Daniel Bochsler
Biographic Data
| ID | 1534438 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Daniel Bochsler |
| GIVEN NAMES | Daniel |
| FAMILY NAME | Bochsler |
| SIGNATURE | BOCHSLER D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Zurich |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6423-5560 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 55 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 467 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 55 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Winners and Losers under Proportional Representation
In elections under proportional representation (PR), proportionality between votes and seats is an ideal never achieved in reality. Discrepancies between votes and seats are most prevalent under the most widely used PR seat allocation formula, D’Hondt/Jefferson. This article provides the first comprehensive model to explain the discrepancies between the national seat allocation and the vote distribution under the D’Hondt rule. The model identifie…
Structural origins of post-Yugoslav regimes: Elites, civil society and the state
The two genotypes of secession. Explaining non-nationalist independence claims in federal-authoritarian regimes
In the literature on secession, there is broad agreement on the important role of ethno-nationalist mobilization. However, during the breakup of the formerly communist federations in 1989-1992, ethno-nationalist mobilization only partly explains the secessionist claims that occurred. This study highlights a second, non-nationalist type of secessionist claim in the context of transitions from authoritarian rule. It builds on the classical model of…
Who benefits from the retrospective vote? Bringing in new parties
Democracies across the world have experienced the rise of new political parties. The dominant view of the model of (retrospective) economic voting implicitly assumes that the main beneficiary of electoral change is the established opposition. However, the rise of new political parties affects how we think of retrospective (economic) voting. This article presents a more nuanced picture of electoral change and considers when electoral turnover bene…
How proportional are electoral systems? A universal measure of electoral rules
The proportionality principle of electoral systems plays an important role in multiple literatures, including comparative politics, political economy, and conflict studies. The single most important electoral system feature used to determine whether an electoral system might provide for proportional outcomes is district magnitude, i.e., the number of representatives that are elected from a given district. However, once we move beyond "simple" sys…
The Voters You Select Affect the Representation You Get: Lessons from Ethnic Electoral Engineering
Territorial and ethno-territorial institutions are used as tools of institutional engineering in divided societies. However, they also face major risks, as they might deepen and perpetuate societal divisions, deprive group members living dispersed from group representation, and prepare the grounds for new conflicts. Our comment embeds the four proposals put forward by Ivan Pepić in the debate, with a comparative perspective
A poisonous cocktail: Ethnic Quotas, Liberal Voting Rights and the Democracy Problem
The literature on consociational democracies has introduced an important distinction between corporate and liberal types of consociations. However, once we apply a deeper conceptualization of this corporate-liberal divide, we find that many empirical cases are mixing elements of the two. Most consociational democracies of the corporate type rely on ethnic quotas or reserved seats for national elections, but combine them with liberal voting rights…
The Wrong Place at the Wrong Time? Territorial Autonomy and Conflict During Regime Transitions
This article evaluates how territorial autonomy affects ethnic mobilization and conflict during regime transitions. Previous research has highlighted its conflict-inducing role during prominent transition contexts. Alternatively, it has shown its pacifying role in the “average” case, without distinguishing transition periods from stable contexts. Addressing these gaps, we argue that the de-escalatory consequences of autonomy depend on critical st…
Balancing district and party seats: The arithmetic of mixed-member proportional electoral systems
Mixed-member proportional electoral systems (MMP) are widely praised because they combine the direct, personal election of MPs from single-seat constituencies with a proportional seat allocation. However, the size of the proportional tier matters for the question of whether the system’s overall proportionality is preserved. Hence, a key challenge for constitution-makers and scholars is finding the right balance between district and proportional s…
Checkmate? Corporate Power-Sharing, Liberal Voting Rights and the Kosovo Supreme Court
After the 2021 parliamentary elections, the Kosovo Supreme Court annulled some 5800 votes expressed for three minority lists running for guaranteed seats of the Bosniak and the Roma minorities. The court considered it impossible that they were cast by members of the respective ethnic communities. This court ruling has wider implications for consociational theory, as it makes novel normative prescriptions about group representation in divided soci…
