Patrick L Hill
Biographic Data
| ID | 1559905 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Patrick L Hill |
| GIVEN NAMES | Patrick L |
| FAMILY NAME | Hill |
| SIGNATURE | HILL P L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Washington University in St. Louis |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5902-6051 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 103 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 243 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 103 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Sense of Purpose and Maladaptive Personality Traits in Older Adulthood
The current study examined the relationships between sense of purpose and 10 forms of maladaptive personality traits among older adults. In addition, we aimed to explore whether a sense of purpose was more strongly associated with these maladaptive personality traits than another well-being indicator, life satisfaction. Participants included 1,011 older adults ( M Age = 71.93, 56.15% female, 74.10% White, 23% Black) enrolled in the St Louis Perso…
Everyday Stressors and Sense of Purpose: The Role of Stressor‐Related Opportunities for Goal Pursuit
OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether everyday stressor occurrence is associated with lower sense of purpose, and whether this association depends on stressor-related goal opportunities, the Big Five personality traits, or trait purpose. METHODS: Data came from the Daily Experiences and Health Study (N = 236, ages 25-87). Participants reported on stressor occurrence and their feelings of purposefulness 4× per day in a 14-day ecological momentary…
Forgivingness Across Social Relationships and Family Generations Over Time
INTRODUCTION: This study addressed individual differences in forgivingness, or the tendency to forgive others, across multiple social relationships and family generations over time. METHODS: We used longitudinal data over 4 years across three family generations, including young adults (n = 501; M = 20.4 years), their parents (n = 350; M = 50.9 years), and grandparents (n = 199; M = 76.1 years). Participants were asked to respond on their willingn…
The process of racial bias awareness in White Americans: Qualitativethemes of bias, justifications, and emotions across thelifespan
344) make meaning of specific instances of personal racial bias. We used a postpositivist research paradigm (Ponterotto, 2010; Ryan, 2006) to better understand how White adults assigned meaning to their past experiences of perpetuating racial bias. By integrating and expanding models of emotions (Ekman, 1992; Ford et al., 2022; Grzanka et al., 2020; Stephan & Stephan, 1985) and bias justifications (Condor et al., 2006; Crandall & Eshleman, 2003; …
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between personal narrative themes (human vs. computer coded) and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being
You Live, You Learn: The Processes and Crises of Purpose Development across the Lifespan
One consistent question from audiences at talks about purpose is simply, how do we develop purpose over time? Lamentably, while we know quite a bit about the value of purpose, the field has been lacking efforts to describe how it develops in the short and long term. The Chapter 1 will explore multiple frameworks for discussing purpose development, borrowing from personality and clinical science. Critically, we highlight the need to consider momen…
Purpose as a Timeless Pursuit
Envisioning the experience and study of purpose as timeless pursuits, this chapter is used to imagine five transformative trajectories likely to guide purpose scholarship in the years ahead. These trajectories aim to deepen understanding of purpose across cultural landscapes, against a backdrop of emerging technologies, and amid profound societal changes. They also strive to illuminate innovative solutions for helping more people feel purposeful …
Purpose as an Ancient yet Nascent Construct: An Introduction
Inquiry into purpose spans multiple disciplines, perspectives, and centuries. Seemingly inherent in the process of human development is the desire for humans to find a direction for their lives. This chapter provides an introduction to purpose inquiry, underscoring how purpose research shows that the construct can permeate multiple domains of life. We outline some of the frameworks and theoretical traditions that the reader will encounter through…
Discrimination in daily life: Effects on sense of purpose and derailment
Giving back to the future: Generativity, future time perspective, and purpose
Research suggests that generativity may serve as a path to the experience of purpose in life. However, little is known about how this relationship is influenced by age and future time perspective (FTP). The present study aimed to investigate age and FTP as moderators of the association between generativity and sense of purpose. A total of 787 participants ranging in age from 19 to 94 years ( M = 50.23; SD = 16.47) completed self-report measures o…
Perceptions of the Future and Health Behavior in Adulthood
