David J Krus
Biographic Data
| ID | 145652 |
|---|---|
| NAME | David J Krus |
| GIVEN NAMES | David J |
| FAMILY NAME | Krus |
| SIGNATURE | KRUS D J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Arizona State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 51 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 51 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1973 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
War-Related Deflections of Economic Trends in Eastern and Western Civilizations
Economic trends for the Eastern and Western Civilizations were compared over the past three centuries and extrapolated into the next one. The convergence of these trends following World War I was deflected following World War II. Without this war, the combined economies of the Far East countries appeared likely to surpass the industrial output of Western countries around the turn of the 20th and the 21st centuries. The 1941–1945 war with Japan de…
Recurrence of War in Classical East and West Civilizations
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Recurrence of War in Classical East and West Civilizations
Frequencies of western wars for the period of 1600–1945 were compared within frequencies of wars in China for the period separating Han and Qing dynasties of Imperial China (206 BC-1911 AD). The frequency of warfare was about the same except for the periods characterized by predominance of the Confucian ethics. When Confucius' teachings were accepted as guiding principles within the Chinese society, the frequency of Chinese wars was substantially…
Changes in Crime Rates and Family-Related Values in Selected East European Countries
Observations and longitudinal comparisons of emerging trends within formerly socialist East European countries offer a unique opportunity to observe some of the social policies typical of the capitalist and socialist systems and their influence on society. Some of the emerging trends in the Czech Republic, former East Germany, and Russia pertaining to general areas of public health, family, and crime are described. Effects of these changes are di…
Reasons Given for the 1941–1945 War with Japan: Contrasting Interpretations
Alternative interpretations of events leading to war with Japan in 1941 were evaluated. The standard version of the events was preferred by 31 of the 90 subjects who were enlisted to participate in the study by 20 students. The version of the events describing this story within the framework of the influence of Western colonization on the cultures of the countries of the Far East was endorsed by 50 subjects. Of the 90 subjects 9 were undecided. T…
Issues Associated with International Incarceration Rates
Issues associated with international rates of incarceration were discussed from the perspective of national policies and cultural and societal characteristics, contrasting Japan which has one of the lowest incarceration rates and the United States which imprisons more of its citizens than any other nation but Russia. A computer-aided search of 50,000 records on 30 nations was followed by multiple regression analysis indicating that, jointly, uneq…
The Problem of Negative Reliabilities
Negative coefficients of reliability, sometimes returned by the standard formulae for estimation of the internal-consistency reliability, are neither theoretically nor numerically correct. Alternate strategies for test development in this special case are suggested
Modeling Society as a Zero-Sum Game: An Empirical Demonstration
An analysis of the military and educational expenditures of 2 sets of 10 countries from G. T. Kurian was conducted to assess the validity of modeling societies as zero-sum games. Analysis indicated a tendency for the economic systems of many societies to allocate national resources in favor of one interest at the expense of another
Contributions to Psychohistory: XXII. Quantification of Santayana's Cultural Schism Theory
The January 12th, 1991 U.S. Congress vote giving President Bush powers to initiate military operations against Iraq was analyzed with respect to personal and religious backgrounds of the voting Senators and Representatives. Aside from party affiliation, the outcome of the vote was significantly associated with religious affiliations of the members of Congress. These empirical findings are interpreted within the theoretical context of Santayana's …
Introduction of Differential Calculus into the Elementary Statistics Curriculum: Can Computers Help
A computer-assisted instructional program for presentation of elementary concepts of differential calculus is discussed. The program could be of interest to instructors teaching elementary and intermediate statistics and measurement courses
Contributions to Psychohistory: XIX. Kamikaze Pilots: The Japanese versus the American Perspective
Semantic differential ratings of Kamikaze pilots by 90 Japanese and 57 American subjects are contrasted. The observed differences are interpreted within the context of Hasegawa's phenomenological analysis of contemporary Japanese society
Contributions to Psychohistory: XIX.Kamikaze Pilots: The Japanese Versusthe American Perspective
Semantic differential ratings of Kamikaze pilots by 90 Japanese and 37 American subjects are contrasted. The observed differences are interpreted within the context of Hasegawa's phenomenological analysis of contemporary Japanese society
Motivational Attribution as Prolegomena to Armed Conflict
Critical appraisal and consideration of the motivational factors of an opposing side are important components in the adoption of a nonviolent attitude towards conflict resolution. This assumption is examined in the contexts of the Persian Gulf War and the Pacific theater of the Second World War. 23 graduate students responded to two narratives