Measures of vote-seat disproportionality for incomplete data
Measures of the proportionality of distributions are used across disciplines. ‘Disproportionality indices’ represent an application in politics, comparing the seat allocation in parliaments to the votes expressed for political parties. Disproportionality in elections is particularly high when many votes are expressed for parties not entering parliament; in some elections such ‘wasted votes’ add up to two-digit vote percentages. However, ‘wasted v…
The two faces of power-sharing
Lijphart's claim that power-sharing spurs democratization in divided societies has strongly influenced 'institutional engineering' and is widely accepted among scholars despite the fact that empirical tests of its merits remain rare. This article revisits the democratic effect of power-sharing, arguing that it has two antagonist faces. On the positive side, it provides guarantees of inclusion to political elites, allowing them to commit to democr…
Power-sharing and the quality of democracy
Mounting evidence indicates that power-sharing supports transitions to democracy. However, the resulting quality of democracy remains understudied. Given the increasing global spread of power-sharing, this is a crucial oversight, as prominent critiques accuse it of a number of critical deficiencies. The present article advances this literature in two ways. First, it offers a comprehensive discussion of how power-sharing affects the quality of dem…
Exchange on the quantitative measurement of ethnic and national identity
In recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of quantitative techniques in the study of ethnicity and nationalism, without, however, a sufficient amount of reflection on how these techniques have contributed to our understanding of ethnic and national identities. As such, in this exchange three sets of authors answer questions about the degree to which it is possible to use quantitative data to measure ethnic and national id…
Authoritarian footprints in Central and Eastern Europe
Are populist actors more like a hurricane that risks undermining democracy? Or do they aim for a different type of democracy, which strengthens popular control? This article offers one of the most extensive, systematic analyses on the impact of populism on multiple functions of the Quality of Democracy. Going beyond the view of ‘high-’ or ‘low-quality’ democracies, we emphasize that the Quality of Democracy is related to multiple dimensions or ‘f…
Hurricane or fresh breeze? Disentangling the populist effect on the quality of democracy
Are populist actors more like a hurricane that risks undermining democracy? Or do they aim for a different type of democracy, which strengthens popular control? This article offers one of the most extensive, systematic analyses on the impact of populism on multiple functions of the Quality of Democracy. Going beyond the view of ‘high-’ or ‘low-quality’ democracies, we emphasize that the Quality of Democracy is related to multiple dimensions or ‘f…
Four ways to avoid centripetal effects. How political actors escape institutional incentives in divided societies
For democracy in ethnically divided societies, political moderation is crucial. The centripetalist school recommends that countries should introduce institutions which offer parties and candidates incentives to rally for votes across ethnic lines. This article discusses the conditions of the centripetal effect of institutions, and actors’ strategies to dismantle this effect. Political elites might try to escape the pressure to seek inter-ethnic v…
Turning International Intervention into Domestic Cooperation in Post-War Societies
International intervention is widely considered to stabilize peace in post-war societies. Its effects on democracy are more contested. External intervention risks reinforcing, rather than resolving deadlocks in domestic politics. This negative effect is not inevitable. This article proposes a new, theoretical model of political peacebuilding, based on a spatial model of politics in post-war democracies. In the classical model, the peacebuilding m…
The three stages of the anti‐incumbency vote: Retrospective economic voting in young and established democracies
Economic prosperity is the best recipe for an incumbent government to be re‐elected. However, the financial crisis was significantly more consequential for governing parties in young rather than in established democracies. This article introduces the age of democracy as a contextual explanation which moderates the degree to which citizens vote retrospectively. It shows a curvilinear effect of the age of democracy on retrospective economic voting.…
Bottom-up renewal of the Swiss party system
The Swiss party system and the institutional rules guiding elections are an anchor of stability in Swiss politics. This article investigates recent change in cantonal elections, and analyses how electoral swings in cantonal elections diffuse to other cantons, and whether they predict future electoral swings in the national electoral arena. Empirically, the article combines a statistical analysis of electoral results from the period 1990–2017 in c…
What Democracy Do We Want? The Problematic Focus on the Median Voter