Engagement in healthier lifestyle behaviors often is motivated by a focus on the future. However, there is limited research on the associations between health behavior and future time perspective, defined as people's tendency to perceive their future as expansive or as limited. Data came from a survey of U.S. adults ( N = 805, 49.3% female; M = 50 years, range: 19 to 85 years). Participants completed measures of perceptions of future opportunitie…
Religiosity and sense of purpose among older adults: Lack of moderation by race/ethnicity, ethnic identity, and social support
Past research on association between religiosity and sense of purpose have demonstrated consistent, yet small- to medium-sized correlations. The current study evaluated potential factors that may influence the magnitude of these associations in an older adult community-based sample. The current study employed the most recent questionnaire assessment from the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network (SPAN) study, which is a representative sample of…
Changes in Purpose in Life Across the First Year of University Associate With End of First Year Psychological and Academic Outcomes
A sense of purpose in life, defined as a dispositional tendency to pursue goals and activities in line with one's overarching life direction, has been discussed as a key individual difference factor to foster in today's college students. However, few studies have inspected the benefits of purpose change specifically in a college student sample. The present study sought to model changes in students' sense of purpose in life across the first year o…
Intergroup bias regulation strategies in non-Black Americans
Intergroup biases perpetuate social inequality. Bias regulation can be a useful process to set, strive toward, and evaluate progress in relation to bias regulation goals. While previous work on bias regulation has demonstrated that individuals can regulate their biases in intergroup contexts, research has yet to explore the specific strategies that individuals use to do so. To capture a range of bias regulation strategies, we introduce an adapted…
A coordinated analysis of bidirectional associations between life satisfaction and cognitive function
Life satisfaction is an important component of well-being to consider in relation to cognitive function due to its modifiability, potential utility in public health policy, and associations with cognitive health outcomes. However, little is known about the directionality of the association between life satisfaction and cognitive function, and past longitudinal work has yielded mixed findings. Using a coordinated data analytic approach, the curren…
Considering the Wellbeing Correlates of Activist Purpose
Discrimination and sense of purpose: Taking an intergenerational lens
Given the developmental benefits associated with higher sense of purpose, past work has aimed to understand how experiences of adversity relate to sense of purpose. With a specific focus on experiences of adversity that may impact individuals from marginalized groups, past work has found that discrimination is related to lower sense of purpose in life, but that these effects are weaker for Black adults relative to White adults. The current resear…
Valuing Versus Having: The Contrary Roles of Valuing and Having Money and Prestige on Well-Being
Using data from Midlife in the United States ( N = 3,767), this study investigates how believing having money or occupational prestige is important for a good life is associated with different aspects of well-being. Actual income was positively associated with sense of purpose, personal growth, self-acceptance, environmental mastery, and life satisfaction; negatively associated with negative affect; and was not associated with autonomy, positive …
Nightly Sleep Predicts Next-Morning Expectations for Stress and Positive Experiences
OBJECTIVE: Abundant research has linked nightly sleep as an antecedent of daily psychosocial experiences; however, less is known about sleep's influence on daily expectations of these experiences. Therefore, this research examined the day-to-day associations of sleep quality, duration, and efficiency with next-day expectations for stress(ors) and positive experiences, as well as whether these expectations were related to end-of-day reports of phy…
Positive event diversity: Relationship with personality and well‐being
OBJECTIVE: Examining the personality and well-being correlates of positive event diversity. BACKGROUND: Past research has highlighted that personality traits are linked to the frequency of daily positive events. This study is the first to examine positive event diversity, the extent to which positive events are spread across multiple types of positive life domains, as well as its personality and well-being correlates. METHOD: We conducted paralle…
Cultural stress and immigrant well-being: The role of sense of purpose
Sense of purpose was consistently associated with better psychological well-being. However, little evidence was found that sense of purpose mitigates the ill effects of cultural stress for immigrant adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
