Dirk Krausmüller
Biographic Data
| ID | 1483082 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Dirk Krausmüller |
| GIVEN NAMES | Dirk |
| FAMILY NAME | Krausmüller |
| SIGNATURE | KRAUSMÜLLER D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Vienna |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6978-1093 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Natural Will in John of Damascus’ De duabus Christi voluntatibus: A Brief Discussion
This article focuses on John of Damascus’ treatise De duabus Christi voluntatibus , which seeks to establish the meaning of the concept of the ‘natural will’. John’s argument is dependent on the opuscula of Maximus. Yet he does not always follow Maximus’ lead. He claims that the mode of willing is always related to sin whereas willing of the good is natural. This refers not only to the irreproachable passions, which in Maximus’ Christology are ne…
Kelliotic and Idiorrhythmic Monasteries in the Middle and Late Byzantine Periods
In the modern period idiorrhythmic monasticism was prevalent on Mt Athos and elsewhere. This article seeks to establish when the idiorrhythmic way of life first appeared and how it developed in the Middle and Late Byzantine periods
A Holy Muddle: Anastasius of Antioch on Trinitarian Theology and Christology
Patriarch Anastasius of Antioch was one of the most important religious leaders in the later sixth century. He left behind a substantial oeuvre, which focuses on Christology and Trinitarian theology. He was most comfortable with exegesis of Scripture but had a shaky grasp of philosophical terms and concepts that informed the debate was shaky. This was already seen by Günter Weiss who offered a detailed analysis of the texts. I concur with Weiss’ …
The Nestorian treatise preserved in Leontius of Jerusalem's Contra Nestorianos (CPG 6918): Introduction, edition and English translation
The Nestorian treatise preserved in Leontius of Jerusalem’s Contra Nestorianos (CPG 6918) is the only surviving Nestorian Christological text in the Greek language that was written after the condemnation of Nestorius. It consists of self-contained arguments, mostly in the form of syllogisms, which are organised in eight books. The content can be easily reconstructed since Leontius of Jerusalem quotes each argument in full before refuting it. Only…
Scripture and Philosophy in the Writings of Arius of Alexandria: A Brief Note
This brief note seeks to cast light on the sources that Arius used in his writings. The first part focuses on Scripture and the second part on philosophical texts. Two passages will be analysed, the first part of the creedal letter to bishop Alexander of Alexandria, and one section of the hymnic Thalia
What Is a Composite Hypostasis? Leontius of Jerusalem, Maximus the Confessor and the Nestorian Challenge
At the Fifth Ecumenical Council the concept of a ‘composite hypostasis’ was enshrined in dogma. This implied that after the incarnation the divine and human natures had the status of parts that constituted a single whole. In order to make this concept intelligible a comparison was drawn with the human compound where two different natures, the soul and the body, formed one being. In the seventh century Maximus, the foremost Chalcedonian theologian…
Christ and His Representation, One or Two? The Image Theologies of Theodore of Stoudios, Leo of Chalcedon and Eustratius of Nicaea
This article discusses the image theologies of Theodore of Stoudios, Leo of Chalcedon and Eustratius of Nicaea. It focuses on two topics: the relation between archetype and image and the identity of hypostasis. It is argued that Theodore’s image theology was contradictory, and that Leo of Chalcedon and Eustratius of Nicaea each developed one aspect of Theodore’s argumentation while neglecting the other
Emperors, Patriarchs, Metropolitans, Deacons and Monks: Individuals and Groups in the Byzantine Church (6th–11th Centuries)
This article traces the history of the Byzantine Church from the sixth to the early twelfth century. It seeks to show how the development of the institution was shaped through the interactions of groups and individuals. Particular attention is paid to the permanent synod, the deacons of St Sophia and the monks of the capital
The Two Lives of Dalmatus of Constantinople (BHG 481 & 482) - Introduction, Editions, and Translations
The Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture is a full text open access online journal, edited by members and associates of the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture and published by Cardiff University Press
Praising Mary's Girdle: The Encomium BHG 1146M Attributed to Michael the Monk and Synkellos
The Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture is a full text open access online journal, edited by members and associates of the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture and published by Cardiff University Press
Swimming against the Tide: How the Monks of Medikion Challenged Traditional Notions of Sainthood
