Kamil Długosz
Biographic Data
| ID | 1498790 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kamil Długosz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kamil |
| FAMILY NAME | Długosz |
| SIGNATURE | DŁUGOSZ K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9600-6452 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 19 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 19 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English
This study investigates regressive cross-linguistic influence (rCLI) from developing third language (L3) Norwegian, Swedish, or Danish to advanced second language (L2) English among first language (L1) Polish speakers. We focus on three phenomena related to second position finite verb placement (V2), differing in frequency and input ambiguity: V2 with adverbial fronting, V2 with object fronting, and adverb placement in main clauses. Using three t…
The acquisition of L3 Scandinavian impacts word order in advanced L2 English: Regressive cross-linguistic influence in verb-particle constructions
This study explores how learning a Scandinavian language as an L3 affects word order in advanced L2 English, depending on the learner’s knowledge of the relevant structure in L3. We target verb-particle constructions, which cross-linguistically employ dissimilar word order patterns. In English and Norwegian, the particle can both precede and follow the object, and the preference is modulated by length of the NP. Conversely, the particle is obliga…
The acquisition of possessive agreement in L3 German: L2 English proficiency, not L1 Polish, predicts cross-linguistic influence
Adult language learners frequently struggle with possessive pronouns, and classroom evidence confirms these difficulties for learners of German. This study examines the acquisition of possessive agreement in L3 German by L1 Polish-L2 English speakers, focusing on third-person singular pronouns. The primary aim is to determine whether difficulties with possessive agreement arise from structural differences between Polish and German, and to explore…
Bidirectional interactions between L1 and L2 gender systems: A visual world eye-tracking study with Polish–German bilinguals
Research on grammatical gender in bilinguals has mostly examined L1 effects on L2, with less focus on reverse influence or individual differences. Using visual world eye-tracking, we tested bidirectional interactions between Polish (L1) and German (L2) gender in 57 late unbalanced Polish–German bilinguals. Participants performed spoken word recognition in both languages with picture pairs whose nouns shared gender in the target language, with tar…
The Representation of Asymmetric and Dissimilar Gender Systems in the Mental Lexicon of Polish–Danish Bilinguals
This study investigates the shared versus autonomous representation of grammatical gender in the mental lexicon of Polish–Danish bilinguals. Polish has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), while Danish distinguishes between two (common, neuter), making their gender systems not only asymmetric but also dissimilar. Using a timed gender decision task, we tested 37 late unbalanced Polish–Danish bilinguals across varying proficiency levels and…
Lexical Co-Activation Beyond Nouns: Cognate, Gender, and L2 Proficiency Effects on Pronoun Production in the L1
Aims and Objectives: We investigate whether the cognate facilitation and gender congruency effects observed in previous bilingualism research extend to pronoun production. The aim is to examine these effects in bilinguals’ L1 as a function of L2 proficiency. Design/Methodology/Approach: Fifty late, unbalanced Polish-German bilinguals completed a pronoun production task, in which they produced third-person singular pronouns in their L1 Polish in r…
Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers
While grammatical processing has been extensively examined across languages, relatively few studies have linked it to psychological variables such as personality. We propose that one relevant trait, Tolerance of Ambiguity (TA), reflecting comfort with uncertainty and multiple interpretations, may predict how structural ambiguity is resolved during grammatical processing. We investigate the interpretation of ambiguous relative clauses in L2 Englis…
Grammatical gender processing in multilinguals: Evidence from visual word recognition in L3 Spanish
The acquisition of grammatical gender in German as an additional language: A comparison of L1 English and L1 Polish learners with and without knowledge of other gendered languages
The gender congruency effect in sentence context depends on gender transparency and L2 proficiency: A self-paced reading study with Polish–German bilinguals
Aims and objectives: The gender congruency effect, and so the facilitated retrieval of grammatical gender for translation equivalents of the same gender, has been documented in the recognition of isolated words in L2. Our study investigates whether this effect extends to word recognition in sentence context and whether it is modulated by gender transparency and L2 proficiency. Design/methodology/approach: Sixty late unbalanced Polish–German bilin…