Daily Limited Future Time Perspective Is Associated With More Health Behavior Within Older Adults
Findings highlight the importance of moving beyond the between-person level to consider how FTP fluctuates from day-to-day and relates to health behavior in everyday life. Older adults who view a more limited time horizon may be motivated to increase that future through healthier activities
Purpose in daily life: Considering within-person sense of purpose variability
The role of purpose in the stress process: A homeostatic account
Negative Emotional Reactivity and Somatic Symptoms during Adolescence Predict Adult Health and Wellbeing in Early and Middle Adulthood
Longitudinal research is lacking with respect to how negative emotional reactivity and somatic symptoms during adolescence set the stage for later health. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine within-person associations between negative emotional reactivity and somatic symptoms during adolescence and their effects on health and wellbeing in adulthood. Participants ( N = 1527; 48.3% female) were assessed annually at the age of 12 to 16…
What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed
Conscientiousness is a personality construct that is a core determinant of health, positive aging, and human capital. A large body of work has contributed to our understanding of this important aspect of personality, but there are multiple conceptual and methodological issues that complicate our understanding of conscientiousness. Toward this end, we review (a) the conceptual standing of conscientiousness as a personality trait, (b) past research…
Purpose as a form of identity capital for positive youth adjustment
Having a sense of purpose has been discussed as a developmental asset for youth and as an outgrowth of establishing a sense of identity. Using the identity capital model as a theoretical framework, 3 studies examined purpose as a mediator in the relationship between identity and well-being among adolescents and emerging adults. In Study 1A, (n = 110), purpose commitment was positively associated with positive affect, hope, happiness among adolesc…
Profiles of a Developmental Asset: Youth Purpose as a Context for Hope and Well-Being
The policy relevance of personality traits
Personality traits are powerful predictors of outcomes in the domains of education, work, relationships, health, and well-being. The recognized importance of personality traits has raised questions about their policy relevance, that is, their potential to inform policy actions designed to improve human welfare. Traditionally, the use of personality traits in applied settings has been predicated on their ability to predict valued outcomes, typical…
The development of purpose in life among adolescents who experience marginalization: Potential opportunities and obstacles
In recent decades there has been a dramatic increase in the amount of research focused on purpose in life, demonstrating a host of benefits that emerge for individuals committed to a purpose. As with other constructs in the positive youth development framework, there is a paucity of work investigating how experiences of marginalization impact the development of this psychological asset among adolescents. To catalyze research on this front, we dra…
On dual processing and heuristic approaches to moral cognition
We examine the implications of dual-processing theories of cognition for the moral domain, with particular emphasis upon 'System 1' theories: the Social Intuitionist Model (Haidt), moral heuristics (Sunstein), fast-and-frugal moral heuristics (Gigerenzer), schema accessibility (Lapsley & Narvaez) and moral expertise (Narvaez). We argue that these theories differ from each other in important ways and should be carefully distinguished. We examine t…
A purposeful lifestyle is a healthful lifestyle: Linking sense of purpose to self-rated health through multiple health behaviors
Having a purpose in life has been consistently linked to subjective and objective health markers. Using data from the Hawaii Study of Personality and Health ( n = 749, Mage = 60.1 years), we tested multiple health behaviors as unique mediators of the correlation between sense of purpose and self-rated health ( r = .29). Correlational analyses found that participants' sense of purpose was positively associated with their reports of vigorous and mo…
Conscientiousness, health, and aging: The Life Course of Personality Model
The Conscientiousness (C) of the self and significant others influences health by way of mediational chains involving socioeconomic attainment, the avoidance and neutralization of stressors, the promotion of health behaviors and the minimization of risk behaviors, and the management of symptoms and diseases. Yet, meta-analyses reveal that these associations are moderated by factors that are not well understood. We propose the Life Course of Perso…
Associations between sense of purpose and romantic relationship quality in adulthood