Byzantine monasticism is known to us chiefly through two types of texts, the lives of saints, and spiritual treatises. The two genres give us quite different impressions of what it meant to be a perfect monk. The spiritual tradition focused on the inner life, advising the practitioners to purify themselves from sins and contemplate God’s creation, and promising them visionary experiences once they had completed all the requisite steps. By contras…
A Conceptualist Turn: The Ontological Status of Created Species in Late Greek Patristic Theology
The realist ontology of Maximus the Confessor cannot be considered representative of the Greek theological discourse of his time. Several authors writing in the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries denied the existence of immanent universals in creation. This position was first formulated as a response to the nominalist Trinitarian theology of John Philoponus. As time went on, however, it began to serve a different function. It was now used to emp…
The Encomium of the Constantinopolitan Monk Dios (BHG 2105): Text and Translation
The Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture is a full text open access online journal, edited by members and associates of the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture and published by Cardiff University Press
When Christology intersects with embryology: The viewpoints of Nestorian, Monophysite and Chalcedonian authors of the sixth to tenth centuries
The notion that the soul comes into existence simultaneously with the body at the moment of conception was originally introduced into the Patristic discourse as an alternative to the Origenist notion of a pre-existing soul. Yet from the sixth century onwards it was itself regarded as an Origenist tenet. Now it was claimed that only those who believed the soul to be created after the body were truly orthodox. The present article examines the links…
The Encomium of the Five Martyrs Eustratius, Auxentius, Eugenius, Mardarius and Orestes ( BHG 646b) by Michael the Monk: Edition and Translation
Cet article contient l’édition d’un encomium rédigé en l’honneur des cinq martyrs Eustrate, Auxence, Eugène, Mardaire et Oreste (BHG 646b), et sa traduction anglaise. Le texte provient d’un témoin unique, le ms. Istanbul, Πατριαρχικὴ Βιβλιοθήκη, Hagia Trias 88 (Diktyon 33586). Son auteur est le moine Michel, un membre de la communauté du Stoudion, qui devient ultérieurement abbé du monastère de Dalmatos et synkellos du patriarche Nicolas le Mysti…
An embattled charismatic: Assertiveness and invective in Niketas Stethatos’ Spiritual Centuries
The Stoudite monk Niketas Stethatos played an important role in the religious life of Constantinople. Of particular importance are his Spiritual Centuries . In-depth analysis of this text reveals that it not only contains teachings about various aspects of spirituality. Niketas also makes numerous statements about the role of the mystic within society, which have no precedent in earlier spiritual literature. These statements are surprisingly spec…
Philosophia Ancilla Theologiae: Plotinus' Definition of Sensible Substance and its Adaptation in John Philoponus' Arbiter
This brief article discusses one particular aspect of John Philoponus' Christology, his understanding of nature or substance. It makes the case that Philoponus adapted Plotinus' definition of sensible substance because it helped him defend the notion that the incarnated Word is one single nature but nevertheless has two sets of natural qualities
Take no care for the morrow! The rejection of landed property in eleventh- and twelfth-century Byzantine monasticism
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries Byzantium saw the rise of an influential monastic reform movement, which found its expression in rules and saints' lives. In these texts the question of worldly possessions was repeatedly broached. The authors challenged the hitherto common practice of allowing monks some private property and insisted that in their monasteries nobody should own money or other goods. Yet when it came to communal property the s…
Enhypostaton: Being "in Another" or Being "with Another"?-How Chalcedonian Theologians of the Sixth Century defined the Ontological Status of Christ's Human Nature
This article focuses on the term enhypostaton. It makes the case that this term was originally coined in order to express three modes of being: "by itself", "with another" and "in another". The first and third of these modes could not explain the status of the flesh as a nature, which does not have a hypostasis of its own, since they denoted full-blown hypostases and mere accidents. By contrast, the second mode was tailored to the specific case o…
Can human beings know the hour of their own death or of the death of others? A ninth-century controversy and its historical context
Between the seventh and the ninth century holy men acquired a new role. They no longer just exorcised demons and healed diseases but also foretold people when they would die. This development was caused by a shift in religious belief. Under the influence of relentless preaching, people had come to think that salvation or damnation was determined by the state in which one found oneself at the moment of death. What was feared was a sudden death, wh…
Showing one's true colours: Patriarch Methodios on the morally improving effect of sacred images