Is there a multilingual advantage in gender agreement processing? Evidence from self-paced reading
Do learners who have mastered two gender systems prior to learning a third have an advantage in gender processing over those who have mastered only one gender system? To address this question, we recruited two groups of adult Polish learners of L3/Ln Swedish with and without prior knowledge of German. They completed a self-paced reading task in Swedish that involved two types of gender marking: the indefinite article, which is realised similarly …
Grammatical gender assignment in L3 versus L4 Swedish: A pseudo-longitudinal study
Previous research has documented cross-linguistic influence in L2 grammatical gender acquisition and use. However, it remains unclear what role previously learned languages play in gender assignment beyond L2. To address this question, we created a timed gender decision task with which we tested two groups of L1 Polish university students of Swedish as an additional language: 65 L2 English/L3 Swedish students, and 52 L2 English/L3 German/L4 Swedi…
The effect of L2 German on grammatical gender access in L1 Polish: Proficiency matters
Previous research has shown that bilinguals process nouns that have the same grammatical gender in their two languages faster than nouns that differ in gender between L1 and L2. This finding, referred to as the gender congruency effect, has so far only been documented in L2. Hence, the aim of the present study was to examine whether late unbalanced bilinguals would also show gender congruency effects in their L1. To that end, 44 L1 Polish/L2 Germ…
Cross-linguistic influence in the comprehension of reflexive possessive pronouns in L3 and L4 Swedish
Aims and Objectives: The study investigates the extent to which offline and online comprehension of reflexive possessive pronouns in L3 and L4 is modulated by previously acquired native and non-native grammars. Design/Methodology/Approach: Thirty-one intermediate to advanced L1 Polish learners of Swedish, who have also acquired German and English (L4 Swedish learners) or only English (L3 Swedish learners), completed a self-paced reading task and …
The accelerating effect of multilingualism on learning a new language grammar: The case of grammatical gender agreement
Mounting evidence suggests that prior knowledge of multiple languages can enhance learning additional languages. Nevertheless, the effects of multilingualism on grammar learning among adults are yet to be unveiled. The present study investigates the effect of prior foreign language knowledge on the acquisition of pronominal gender agreement in a new language. Forty-three native speakers of Polish learning Swedish with and without prior knowledge …
The effects of language input on word order in German as a heritage and majority language
This study addresses the question of how the main factors related to input—including the environment in which children are exposed to both languages, the relative timing of the onset of the exposure to them and the amount of input—affect bilingual language acquisition at primary-school age. We examined the data of 42 German Polish bilinguals who had acquired German from birth and German monolinguals, comparing on the one hand simultaneous bilingu…
Age of Onset Effects in Child Bilingual Acquisition: Identifying the Turning Point
This study investigates the effects of age of onset of acquisition (AO) and two other factors, chronological age of participants and language input, on sentence repetition performance. We focus on identifying the turning point for the effect of AO. Our analysis concerned sentence repetitions in German of 58 bilingual Polish-German children. The main findings were that AO and chronological age rather than cumulative input were significant predicto…
Processing gender agreement in an additional language: The more languages the better
Although previous research has observed a facilitative influence of the first language (L1) on the acquisition and processing of gender agreement in a second language (L2), particularly in language pairs with similar gender agreement marking, the question of whether knowledge of two languages with gender can confer an additional advantage for L3/Ln (third or additional language) learners has not yet been addressed. The present study aimed to fill…
Cross-linguistic influence in simultaneous and early sequential acquisition: Null subjects and null objects in Polish-German bilingualism
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The topic of cross-linguistic influence regarding the overt or null expression of arguments has been frequently considered regarding bilinguals acquiring language pairs in which the null option is licensed by one and not both of the two languages. The goal of this study is to investigate whether simultaneous and sequential bilinguals differ from monolinguals in the case of the acquisition of Polish …
Processing gender agreement in an additional language: The more languages the better