One of the key principles of democracy is responsiveness (May 1978: 1). Democracy is based on institutions, which allow citizens to control their governments by granting them a political mandate based on citizens’ policy-making preferences, and revoking it in subsequent elections if the government does not respond to citizens’ expectations. However, in all democracies the interests and preferences of citizens on political issues vary. As citizens…
The strategic effect of the plurality vote at the district level
The Normative Trap in Ethnopolitical Research
Research on ethnic politics deals with politically and socially highly sensitive issues. In this rejoinder, we discuss how research should deal with political and social norms in this field. We agree with Cooley and Mujanović that researchers should be aware of political and social norms, should try to avoid possible biases, and discuss how their data and results might influence politics and the public debate. We warn against any practice that wo…
The 2015 National Elections in Switzerland: Renewed Polarization and Shift to the Right
The 2015 election to the Swiss Parliament marks a return to an already observed trend that was only interrupted in 2011: a shift to the right and an increase in polarization. The vote share of the nationalist-conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP) has now reached a historical height of 29.4% (+2.8). This note discusses why cantons matter in the Swiss national elections, and to what degree elections have become nationalized. Institutionally, the …
An Ever Closer Union? The Nationalisation of Political Parties in Switzerland, 1991–2015
The contribution of this research note is a systematic description of levels of party nationalisation in Switzerland, using results from the elections to the Swiss National Council between 1991 and 2015. Party nationalisation is understood as the territorial homogeneity of a party's electoral performance and measured using the inverted and standardised Gini index. Our results indicate a trend towards more nationalisation in the Swiss party system…
Measuring party nationalisation: A new Gini-based indicator that corrects for the number of units
Hurricane or fresh breeze? Disentangling the populist effect on the quality of democracy
Are populist actors more like a hurricane that risks undermining democracy? Or do they aim for a different type of democracy, which strengthens popular control? This article offers one of the most extensive, systematic analyses on the impact of populism on multiple functions of the Quality of Democracy. Going beyond the view of ‘high-’ or ‘low-quality’ democracies, we emphasize that the Quality of Democracy is related to multiple dimensions or ‘f…
Authoritarian footprints in Central and Eastern Europe
Are populist actors more like a hurricane that risks undermining democracy? Or do they aim for a different type of democracy, which strengthens popular control? This article offers one of the most extensive, systematic analyses on the impact of populism on multiple functions of the Quality of Democracy. Going beyond the view of ‘high-’ or ‘low-quality’ democracies, we emphasize that the Quality of Democracy is related to multiple dimensions or ‘f…
The Nationalisation of Post-Communist Party Systems
Party nationalisation, defined as the homogeneity of party strength across a country, has recently become a major issue in research. Even though territory is a salient political question in the post-communist countries in Europe, party nationalisation in these countries has been neglected by the literature so far. This article presents data on party nationalisation for 20 countries over the period 1990–2007. It shows that the nationalisation of p…
A quasi-proportional electoral system ‘only for honest men’? The hidden potential for manipulating mixed compensatory electoral systems
Mixed compensatory systems have risen in popularity in recent years. Under such systems, single-seat districts elect only the leader of the local suffrage, but the systems nevertheless produce (nearly) proportional outcomes overall, via compensatory mandates. Elections in Albania, Italy, Lesotho, and Venezuela, however, demonstrate a particular loophole for such systems: strategic voting, organized by political parties. Large parties can achieve …
Electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe: A hierarchical selection model
Exchange on the quantitative measurement of ethnic and national identity
In recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of quantitative techniques in the study of ethnicity and nationalism, without, however, a sufficient amount of reflection on how these techniques have contributed to our understanding of ethnic and national identities. As such, in this exchange three sets of authors answer questions about the degree to which it is possible to use quantitative data to measure ethnic and national id…
It is not how many votes you get, but also where you get them. Territorial determinants and institutional hurdles for the success of ethnic minority parties in post-communist countries
Non-discriminatory Rules and Ethnic Representation: The Election of the Bosnian State Presidency
The electoral system for the state presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina guarantees the representation of the three constituent people, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats, but it violates the political rights of other ethnic minorities and of citizens who do not identify themselves with any ethnic group. Following the 2009 judgment of the European Court of Human Rights, Bosnia was urged to reform its electoral law. This paper discusses alternative practic…