This brief article makes the case that Patriarch Methodios developed a distinctive icon theology. He argued that the saints had infused the colours of their faces with their holy essence and that these colours when separated from the bodies and transferred to images could thus lead to the moral improvement of the onlookers
Contextualizing Constantine V’s radical religious policies: The debate about the intercession of the saints and the ‘sleep of the soul’ in the Chalcedonian and Nestorian churches
This article argues that in the last years of his reign Constantine V came to reject the intercession of saints, despite the fact that the Council of Hieria, which he himself had convened only a decade earlier, had explicitly anathematised those who held such a view. Moreover, it makes the case that the emperor participated in a broad religious discourse that began in the sixth century and continued into the ninth century, both among the Chalcedo…
Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great, by Matthew Dal Santo
Journal Article Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great, by Matthew Dal Santo Get access Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great, by Matthew Dal Santo (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 2012; pp. 399. £75). Dirk Krausmüller Dirk Krausmüller 1Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume 129, Issue 537, April 2014, Page…
Biography as allegory
Through comparison with Dante’s Divine Comedy and with Late Antique allegorical interpretations of the Bible this article makes the case that Byzantine hagiographers encoded an allegorical dimension into their texts and that they did so in order to make value judgements that complement explicit evaluations of the behaviour of saints
The Flesh Cannot See the Word: Nestorianising' Chalcedonians in the Seventh to Ninth Centuries AD
Towards the end of the eighth century the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy convened a council, which condemned several mystics for having held the belief that Christ's humanity could see his divinity. This article draws attention to a Chalcedonian sermon on the Annunciation whose author shared Patriarch Timothy's views. Through comparison with the Questions and Answers of Pseudo-Athanasius and with Theodore of Stoudios' sermon on the Angels it shows t…
Making Sense of the Formula of Chalcedon: The Cappadocians and Aristotle in Leontius of Byzantium's Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos
Leontius of Byzantium's treatise Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos begins with a section in which the author demonstrates how the human nature in Christ can be real without being a second hypostasis. Leontius starts from the ontological model of the Cappadocians but modifies it radically when he complements the two sets of qualities that constitute 'nature' and 'hypostasis' with an unqualified substrate. Introduction of such a substrate, which th…
Marie-France Auzépy, L’hagiographie et l’iconoclasme byzantin. Le cas de la vie d’Etienne le Jeune. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. Pp. xii, 342
The Constantinopolitan abbot Dius: His life, cult and hagiographical dossier
Although one of the founding fathers of Constantinopolitan monasticism, the Syrian ascetic Dius is hardly ever mentioned in secondary literature. The reason for this unfavourable treatment lies in the scarcity of information available for this saint. His Late Antique Life is lost and can only be studied in Middle Byzantine adaptations, three canones , two synaxaria and an unedited encomium. This article offers a discussion of Dius’ biography, the…
Exegeting the Passio of St Agatha: Patriarch Methodios (†847) on sexual differentiation and the perfect ‘man’
This article challenges the widespread belief that Byzantine authors of the Dark Ages showed no interest in anthropological speculation. It focuses on patriarch Methodios of Constantinople († 847) who developed a highly original exegesis of Late Antique hagiographical texts, which he presented in the form of authorial comments in his paraphrases of these texts. His Encomium of St Agatha, which is based on the Passio of the saint, reveals a keen i…
Making Sense of the Formula of Chalcedon: The Cappadocians and Aristotle in Leontius of Byzantium's Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos
Leontius of Byzantium's treatise Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos begins with a section in which the author demonstrates how the human nature in Christ can be real without being a second hypostasis. Leontius starts from the ontological model of the Cappadocians but modifies it radically when he complements the two sets of qualities that constitute 'nature' and 'hypostasis' with an unqualified substrate. Introduction of such a substrate, which th…
Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c.680–850: A History, by Leslie Brubaker and John Haldon
Although the title refers to the period between 680 and 850 as the ‘Iconoclast era’, the main aim of this book is to demonstrate that previous scholarship has exaggerated the importance of the controversy about religious images. The authors argue, firstly, that Iconoclasm was only one aspect in a much broader process of transformation, and secondly, that Iconoclasm itself was less significant than Iconophile sources would have us believe. The boo…