The current studies investigated the extent that sense of purpose is associated with desirable relationship variables, such as relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, perceived quality of alternatives, and investment size. Data were collected from two online surveys of 1,001 and 1,594 participants in relationships (Study 1: M = 46.68, SD = 15.77, range = 18-86; Study 2: M = 52.52, SD = 16.05, range = 18-91). Study 1 found that sense o…
The relation of multicultural experiences to moral judgment and mindsets
Multicultural experience is considered to be beneficial, but it remains a difficult construct to measure. We tested the validity of a new assessment tool, the Multicultural Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ), using an undergraduate sample (N 164), and examined the relation of multicultural experience to moral judgment, closedmindedness, growth, and fixed mindsets. We expected that greater multicultural experience would be related to lower levels of …
The value of a purposeful life: Sense of purpose predicts greater income and net worth
Subjective Invulnerability, Optimism Bias and Adjustment in Emerging Adulthood
Purpose as a predictor of satisfaction across relationship domains during the first semester of university
Background: Sense of purpose, or the extent to which one perceives their lives to have meaningful goals and directions, may aid in initiating satisfying and stable new connections while positively maintaining old ones for college students. Purpose: The current study sought to evaluate how a college students' sense of purpose during their first week of college may predict their satisfaction with different relationship types throughout their first …
Forgivingness and subjective well-being in adulthood: The moderating role of future time perspective
Forgivingness and adult patterns of individual differences in environmental mastery and personal growth
Women's work: Gender and the physician workforce
Historically, the physician professional identity and the organizational structure of Western medicine have been defined by masculine norms such as authority and assertiveness. The past five decades have seen a rapid shift in the demographics of attendees as medical schools, with equal numbers of women and men matriculants for nearly twenty years. Gender as a social, cultural, and structural variable continues to influence the physician workforce…
The role of purpose in the stress process: A homeostatic account
Perceptions of the future in adolescence predict depressive symptoms in adolescence and early and middle adulthood
The current longitudinal study examined the predictive associations between the development of future perceptions in adolescence and depressive symptoms in adolescence and early and middle adulthood. Participants ( N = 1,527; 48.3% female; broadly representative of Western Germany with respect to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status) were measured yearly in adolescence at the age of 12 to 16 years and then in adulthood at the age of 35 and 45.…
Maintaining Sense of Purpose Following Health Adversity in Older Adulthood: A Propensity Score Matching Examination
The current findings suggest that even when health events impact older adults' physical functioning or place limitations on their activity, they may hold little ramifications for their sense of purpose. Future research should consider this potential for resilience, focusing on how adults compensate for losses
Sense of purpose in life predicts greater willingness for Covid-19 vaccination
Parent-Child Conflict during Elementary School as a Longitudinal Predictor of Sense of Purpose in Emerging Adulthood
Attachment predicts transgression frequency and reactions in romantic couples' daily life
This study examined the associations between individual differences in romantic attachment and transgression frequency and reactions in daily life. Data from both members of the heterosexual relationship were collected to examine how a persons' attachment orientation influenced their own and their partner's perceived transgressions and reactions to these transgressions. Across 10 days, 139 heterosexual couples reported on perceived transgressions…
Subjective Invulnerability, Risk Behavior, and Adjustment in Early Adolescence
The current study investigated whether invulnerability manifests with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during early adolescence. We sampled 248 (53% female; 63% Caucasian; [Formula: see text] years) early adolescents on the Adolescent Invulnerability Scale (AIS), and measures of drug use, delinquency, depressive symptoms, and mastery and coping. The AIS demonstrated a two-factor structure, which captured whether adolescents felt invulnerable to …
Purpose in daily life: Considering within-person sense of purpose variability
Purposeful and purposeless aging: Structural issues for sense of purpose and their implications for predicting life outcomes