Although previous research has observed a facilitative influence of the first language (L1) on the acquisition and processing of gender agreement in a second language (L2), particularly in language pairs with similar gender agreement marking, the question of whether knowledge of two languages with gender can confer an additional advantage for L3/Ln (third or additional language) learners has not yet been addressed. The present study aimed to fill…
Cross-linguistic influence in simultaneous and early sequential acquisition: Null subjects and null objects in Polish-German bilingualism
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The topic of cross-linguistic influence regarding the overt or null expression of arguments has been frequently considered regarding bilinguals acquiring language pairs in which the null option is licensed by one and not both of the two languages. The goal of this study is to investigate whether simultaneous and sequential bilinguals differ from monolinguals in the case of the acquisition of Polish …
The effects of language input on word order in German as a heritage and majority language
This study addresses the question of how the main factors related to input—including the environment in which children are exposed to both languages, the relative timing of the onset of the exposure to them and the amount of input—affect bilingual language acquisition at primary-school age. We examined the data of 42 German Polish bilinguals who had acquired German from birth and German monolinguals, comparing on the one hand simultaneous bilingu…
Age of Onset Effects in Child Bilingual Acquisition: Identifying the Turning Point
This study investigates the effects of age of onset of acquisition (AO) and two other factors, chronological age of participants and language input, on sentence repetition performance. We focus on identifying the turning point for the effect of AO. Our analysis concerned sentence repetitions in German of 58 bilingual Polish-German children. The main findings were that AO and chronological age rather than cumulative input were significant predicto…
Processing gender agreement in an additional language: The more languages the better
Although previous research has observed a facilitative influence of the first language (L1) on the acquisition and processing of gender agreement in a second language (L2), particularly in language pairs with similar gender agreement marking, the question of whether knowledge of two languages with gender can confer an additional advantage for L3/Ln (third or additional language) learners has not yet been addressed. The present study aimed to fill…
Grammatical gender assignment in L3 versus L4 Swedish: A pseudo-longitudinal study
Previous research has documented cross-linguistic influence in L2 grammatical gender acquisition and use. However, it remains unclear what role previously learned languages play in gender assignment beyond L2. To address this question, we created a timed gender decision task with which we tested two groups of L1 Polish university students of Swedish as an additional language: 65 L2 English/L3 Swedish students, and 52 L2 English/L3 German/L4 Swedi…
The effect of L2 German on grammatical gender access in L1 Polish: Proficiency matters
Previous research has shown that bilinguals process nouns that have the same grammatical gender in their two languages faster than nouns that differ in gender between L1 and L2. This finding, referred to as the gender congruency effect, has so far only been documented in L2. Hence, the aim of the present study was to examine whether late unbalanced bilinguals would also show gender congruency effects in their L1. To that end, 44 L1 Polish/L2 Germ…
Cross-linguistic influence in the comprehension of reflexive possessive pronouns in L3 and L4 Swedish
Aims and Objectives: The study investigates the extent to which offline and online comprehension of reflexive possessive pronouns in L3 and L4 is modulated by previously acquired native and non-native grammars. Design/Methodology/Approach: Thirty-one intermediate to advanced L1 Polish learners of Swedish, who have also acquired German and English (L4 Swedish learners) or only English (L3 Swedish learners), completed a self-paced reading task and …
The accelerating effect of multilingualism on learning a new language grammar: The case of grammatical gender agreement
Mounting evidence suggests that prior knowledge of multiple languages can enhance learning additional languages. Nevertheless, the effects of multilingualism on grammar learning among adults are yet to be unveiled. The present study investigates the effect of prior foreign language knowledge on the acquisition of pronominal gender agreement in a new language. Forty-three native speakers of Polish learning Swedish with and without prior knowledge …
Grammatical gender processing in multilinguals: Evidence from visual word recognition in L3 Spanish
The acquisition of grammatical gender in German as an additional language: A comparison of L1 English and L1 Polish learners with and without knowledge of other gendered languages
The gender congruency effect in sentence context depends on gender transparency and L2 proficiency: A self-paced reading study with Polish–German bilinguals