Biography as allegory
Through comparison with Dante’s Divine Comedy and with Late Antique allegorical interpretations of the Bible this article makes the case that Byzantine hagiographers encoded an allegorical dimension into their texts and that they did so in order to make value judgements that complement explicit evaluations of the behaviour of saints
The Flesh Cannot See the Word: Nestorianising' Chalcedonians in the Seventh to Ninth Centuries AD
Towards the end of the eighth century the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy convened a council, which condemned several mystics for having held the belief that Christ's humanity could see his divinity. This article draws attention to a Chalcedonian sermon on the Annunciation whose author shared Patriarch Timothy's views. Through comparison with the Questions and Answers of Pseudo-Athanasius and with Theodore of Stoudios' sermon on the Angels it shows t…
Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great, by Matthew Dal Santo
Journal Article Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great, by Matthew Dal Santo Get access Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great, by Matthew Dal Santo (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 2012; pp. 399. £75). Dirk Krausmüller Dirk Krausmüller 1Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume 129, Issue 537, April 2014, Page…
Contextualizing Constantine V’s radical religious policies: The debate about the intercession of the saints and the ‘sleep of the soul’ in the Chalcedonian and Nestorian churches
This article argues that in the last years of his reign Constantine V came to reject the intercession of saints, despite the fact that the Council of Hieria, which he himself had convened only a decade earlier, had explicitly anathematised those who held such a view. Moreover, it makes the case that the emperor participated in a broad religious discourse that began in the sixth century and continued into the ninth century, both among the Chalcedo…
Can human beings know the hour of their own death or of the death of others? A ninth-century controversy and its historical context
Between the seventh and the ninth century holy men acquired a new role. They no longer just exorcised demons and healed diseases but also foretold people when they would die. This development was caused by a shift in religious belief. Under the influence of relentless preaching, people had come to think that salvation or damnation was determined by the state in which one found oneself at the moment of death. What was feared was a sudden death, wh…
Showing one's true colours: Patriarch Methodios on the morally improving effect of sacred images
This brief article makes the case that Patriarch Methodios developed a distinctive icon theology. He argued that the saints had infused the colours of their faces with their holy essence and that these colours when separated from the bodies and transferred to images could thus lead to the moral improvement of the onlookers
Enhypostaton: Being "in Another" or Being "with Another"?-How Chalcedonian Theologians of the Sixth Century defined the Ontological Status of Christ's Human Nature
This article focuses on the term enhypostaton. It makes the case that this term was originally coined in order to express three modes of being: "by itself", "with another" and "in another". The first and third of these modes could not explain the status of the flesh as a nature, which does not have a hypostasis of its own, since they denoted full-blown hypostases and mere accidents. By contrast, the second mode was tailored to the specific case o…
Take no care for the morrow! The rejection of landed property in eleventh- and twelfth-century Byzantine monasticism
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries Byzantium saw the rise of an influential monastic reform movement, which found its expression in rules and saints' lives. In these texts the question of worldly possessions was repeatedly broached. The authors challenged the hitherto common practice of allowing monks some private property and insisted that in their monasteries nobody should own money or other goods. Yet when it came to communal property the s…
Philosophia Ancilla Theologiae: Plotinus' Definition of Sensible Substance and its Adaptation in John Philoponus' Arbiter
This brief article discusses one particular aspect of John Philoponus' Christology, his understanding of nature or substance. It makes the case that Philoponus adapted Plotinus' definition of sensible substance because it helped him defend the notion that the incarnated Word is one single nature but nevertheless has two sets of natural qualities
Swimming against the Tide: How the Monks of Medikion Challenged Traditional Notions of Sainthood
Byzantine monasticism is known to us chiefly through two types of texts, the lives of saints, and spiritual treatises. The two genres give us quite different impressions of what it meant to be a perfect monk. The spiritual tradition focused on the inner life, advising the practitioners to purify themselves from sins and contemplate God’s creation, and promising them visionary experiences once they had completed all the requisite steps. By contras…