Geographical Concentration of Military Expenditures in the Middle East
Geographical Concentration of Military Expenditures in the Middle East
An analysis contrasting the military expenditures of Middle Eastern countries with those of Western industrial nations indicated a pattern of high military expenditures associated with the Middle East geographical area. Interpretations of this association centering around cultural and religious factors are discussed
The Relationship between Correlational and Internal Consistency Notions of Test Reliability
The Spearman-Brown formula for correction of the split-half coefficient of reliability was discussed as a conceptual precursor of modern formulations of internal-consistency reliability. An alternative expression of the Spearman-Brown formula was suggested. Derived from the principal components of the product moment coefficient of correlation, this formulation facilitates understanding of the meaning of internal-consistency reliability. It also i…
Bias in Computer Languages Comparisons: A FORTRAN Phobic Cabal
Viability of the FORTRAN computer language and its relationship to other languages for program development were discussed. A library of C and assembly language FORTRAN callable subroutines, developed to suit the needs of researchers in behavioral sciences was introduced and suggested as an aid for accomplishing the successful migration of FORTRAN from the mainframe to the microcomputing environment
Russian Cannibals: The Case of the Downed Korean Airliner
Validation of the Arens atrocity attribution theory was reported. Subjects read a fictitious passage about the crash of a New Zealand airliner en route to the South Pole, with passengers representing 21 different nationalities. Paired comparisons were used to evaluate subjects' perceptions of the likelihood that survivors of each nationality would commit anthropophagy during the period of privation following the crash. The measurements were condu…
Validity of the Attitudes Toward Bilingual Education Scale with Respect to Group Discrimination
The Attitudes toward Bilingual Education (ABE) scale was validated with respect to its ability to discriminate between an explicitly defined group of proponents of bilingual education and a “persons-in-general” group of subjects. The obtained difference in measured attitudes were discussed within the framework of the societal implications of bilingual education programs
Further Validation of the Arizona Heart Institute Cardiovascular Risk Factor Questionnaire
The Arizona Heart Institute Cardiovascular Risk Factor Questionnaire was validated with respect to dual criteria of electrocardiogram and treadmill examinations. The differential diagnostic properties of both criterion methods were discussed together with relative contributions from each of the predictor variables. The reported findings are relevant for efforts of the preventive medicine to lower the frequency of occurrence of heart disease
Wanted-Central Tendency and Variability of Test Norm Tables: How to Recover them
An algorithm for estimation of means and standard deviations or raw scores underlying table values of standard test scores is presented. An application of a computer program, operationalizing the suggested algorithm, is discussed within the framework of a comparison of estimated and known table values for sample MMPI subscales
Algorithm for Autocorrelation Analysis of Secular Trends
An algorithm for autocorrelation analysis of time series data was presented and compared with two alternative computational methods. The algorithm was based on continuous variance adjustment following withdrawal of an element from the lagged series. The algorithm not only reduces the number of computations during the repeated passes through the data vector but also avoids a dampening effect toward the end of the series
Through a Glass, Clearly? A Computer Program for Generalized Adaptive Filtering
Makridakis and Wheelwright's algorithm for generalized adaptive filtering was described as adapted for a stand-alone, single-user computer system. Also discussed was an application of the algorithm to analysis of time series data pertaining to depiction of interpersonal relationships in cartoons published in the New Yorker and the Saturday Evening Post between 1929 and 1979. General problems of causal modeling were considered within the framework…
Imagery and Success: Are Dimensions of Mental Imagery Valid Predictors of the Accumulation of Wealth
A short version of the 1909 Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery was used to discriminate among four groups of subjects defined on the basis of earned income. The identified factors of mental imagery were valid in differentiating between low and high income groups with age, sex, and educational level partialled out
Contributions to Psychohistory: VIII. Perspectives on Bilingual Education in the Austrian Empire and the United States of America: Is the Assumption of Temporal Catenation of Linguistic and Territoria…
Speeches of a minority representative made in the Austrian parliament between 1892 and 1907 were abstracted for statements pertaining to bilingual and multi-cultural education. Using a method of transtemporal cognitive matching, these statements were compared with statements emulating the opinions of contemporary advocates and opponents of bilingual education. Results were interpreted within the historical context of coincidence of linguistic and…
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An Ordering-Theoretic Method to Determine Hierarchies Among Items
An Ordering Theoretic Method of Multidimensional Scaling of Items
