five forms of ethnic competition (demographic, ecological, political, cultural, and economic) on multiple types of mobilization (communal conflict, rebellion, and protest). Overall, we find that measures of competition predicted communal conflict between groups rather than mobilization by minority groups towards the state. Ecological competition, a form of competitio…
Racial and Ethnic Residential Patterns in Canada
The Residential Segregation of Native Americans in U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Are Native Americans segregated within urban areas in the United States? To date, the issue of urban segregation has been considered in reference to all racial groups with the exception of Native Americans. This paper addresses that gap by presenting the results from an analysis of 1990 U.S. Census data. The spatial assimilation and the metropolitan context models are used to isolate the factors that are associated with Native American segregatio…
A systematic approach to studying indigenous politics: Band-level mobilization in Canada, 1981–2000
Event analysis is methodology that has been widely used to study collective behaviors by multiple groups around the world. However, event analysis has never been systematically applied in the study of indigenous politics. In this paper, the advantages of event analysis are demonstrated through its application to band-level political mobilization in Canada during the 20-year period from 1981 to 2000. The findings indicate that in Canada, band-leve…
Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century
We used metropolitan-level data from the 2000 U.S. census to analyze the hypersegregation of four groups from whites: blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans. While blacks were hypersegregated in 29 metropolitan areas and Hispanics were hypersegregated in 2, Asians and Native Americans were not hypersegregated in any. There were declines in the number of metropolitan areas with black hypersegregation, although levels of segregation experi…
First Nation Politics: Deprivation, Resources, and Participation in Collective Action
How are levels of deprivation and resources associated with participation by First Nations in collective action? Although previous studies have focused on the relationship between deprivation, resources and the timing of protest, surprisingly few have used these concepts to address the issue of participation in protest. This paper presents the results of a study that compares the characteristics of First Nations with varying levels of mobilizatio…
The Protest Actions of Indigenous Peoples: A Canadian-U.S. Comparison of Social Movement Emergence
Indigenous peoples in both Canada and the United States have engaged in numerous protests. Nevertheless, although these protests led to an ongoing national social movement in the United States, this has not been the case in Canada. This article draws on the sociological literature of social movements to explain this difference. Both cases have some key factors necessary for the formation of national social movements. These common factors include …
Does Socioeconomic Status Matter? Race, Class, and Residential Segregation
Spatial assimilation theory predicts that racial and ethnic residential segregation results at least in part from socioeconomic differences across groups. In contrast, the place stratification perspective emphasizes the role of prejudice and discrimination in shaping residential patterns. This article evaluates these perspectives by examining the role of race and class in explaining the residential segregation of African Americans, Hispanics, and…
How Does Newspaper Coverage of Collective Action Vary: Protest by Indigenous people in Canada
Newspapers are a widely used source of data about collective action and social movements. In this study, we build upon a growing body of literature that critically assesses the coverage that newspapers provide of protest. We consider coverage in relation to a set of protest events that have yet to be considered in the literature (protest by Indigenous people in Canada); we consider multiple years (1985 and 1995); and finally, we measure coverage …
Right-Wing Parties and Anti-foreigner Sentiment in Europe
No Thanks, We're Full”: Individual Characteristics, National Context, and Changing Attitudes toward Immigration
In this paper we examine how individual-level characteristics and national context affect attitudes toward immigration. Although many previous studies have compared attitudes toward immigration across countries, little attention has been paid to how attitudes may be affected by changes within a country over time. We take advantage of seventeen national Canadian Gallup surveys to consider how differences in national economic conditions and changin…
The Opportunities and Costs of Voice and Exit: Modelling Ethnic Group Rebellion and Emigration
Minority group members who face threats to their security have a number of options: they can stay in their country of origin and fight for social and political change; they can choose to emigrate, finding comfort and safety across an international border; they can participate in insurgency activities and leave their country of residence; or they can take no purposive action and hope that improvements in their home country will eventually take pla…
Neighbourhood Ethnic Concentration and Discrimination