So Close But So Far: Voting Propensity and Party Choice for Left‐Wing Parties
While the bulk of the literature focuses on the vote for parties from different blocs, the purpose of our article is to study the vote for two parties that are ideologically very close to each other: The Social Democrats and the Greens in Switzerland. To that end, we develop a two‐step model, where voters first make a selection of parties that are acceptable to them and then make their electoral choice out of this set of acceptable alternatives. …
Who gains from apparentments under D'Hondt
Neighbours or Friends? When Swiss Cantonal Governments Co-operate with Each Other
Intergovernmental co-operation among Swiss cantons is considered to be much more intensive than in many other federal states. This article investigates different explanations for when and why subnational entities co-operate with each other, and tests them on the Swiss case. In the Swiss case, co-operation seems to be closely connected to the small-scale structure of subnational units. Swiss cantons are fairly small, often smaller than the relevan…
Competitive Consensus. What comes after Consociationalism in Switzerland
Large coalition governments, including all relevant parties, are at the heart of the consociational model of Swiss democracy. Until the 1990s, this model was characterised as “voluntary proportional”. It was based on a stable cooperation of two main blocs of political parties, and on elite‐driven agreements on all‐inclusive government formulas. Despite growing competition in governmental elections, all‐party coalitions have survived in most canto…
Power-sharing and the quality of democracy
Mounting evidence indicates that power-sharing supports transitions to democracy. However, the resulting quality of democracy remains understudied. Given the increasing global spread of power-sharing, this is a crucial oversight, as prominent critiques accuse it of a number of critical deficiencies. The present article advances this literature in two ways. First, it offers a comprehensive discussion of how power-sharing affects the quality of dem…
Introduction: Consensus Lost? Disenchanted Democracy in Switzerland
Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Swiss political system became firmly anchored in three principles of governance: sovereignty, proximity of decision-makers and citizens, and elite consensus. The contributions to this special issue of the Swiss Political Science Review explore to what extent these three principles still adequately describe the functioning and political culture of this country. In our introduction, we …
The three stages of the anti‐incumbency vote: Retrospective economic voting in young and established democracies
Economic prosperity is the best recipe for an incumbent government to be re‐elected. However, the financial crisis was significantly more consequential for governing parties in young rather than in established democracies. This article introduces the age of democracy as a contextual explanation which moderates the degree to which citizens vote retrospectively. It shows a curvilinear effect of the age of democracy on retrospective economic voting.…
Building inter-ethnic bridges or promoting ethno-territorial demarcation lines? Hungarian minority parties in competition
Parties of ethnic minorities are flourishing in a large number of ethnically divided democracies. While academic research has studied their emergence and success, we know little about intra-group party competition. This paper discusses the reasons for intra-group political plurality, with a focus on intra-party conflict and intra-group party competition: it explains the political orientation of ethnic minority parties and their intra-group challe…
The Marquis de Condorcet goes to Bern
A systematic approach to study electoral fraud
How minorities fare under referendums: A cross-national study
The Forbidden Fruit of Federalism: Evidence from Romania and Slovakia
Territorial autonomy is one aspect of power-sharing in multi-ethnic societies. Nevertheless, the multi-ethnic countries of Central and Eastern Europe are still among the most centralised in the European Union. This article analyses the failure of any attempts to establish (symmetric) federalism or (asymmetric) autonomy, creating self-governed regions by the Hungarian minorities in Romania and Slovakia. The analysis focuses on the positions of the…
An Ever Closer Union? The Nationalisation of Political Parties in Switzerland, 1991–2015
The contribution of this research note is a systematic description of levels of party nationalisation in Switzerland, using results from the elections to the Swiss National Council between 1991 and 2015. Party nationalisation is understood as the territorial homogeneity of a party's electoral performance and measured using the inverted and standardised Gini index. Our results indicate a trend towards more nationalisation in the Swiss party system…
Strategic Incentives in Unconventional Electoral Systems: Introduction to the Special Issue
The study of strategic behaviour and the impact of institutions on elections has mainly focused on simple and conventional electoral systems: list-proportional electoral systems (PR) and the plurality vote. Less conventional systems are not on the agenda of comparative studies, even though no less than 30% of countries use unconventional electoral systems for their national parliamentary elections, such as the Single Transferable Vote, PR with ma…