A Conceptualist Turn: The Ontological Status of Created Species in Late Greek Patristic Theology
The realist ontology of Maximus the Confessor cannot be considered representative of the Greek theological discourse of his time. Several authors writing in the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries denied the existence of immanent universals in creation. This position was first formulated as a response to the nominalist Trinitarian theology of John Philoponus. As time went on, however, it began to serve a different function. It was now used to emp…
The Encomium of the Constantinopolitan Monk Dios (BHG 2105): Text and Translation
The Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture is a full text open access online journal, edited by members and associates of the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture and published by Cardiff University Press
When Christology intersects with embryology: The viewpoints of Nestorian, Monophysite and Chalcedonian authors of the sixth to tenth centuries
The notion that the soul comes into existence simultaneously with the body at the moment of conception was originally introduced into the Patristic discourse as an alternative to the Origenist notion of a pre-existing soul. Yet from the sixth century onwards it was itself regarded as an Origenist tenet. Now it was claimed that only those who believed the soul to be created after the body were truly orthodox. The present article examines the links…
The Encomium of the Five Martyrs Eustratius, Auxentius, Eugenius, Mardarius and Orestes ( BHG 646b) by Michael the Monk: Edition and Translation
Cet article contient l’édition d’un encomium rédigé en l’honneur des cinq martyrs Eustrate, Auxence, Eugène, Mardaire et Oreste (BHG 646b), et sa traduction anglaise. Le texte provient d’un témoin unique, le ms. Istanbul, Πατριαρχικὴ Βιβλιοθήκη, Hagia Trias 88 (Diktyon 33586). Son auteur est le moine Michel, un membre de la communauté du Stoudion, qui devient ultérieurement abbé du monastère de Dalmatos et synkellos du patriarche Nicolas le Mysti…
An embattled charismatic: Assertiveness and invective in Niketas Stethatos’ Spiritual Centuries
The Stoudite monk Niketas Stethatos played an important role in the religious life of Constantinople. Of particular importance are his Spiritual Centuries . In-depth analysis of this text reveals that it not only contains teachings about various aspects of spirituality. Niketas also makes numerous statements about the role of the mystic within society, which have no precedent in earlier spiritual literature. These statements are surprisingly spec…
What Is a Composite Hypostasis? Leontius of Jerusalem, Maximus the Confessor and the Nestorian Challenge
At the Fifth Ecumenical Council the concept of a ‘composite hypostasis’ was enshrined in dogma. This implied that after the incarnation the divine and human natures had the status of parts that constituted a single whole. In order to make this concept intelligible a comparison was drawn with the human compound where two different natures, the soul and the body, formed one being. In the seventh century Maximus, the foremost Chalcedonian theologian…
Christ and His Representation, One or Two? The Image Theologies of Theodore of Stoudios, Leo of Chalcedon and Eustratius of Nicaea
This article discusses the image theologies of Theodore of Stoudios, Leo of Chalcedon and Eustratius of Nicaea. It focuses on two topics: the relation between archetype and image and the identity of hypostasis. It is argued that Theodore’s image theology was contradictory, and that Leo of Chalcedon and Eustratius of Nicaea each developed one aspect of Theodore’s argumentation while neglecting the other
Emperors, Patriarchs, Metropolitans, Deacons and Monks: Individuals and Groups in the Byzantine Church (6th–11th Centuries)
This article traces the history of the Byzantine Church from the sixth to the early twelfth century. It seeks to show how the development of the institution was shaped through the interactions of groups and individuals. Particular attention is paid to the permanent synod, the deacons of St Sophia and the monks of the capital
The Two Lives of Dalmatus of Constantinople (BHG 481 & 482) - Introduction, Editions, and Translations
The Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture is a full text open access online journal, edited by members and associates of the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture and published by Cardiff University Press
Praising Mary's Girdle: The Encomium BHG 1146M Attributed to Michael the Monk and Synkellos
The Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture is a full text open access online journal, edited by members and associates of the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture and published by Cardiff University Press
Philosophy (24 works) · Art (23 works) · Byzantine Studies and History (23 works) · History (17 works) · Theology (16 works) · Literature (15 works) · Classics (13 works) · Historical and Religious Studies of Rome (13 works) · Epistemology (10 works) · Ancient history (8 works)