We investigate the association between the residential concentration of Chinese in Toronto and discrimination as experienced and perceived by Chinese immigrant residents. A unique aspect of this study is our focus on perceived employment discrimination. We find that Chinese immigrants living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of other Chinese residents are more likely to perceive employment discrimination against Chinese people as a grou…
Packaging Protest: Media Coverage of Indigenous People's Collective Action
Les personnes autochtones au Canada se sont lancées dans des centaines d'actions collectives. Utilisant la littérature sur les nouvelles et sur les événements collectifs, nous examinons d'une façon systématique les facteurs associés avec le nombre d'articles, leur placement sur la premiére page, et l'inclusion de photos. Nous trouvons que l'augmentation de la taille ou de la longueur d'un événement n'améliore pas sa couverture. Quand il s'agit de…
Nationalism and Media Coverage of Indigenous People's Collective Action in Canada
Indigenous peoples in Canada have engaged in hundreds of collective action events. The media are the key means through which the general public learns about these actions. However, the media do not simply mirror events. Instead, coverage tends to emphasize certain aspects of indigenous peoples’ collective action events while overlooking others. While early research emphasized the tendency of the mainstream media to portray these events as violent…
Explaining time trends in public opinion: Attitudes towards immigration and immigrants
Why does public opinion change over time? Much debate on this question centers on whether it is caused by the replacement of people or by individuals changing how they think. Theoretical approaches to this question have emphasized the importance of birth cohort succession, generational differences, and changing macro-economic conditions. In this article, we consider the extent to which these processes can account for changing attitudes towards im…
Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans
Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada
Images of collective action shape public understanding of social movement campaigns and issues. Modern media includes more images than ever before, and these images are remembered longer and are more likely to elicit emotional responses than are textual accounts. Yet when it comes to media coverage of collective action, existing research considers only the written accounts. This means that little is known about the extent to which images of colle…
Good code bad code: Exploring the immigration-nation dialectic through media coverage of the Herouxville 'Code of Life' document
The media is widely held as a force that both shapes and reflects how citizens think about immigrants and immigration. This article explores two recent developments in the literature on media coverage of immigrants and immigration: the application of Hegelian dialectical theory to the study of discourses about immigration; and a debate concerning the shift from outright racism to subtler forms of ‘new racism’ and its implications for media covera…
Media Practices and Protest Politics: How Precarious Workers Mobilise By Alice Mattoni Ashgate Publishing Limited. 2012. 197 pages. $89.96 cloth
One quick click on the link to the Serpica Naro website (http://serpica.tumblr.com/) reveals a series of trendy fashion and lifestyle images. Among them are pictures of three hand-crocheted skulls, a picture of a lace “installation” along the Baltic Sea and written quotes from Voltaire, Joe Strummer and Lady Gaga in upscale fonts. As a collectivity, the images, and the others that sit by their side, give the impression of a new modern lifestyle w…
Trust in government: A micro–macro approach
To date, the political trust literature has been bifurcated along micro–macro lines. Some scholars have studied differences in political trust across individuals, while others have studied aggregate political trust levels over time. In this paper, I propose a micro–macro model that joins the two. I use the model and data from the 1958–2008 American National Election Studies to examine the effects of incumbent, economic and policy assessments on i…
Media exposure and the engaged citizen: How the media shape political participation
Media exposure is widely known to increase institutional forms of political participation such as voting. Less well understood is whether media exposure also affects protest, a less institutional form of engagement. This paper examines the mechanics through which this relationship operates by considering the media's direct and indirect effect on voting and protesting, via political trust, efficacy, and knowledge. We make these comparisons by anal…
One image, multiple nationalisms: Face to Faceand theSiege atKanehsatà:ke
Iconic news photographs, particularly those taken during wars and national crises, provide visual synopses of important historical events – events about which stories of triumph and tragedy are superimposed. In this paper, we systematically trace the appearances and discussions of a single, iconic image, given the monikerFace to Face, over time. In the twenty plus years since its initial publication, media discourses around the image referenced K…
Sociology (49 works) · Political science (38 works) · Law (31 works) · Politics (27 works) · Psychology (25 works) · Law (23 works) · Economics (19 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Ethnic group (15 works) · Gender Studies (15 works)