When Two of the Same Are Needed: A Multilevel Model of Intragroup Ethnic Party Competition
Parties of ethno-regional minorities have been created in a large number of ethnically diverse countries, but sometimes one such party is not enough. While previous work has investigated the consequences of intragroup party competition, this study looks at the causes of internal political diversification of minority groups. In states with multiple levels of governments, intra-ethnic rival parties emerge if minorities are local majorities in certa…
Minority representation in a semi-democratic regime: The Georgian case
This article suggests that in most semi-democracies, the same solution might not be that favourable to minorities. Many semi-democratic countries either restrict party competition or limit parties of ethnic minorities, including: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Cameron, Equatorial Guinea, Tanzania, Gabon, Kenya, Mauritania, and Congo (Brazzaville). This article highlights the impact of the electoral system and the importance of politi…
Neue Indikatoren zur Bestimmung der arithmetischen Regierungskonkordanz
Sowohl in der Schweizer Bundespolitik als auch in den Kantonen ist die Regierungskonkordanz ein wichtiges Merkmal der Organisation der politischen Institutionen. Sie wird in etlichen Studien sowohl zur Charakterisierung der Regierungen wie auch als Erklärungsvariable verwendet. Ziel unseres Beitrages ist es, erstens die politische und die arithmetische Konkordanz konzeptionell zu unterscheiden, und zweitens eine Messung der arithmetischen Konkord…
The presidential election in Serbia, January–February 2008
The parliamentary election in Serbia, 21 January 2007
Are Mixed Electoral Systems the Best Choice for Central and Eastern Europe or the Reason for Defective Party Systems
Mixed electoral systems have been celebrated enthusiastically in the literature and by political practitioners, arguing that they combine the best of both worlds with regards to several aspects of political representation. This article calls this view into question, arguing that the mixed incentives of mixed electoral systems might hamper the stabilization and institutionalization of party systems in young democracies. Empirical results from 19 d…
Neighbours or Friends? When Swiss Cantonal Governments Co-operate with Each Other
Intergovernmental co-operation among Swiss cantons is considered to be much more intensive than in many other federal states. This article investigates different explanations for when and why subnational entities co-operate with each other, and tests them on the Swiss case. In the Swiss case, co-operation seems to be closely connected to the small-scale structure of subnational units. Swiss cantons are fairly small, often smaller than the relevan…
Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies
The book extends research on the territorial structure of party systems (party nationalization) to 20 post-communist democracies. It explains party nationalisation as a consequence of ethnically orien
The Nationalisation of Post-Communist Party Systems
Party nationalisation, defined as the homogeneity of party strength across a country, has recently become a major issue in research. Even though territory is a salient political question in the post-communist countries in Europe, party nationalisation in these countries has been neglected by the literature so far. This article presents data on party nationalisation for 20 countries over the period 1990–2007. It shows that the nationalisation of p…
The Marquis de Condorcet goes to Bern
So Close But So Far: Voting Propensity and Party Choice for Left‐Wing Parties
While the bulk of the literature focuses on the vote for parties from different blocs, the purpose of our article is to study the vote for two parties that are ideologically very close to each other: The Social Democrats and the Greens in Switzerland. To that end, we develop a two‐step model, where voters first make a selection of parties that are acceptable to them and then make their electoral choice out of this set of acceptable alternatives. …
Measuring party nationalisation: A new Gini-based indicator that corrects for the number of units
Who gains from apparentments under D'Hondt
Non-discriminatory Rules and Ethnic Representation: The Election of the Bosnian State Presidency
The electoral system for the state presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina guarantees the representation of the three constituent people, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats, but it violates the political rights of other ethnic minorities and of citizens who do not identify themselves with any ethnic group. Following the 2009 judgment of the European Court of Human Rights, Bosnia was urged to reform its electoral law. This paper discusses alternative practic…
It is not how many votes you get, but also where you get them. Territorial determinants and institutional hurdles for the success of ethnic minority parties in post-communist countries
Electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe: A hierarchical selection model
Comparative Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: Mapping Publications over the Past 20 Years