A method for the multidimensional scaling of dichotomous item data is presented which is derived from ordering theory. This method is related to the methodological multivariate extension of Guttman's scalogram analysis developed by Coombs and his students. An example is provided and comparison is provided between the data analytic results of the ordering theoretic method and those of the method of Coombs and his students for their conjunctive mod…
A Computer Program for Deterministic and Probabilistic Models of Order Analysis
The technique of order analysis was proposed as an inferential alternative to factor analysis. The method reconceptualizes the problem of analysis of data matrices from the perspective of formal logic. Dominance matrices preserving the direction of variance were used in lieu of the correlation matrix of factor analysis. The roots of linear equations, as dimensionality indicators, were supplanted by branching routines developed within the context …
Echo: A Computer Based Test for the Measurement of Individualistic, Cooperative, Defensive, and Aggressive Modes of Behavior
A military-economic type of allocation game was used as a framework for a personality, computer based test. Test scores were derived from the magnitudes of allocations of monetary units into four regions. This decision-making behavior was interpreted in relation to its underlying personality traits through using the imago algorithm. Standardization of test scores and their interpretations, based on variable test norms, were automated
Consciousness III: Fact or Fiction
Reich's tripartite theory of social consciousness, as formulated in his book, The Greening of America, was translated into quantitative Consciousness I, II, and III scales, based on a content analysis of pertinent chapters in the book. Subsequent order analysis of these scales indicated only two dimensions, as did factor analysis of the scores, along with Tellegen's Absorption and Authoritarianism scales and Tomkin's Polarity scale. Canonical cor…
Rotation in Canonical Variate Analysis
Description of a computer program performing rotated canonical variate analysis was presented. The program was written as compatible with the IBM Scientific Subroutines Package. Examples of rotated and unrotated solutions of a sample problem were given, together with their interpretations illustrating the advantages of the rotated solution
Empirical Comparison of Factor and Order Analysis on Prestructured and Random Data
Results of empirical comparisons of an inferential model of order analysis with factor analytic models were reported for two sets of data. On the prestructured data set (Thurstone's box data) both order and factor analytic models returned its dimensions of length, width and height. However, on the random data set (replication of the Armstrong and Soelberg study), only the factor analytic models indicated the presence of nonexistent dimensionality
Industrial Managers and n Ach: Comparable and Compatible
A group of 83 Czechoslovak industrial managers was tested using the McClelland's need for achievement measure. The mean n Ach score was considerably lower than a mean n Ach score of a comparable sample from the United States. Also, Osgood's semantic differential was administered with managers rating four work-related concepts. Significant differences were found between managers classified as high and low on the n Ach measure. The study does not r…
Normal Scaling of the Unidimensional Dominance Matrices: The Domain Referenced Model
Described is an alternative algorithm for Thurstone's pair comparisons method. This algorithm provides an improved capacity for handling indeterminate proportions of 1.00 and 0.00 as well as untruncated estimates of population scale values
Lost: McCall's T Scores: Why
A description of a FORTRAN program for linear and area transformations of test scores with optional generation of symmetric tables of areas under the standard normal curve is presented. Also included is a historic note on the origin of the T scale along with a discussion of the relative merits of area versus linear scale transformations
Order Analysis: An Inferential Model of Dimensional Analysis and Scaling
Order analysis was proposed as a method for description of formal structures in multidimensional space. Its algorithm was derived using a combination of psychological measurement theory, formal logic theory, information theory and graph theory concepts. It suggests isomorphism between algebraic, geometric, logical, and cognitive structures. The model also provides for adjustment of its sensitivity to random variation with an elective degree of st…
Changing Values over the Last Half-Century: The Story of Thurstone's Crime Scales
The present article is a follow-up of Thurstone's study, published 50 yr. ago, concerning the perceived seriousness of crimes. Comparisons were also made with Coomb's follow-up study from the mid-sixties. The continuing trend toward the judgment of sex offenses as less serious and offenses against the person as more serious was observed. The obtained scale also showed heightened sensitivity of subjects to offenses such as burglary, libel, counter…
The Partitioning of Variance Habits of Correlational and Experimental Psychologists: The Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology Revisited
The conceptual differences between coded regression analysis and traditional analysis of variance are discussed. Also, a modification of several SPSS routines was proposed which allows for direct interpretation of ANOVA and ANCOVA results in a form stressing both the strength and significance of scrutinized relationships
Analysis of Time Series by Moving Averages
A program for estimation of trends in longitudinal research based on the moving average was presented and applied to a sample set of data. The program allows both standard and weighted procedures for supression of incidental variation. The effects of varying the order and weights of a moving average were discussed, along with the potential usefulness of the moving average technique for highlighting data trends