Despite the value of sense of purpose during older adulthood, this construct often declines with age. With some older adults reconsidering the relevance of purpose later in life, the measurement of purpose may suffer from variance issues with age. The current study investigated whether sense of purpose functions similarly across ages and evaluated if the predictive power of purpose on mental, physical, cognitive, and financial outcomes changes wh…
Difficult appeals
Social security appeal tribunals are set to be at the heart of reforms affecting most types of appeals from April 2006. This article takes a hard look at tribunals, chairs and members in a region of the UK, identifying some problems, while also appreciating good and best practice in many other cases. It suggests that there is no room for complacency about the way tribunals work in practice. The article also looks at the role of representatives an…
On dual processing and heuristic approaches to moral cognition
We examine the implications of dual-processing theories of cognition for the moral domain, with particular emphasis upon 'System 1' theories: the Social Intuitionist Model (Haidt), moral heuristics (Sunstein), fast-and-frugal moral heuristics (Gigerenzer), schema accessibility (Lapsley & Narvaez) and moral expertise (Narvaez). We argue that these theories differ from each other in important ways and should be carefully distinguished. We examine t…
Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups
Using the Revised Youth Purpose Survey (Bundick et al., 2006 Bundick, M, Andrews, M, Jones, A, Mariano, JM, Bronk, KC and Damon, W. 2006. Revised youth purpose survey, Stanford, CA: Unpublished instrument, Stanford Center on Adolescence. [Google Scholar]), the Trait Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991 Snyder, CR. 2003. March). Measuring hope in children. Paper presented at the Child Trends Indicators of Positive Development Conference. 2003, Washingt…
The ups and downs of the moral personality: Why it’s not so black and white
Persons and situations in the moral domain
The relation of multicultural experiences to moral judgment and mindsets
Multicultural experience is considered to be beneficial, but it remains a difficult construct to measure. We tested the validity of a new assessment tool, the Multicultural Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ), using an undergraduate sample (N 164), and examined the relation of multicultural experience to moral judgment, closedmindedness, growth, and fixed mindsets. We expected that greater multicultural experience would be related to lower levels of …
Forgivingness and adult patterns of individual differences in environmental mastery and personal growth
Profiles of a Developmental Asset: Youth Purpose as a Context for Hope and Well-Being
Subjective Invulnerability, Optimism Bias and Adjustment in Emerging Adulthood
Change You Can Believe In: Changes in Goal Setting During Emerging and Young Adulthood Predict Later Adult Well-Being
A widely held assumption is that changes in one’s goals and motives for life during emerging and young adulthood have lasting influences on well-being into adulthood. However, this claim has yet to receive rigorous empirical testing. The current study examined the effects of prosocial and occupational goal change during college on adult well-being in a 17-year study of goal setting ( N = 416). Using a latent growth model across three time points,…
Subjective Invulnerability, Risk Behavior, and Adjustment in Early Adolescence
The current study investigated whether invulnerability manifests with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during early adolescence. We sampled 248 (53% female; 63% Caucasian; [Formula: see text] years) early adolescents on the Adolescent Invulnerability Scale (AIS), and measures of drug use, delinquency, depressive symptoms, and mastery and coping. The AIS demonstrated a two-factor structure, which captured whether adolescents felt invulnerable to …
Purpose as a form of identity capital for positive youth adjustment
Having a sense of purpose has been discussed as a developmental asset for youth and as an outgrowth of establishing a sense of identity. Using the identity capital model as a theoretical framework, 3 studies examined purpose as a mediator in the relationship between identity and well-being among adolescents and emerging adults. In Study 1A, (n = 110), purpose commitment was positively associated with positive affect, hope, happiness among adolesc…
Personality Trait Development in Adulthood
Personality traits refer to relatively enduring, automatic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguish one person from another that are evoked in trait-relevant contexts. Contemporary research has shown that personality traits are both consistent over time and yet change systematically in adulthood. In this chapter, we review the different ways that researchers conceptualize and assess personality trait stability and change. We s…
Narcissism, Well-Being, and Observer-Rated Personality Across the Lifespan
Previous studies have noted that narcissists do, in some cases, experience benefits. The current study adds to this discussion by examining whether age might moderate the links between narcissism and a self-reported benefit (life satisfaction) and an observer-reported benefit (observer ratings of personality). In a sample of college students and their family members ( N = 807), the authors demonstrate that narcissism positively correlates with li…