This article offers a new empirical perspective on the state of Comparative Politics (CP) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). We present findings on the authors, methods, and epistemology of CP publications in the most relevant journals from eleven countries in the region. The major finding is that CP is rather marginal in CEE Political Science. Furthermore, CP articles predominantly focus on the authors’ country of origin, use off-the-shelf dat…
When Two of the Same Are Needed: A Multilevel Model of Intragroup Ethnic Party Competition
Parties of ethno-regional minorities have been created in a large number of ethnically diverse countries, but sometimes one such party is not enough. While previous work has investigated the consequences of intragroup party competition, this study looks at the causes of internal political diversification of minority groups. In states with multiple levels of governments, intra-ethnic rival parties emerge if minorities are local majorities in certa…
A quasi-proportional electoral system ‘only for honest men’? The hidden potential for manipulating mixed compensatory electoral systems
Mixed compensatory systems have risen in popularity in recent years. Under such systems, single-seat districts elect only the leader of the local suffrage, but the systems nevertheless produce (nearly) proportional outcomes overall, via compensatory mandates. Elections in Albania, Italy, Lesotho, and Venezuela, however, demonstrate a particular loophole for such systems: strategic voting, organized by political parties. Large parties can achieve …
Minority representation in a semi-democratic regime: The Georgian case
This article suggests that in most semi-democracies, the same solution might not be that favourable to minorities. Many semi-democratic countries either restrict party competition or limit parties of ethnic minorities, including: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Cameron, Equatorial Guinea, Tanzania, Gabon, Kenya, Mauritania, and Congo (Brazzaville). This article highlights the impact of the electoral system and the importance of politi…
Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization
This book provides comprehensive coverage of the models of contemporary democracy; its social, cultural, economic and political prerequisites; its empirically existing varieties and its two major chal
Building inter-ethnic bridges or promoting ethno-territorial demarcation lines? Hungarian minority parties in competition
Parties of ethnic minorities are flourishing in a large number of ethnically divided democracies. While academic research has studied their emergence and success, we know little about intra-group party competition. This paper discusses the reasons for intra-group political plurality, with a focus on intra-party conflict and intra-group party competition: it explains the political orientation of ethnic minority parties and their intra-group challe…
The Forbidden Fruit of Federalism: Evidence from Romania and Slovakia
Territorial autonomy is one aspect of power-sharing in multi-ethnic societies. Nevertheless, the multi-ethnic countries of Central and Eastern Europe are still among the most centralised in the European Union. This article analyses the failure of any attempts to establish (symmetric) federalism or (asymmetric) autonomy, creating self-governed regions by the Hungarian minorities in Romania and Slovakia. The analysis focuses on the positions of the…
Radicalizing electoral system effects on support for nationalist hardliners inSerbia
This paper investigates electoral outcomes produced by the two‐round majority system in ethnically divided societies. Earlier studies, focused mainly on the SouthernAmerican states, have revealed that in ethnically mixed environments, competitors with radical positions on ethnic issues perform particularly well. This paper extends this idea to municipal elections inSerbia, showing how radical majority nationalist parties exhibit particularly stro…
Which Mixed-Member Proportional Electoral Formula Fits You Best? Assessing the Proportionality Principle of Positive Vote Transfer Systems
Mixed-member proportional systems (MMP) are a family of electoral systems which combine district-based elections with a proportional seat allocation. Positive vote transfer systems belong to this family. This article explains why they might be better than their siblings, and examines under which conditions full proportionality is reached. A formal model shows that full proportionality depends on the number of compensation mandates available, and …
Strategic Incentives in Unconventional Electoral Systems: Introduction to the Special Issue
The study of strategic behaviour and the impact of institutions on elections has mainly focused on simple and conventional electoral systems: list-proportional electoral systems (PR) and the plurality vote. Less conventional systems are not on the agenda of comparative studies, even though no less than 30% of countries use unconventional electoral systems for their national parliamentary elections, such as the Single Transferable Vote, PR with ma…
A systematic approach to study electoral fraud
Political science (54 works) · Law (52 works) · Politics (48 works) · Law (41 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (36 works) · Political economy (35 works) · Economics (31 works) · Sociology (28 works) · Democracy (26 works) · Populism, Right-Wing Movements (19 works)