Aims and objectives: The gender congruency effect, and so the facilitated retrieval of grammatical gender for translation equivalents of the same gender, has been documented in the recognition of isolated words in L2. Our study investigates whether this effect extends to word recognition in sentence context and whether it is modulated by gender transparency and L2 proficiency. Design/methodology/approach: Sixty late unbalanced Polish–German bilin…
Is there a multilingual advantage in gender agreement processing? Evidence from self-paced reading
Do learners who have mastered two gender systems prior to learning a third have an advantage in gender processing over those who have mastered only one gender system? To address this question, we recruited two groups of adult Polish learners of L3/Ln Swedish with and without prior knowledge of German. They completed a self-paced reading task in Swedish that involved two types of gender marking: the indefinite article, which is realised similarly …
Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English
This study investigates regressive cross-linguistic influence (rCLI) from developing third language (L3) Norwegian, Swedish, or Danish to advanced second language (L2) English among first language (L1) Polish speakers. We focus on three phenomena related to second position finite verb placement (V2), differing in frequency and input ambiguity: V2 with adverbial fronting, V2 with object fronting, and adverb placement in main clauses. Using three t…
The acquisition of L3 Scandinavian impacts word order in advanced L2 English: Regressive cross-linguistic influence in verb-particle constructions
This study explores how learning a Scandinavian language as an L3 affects word order in advanced L2 English, depending on the learner’s knowledge of the relevant structure in L3. We target verb-particle constructions, which cross-linguistically employ dissimilar word order patterns. In English and Norwegian, the particle can both precede and follow the object, and the preference is modulated by length of the NP. Conversely, the particle is obliga…
The acquisition of possessive agreement in L3 German: L2 English proficiency, not L1 Polish, predicts cross-linguistic influence
Adult language learners frequently struggle with possessive pronouns, and classroom evidence confirms these difficulties for learners of German. This study examines the acquisition of possessive agreement in L3 German by L1 Polish-L2 English speakers, focusing on third-person singular pronouns. The primary aim is to determine whether difficulties with possessive agreement arise from structural differences between Polish and German, and to explore…
Bidirectional interactions between L1 and L2 gender systems: A visual world eye-tracking study with Polish–German bilinguals
Research on grammatical gender in bilinguals has mostly examined L1 effects on L2, with less focus on reverse influence or individual differences. Using visual world eye-tracking, we tested bidirectional interactions between Polish (L1) and German (L2) gender in 57 late unbalanced Polish–German bilinguals. Participants performed spoken word recognition in both languages with picture pairs whose nouns shared gender in the target language, with tar…
The Representation of Asymmetric and Dissimilar Gender Systems in the Mental Lexicon of Polish–Danish Bilinguals
This study investigates the shared versus autonomous representation of grammatical gender in the mental lexicon of Polish–Danish bilinguals. Polish has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), while Danish distinguishes between two (common, neuter), making their gender systems not only asymmetric but also dissimilar. Using a timed gender decision task, we tested 37 late unbalanced Polish–Danish bilinguals across varying proficiency levels and…
Lexical Co-Activation Beyond Nouns: Cognate, Gender, and L2 Proficiency Effects on Pronoun Production in the L1
Aims and Objectives: We investigate whether the cognate facilitation and gender congruency effects observed in previous bilingualism research extend to pronoun production. The aim is to examine these effects in bilinguals’ L1 as a function of L2 proficiency. Design/Methodology/Approach: Fifty late, unbalanced Polish-German bilinguals completed a pronoun production task, in which they produced third-person singular pronouns in their L1 Polish in r…
Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers
While grammatical processing has been extensively examined across languages, relatively few studies have linked it to psychological variables such as personality. We propose that one relevant trait, Tolerance of Ambiguity (TA), reflecting comfort with uncertainty and multiple interpretations, may predict how structural ambiguity is resolved during grammatical processing. We investigate the interpretation of ambiguous relative clauses in L2 Englis…
German (13 works) · Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism (13 works) · Linguistics (12 works) · Psychology (12 works) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (9 works) · Second Language Acquisition and Learning (9 works) · Computer Science (8 works) · Grammatical Gender (7 works) · Language Development and Disorders (7 works) · Neuroscience of multilingualism (6 works)