Convergent and Discriminant Validity in Item Analysis
Described is an alternative algorithm for item analysis in which item discrimination indices have been defined for item distractors in addition to their traditional definition for the scored alternative. Also, the Campbell and Fiske concept of convergent and discriminant validity was reconceptualized from the test to the item level and proposed as an aid in interpretation of results of item analysis
Computer Assisted Construction of Variable Norms
An algorithm for updating the means and variances of a norm group after each computer-assisted administration of a test is described. The algorithm does not require storage of the whole data set and provides for unlimited, continuous expansion of the test norms
Contributions to Psychohistory: III. Measuring Value Systems as Related to Societal Change
Sentences from Pirsig's book, Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance, were converted into a questionnaire form and analysed with scales derived from Reich's book Greening of America and scales indexing Apollonian and Dionysian value orientations. The resulting structures were discussed in terms of polarity of Western ideological thought and Russell's theory pertaining to dynamics of historical trends. This study illustrates extension of psycho…
Undergraduates' Expectations and Images of College
309 undergraduate education majors' images of college measured by Semiprojective Scales of Institutional Evaluation were discussed within the framework of the expected educational outcomes, interactions with faculty and students' participation in academic affairs. Findings were interpreted with respect to their implications for students' socialization
Contributions to Psychohistory: V. East-West Dimensions of Ideology Measured by Transtemporal Cognitive Matching
Contemporary romantic revival bears close resemblance to previous romantic movements in ways of structuring reality, styles of thought, and partisan support of certain types of preferred societal outcomes. The quantification of the postulated structural similarity between two recent romantic periods was discussed using the method of transtemporal cognitive matching. The target structure was based on analysis of Goethe's Die Leiden des Jungen Wert…
Time-Scale Factor as Related to Theories of Societal Change
A computer simulation model of theory building was discussed within the framework of Quincy Wright's data on occurrences of wars within the 15–20th century time interval and time series of discoveries of the atomic elements of matter. Several types of theories of societal change as derived from generalizations of longitudinal data were postulated in terms of their underlying geometric forms. The main parameter of the model was the length of the h…
The Misplaced Illusion? The Case of the Mueller-Lyer Perceptual Incongruity Figure
Development of the computer-based analogue to the Mueller-Lyer apparatus was described along with the significance of this perceptual illusion figure to the history of psychometrics. Parallels between the computer generated graphics display field and the theoretical principles of structuring perceptual fields were discussed in light of epistemological and ontological problems related to the controversy between rational and neoromantic Dionysian m…
Computer Assisted Multicrossvalidation in Regression Analysis
The technique of multicrossvalidation, an extension of the method of double crossvalidation was discussed and compared with analytical "formulae" methods for estimation of shrinkage of the multiple coefficient of correlation. The computer implementation of the suggested multicrossvalidation algorithm was described. The validity of analytical estimates was evaluated jointly with multicrossvalidated R's within the framework of amorphous and prestru…
The Factorial Validity of Student Ratings in Faculty Promotions
The Berkeley student evaluation questionnaire by Hildebrand, Wilson, and Dienst was modified to reflect the Whitely-Doyle factorial structure of implicit theories students hold about teaching characteristics of their instructors. Evidence of factorial validity with respect to hierarchial order of faculty academic ranks was found for factors pertaining to the knowledge of the subject matter and expositional skills. With respect to these factors, s…
Validity of the Arizona Heart Institute Cardiovascular Risk Factor Questionnaire
An 11-item questionnaire to ascertain the incidence and significance of major risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases was used to survey a nationwide television audience. Of 250,000 responses, 131,603 were complete and suitable for inclusion in the validity study of the questionnaire. Results of factor analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis indicate that the questionnaire is a valid instrument for predicting the risk …
Illustration of the Theory of True and Error Scores: Computer Based Method of Idealized Data Sets
A Fortran program for structured instruction of selected topics covering the area of the classical measurement theory of true and error scores is presented. Program applications call for construction of idealized data sets which should conform to necessary assumptions and possess properties required by the theory of true and error scores. The program allows for continuous testing of these requirements and provides feedback to the students regardi…
Psychology (34 works) · Mathematics (27 works) · Statistics (23 works) · Computer Science (20 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · History (11 works) · History (11 works) · Political science (10 works) · Econometrics (9 works)