Examining Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations Between Personality Traits and Social Well-being in Adulthood
Past work has demonstrated that Big Five personality traits both predict relationship success and respond to changes in relationship status. The current study extends this work by examining how developments on the Big Five traits correspond to another important social outcome in adulthood, social well-being. Using the Mid-Life Development in the U.S. longitudinal data sample of adults, the authors examined traits and social well-being at two time…
Viewing Purpose Through an Eriksonian Lens
One theme in Erik Erikson's work is the importance of finding a purpose for life. This article discusses the role of purpose in Erikson's writings and uses this review as a foundation for investigating Erikson's claims. Using a longitudinal sample of adolescents, Study 1 shows that identity and purpose development are intertwined processes insofar as increased commitment on one dimension corresponds to increased commitment on the other. Study 2 d…
Explaining the link between conscientiousness and forgivingness
Forgivingness and subjective well-being in adulthood: The moderating role of future time perspective
Smoking mediates the effect of conscientiousness on mortality: The Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study
Perceived Social Support Predicts Increased Conscientiousness During Older Adulthood
Perceived social support provides multiple benefits later in life, and the current results add to this literature by showing that it also promotes conscientiousness. As conscientiousness is linked to a variety of positive outcomes later in life, including health, future research should examine whether conscientiousness change may be an important mechanism through which social support enhances resilience in older adulthood
Purpose in Life as a Predictor of Mortality Across Adulthood
Having a purpose in life has been cited consistently as an indicator of healthy aging for several reasons, including its potential for reducing mortality risk. In the current study, we sought to extend previous findings by examining whether purpose in life promotes longevity across the adult years, using data from the longitudinal Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) sample. Proportional-hazards models demonstrated that purposeful individuals liv…
Are You in a Healthy Relationship? Linking C onscientiousness to Health via Implementing and Immunizing Behaviors
The benefits of living a conscientious life have been demonstrated across multiple domains, and yet, few studies have sought to explain how the positive effects in one area may help explain those in another. The current article considers the possibility that conscientious individuals live healthier lives by virtue of having greater success in their relationships. Using both past research and new findings to support our model, we set forth a frame…
Identity and Purpose as Predictors of Subjective Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood
Identity and purpose in life can serve as internal assets during the transition to adulthood. Although these two facets of the self are closely linked, they are usually studied separately. The rare research that has considered identity and purpose together has focused exclusively on commitment in these domains, neglecting the process of exploration that often precedes commitment. The current study built on existing work by investigating identity …
What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed
Conscientiousness is a personality construct that is a core determinant of health, positive aging, and human capital. A large body of work has contributed to our understanding of this important aspect of personality, but there are multiple conceptual and methodological issues that complicate our understanding of conscientiousness. Toward this end, we review (a) the conceptual standing of conscientiousness as a personality trait, (b) past research…
Conscientiousness, health, and aging: The Life Course of Personality Model
The Conscientiousness (C) of the self and significant others influences health by way of mediational chains involving socioeconomic attainment, the avoidance and neutralization of stressors, the promotion of health behaviors and the minimization of risk behaviors, and the management of symptoms and diseases. Yet, meta-analyses reveal that these associations are moderated by factors that are not well understood. We propose the Life Course of Perso…
Psychology (88 works) · Social Psychology (68 works) · Developmental psychology (66 works) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (37 works) · Personality (32 works) · Social Psychology (30 works) · Medicine (29 works) · Big Five personality traits (26 works) · Optimism, Hope, and Well-being (24 works) · Clinical Psychology (21 works)