Vladimir Canudas-Romo
Biographic Data
| ID | 1591747 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Vladimir Canudas-Romo |
| GIVEN NAMES | Vladimir |
| FAMILY NAME | Canudas-Romo |
| SIGNATURE | CANUDAS-ROMO V |
| AFFILIATIONS | Australian National University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6532-0089 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 60 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 479 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 60 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Life expectancy in China and the contribution of regional dynamics
BACKGROUNDLife expectancy in China has been increasing in recent decades, but regional inequalities persist.Unbalanced regional development has resulted in large-scale population movement.Over time, the changing regional distribution of the population changes the proportion of the population exposed to different regional mortality levels. OBJECTIVEThe increase in national life expectancy can be attributed to changes in both regional mortality and…
Causes of death contributions to the sex gaps in life expectancy: Evidence by education levels from Australia
In all high-income countries, including Australia, females have a longer life expectancy than males. The sex gap in life expectancy has been shown to vary according to highest level of education, a measure of socioeconomic position, with a smaller gap among those with higher education. However, the cause contributions to education-related differences in the sex gap in life expectancy remain unclear but may provide insights into the underlying dri…
Changes in numerators and denominators of death rates and their contributions to changes in life expectancy
Demographers use ratios, proportions, and rates-all calculated as counts in numerators divided by counts in denominators-as key research inputs. For age-specific death rates, the numerator is observed deaths and the denominator is person-years lived. Life expectancy summarizes those rates into one measure, and its changes convey messages of changing mortality across time. We examine the contributions from the two components of life expectancy cha…
Mortality variability and differentials by age and causes of death in rural South Africa, 1994–2018
INTRODUCTION: Understanding mortality variability by age and cause is critical to identifying intervention and prevention actions to support disadvantaged populations. We assessed mortality changes in two rural South African populations over 25 years covering pre-AIDS and peak AIDS epidemic and subsequent antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability. METHODS: Using population surveillance data from the Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveill…
Disability and its impact on life expectancy: Heterogeneity across Mexican states
This study shows that comparing the number of years spent with disability and the total life expectancy between subpopulations is essential for monitoring the well-being of aging populations, guiding policy decisions, and promoting a society that values and supports all individuals, regardless of their abilities
Life-years lost attributable to air, water and earth pollution in Asia and Pacific countries, 2000–2019
Environmental risk factors are a growing global concern. This study quantifies the life-years lost (LYL) attributable to different types of pollution in Asia and Pacific countries (APAC) between 2000 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Results indicate that people in Southern Asia lost the highest number of years due to all types of pollution among the APAC subregions. Eastern Asia, Oceania and Weste…
National Population Growth Rate, Its Components, and Subnational Contributions: A Research Note
A population's current growth rate is determined jointly by changes in fertility, mortality, and migration. This overall growth rate is also the average of age-specific growth rates, which can be decomposed into the result of historical changes in fertility, mortality, and migration. However, doing so requires more than 100 years of historical data, meaning that such analyses are possible only in a select few populations. In this research note, w…
Decomposing the Drivers of Population Aging: A Research Note
Population aging is an important and increasingly relevant area of study for demographers. A growing body of research seeks to determine how long-term changes in births, mortality, and migration—the three drivers of any demographic process—have shaped the present aging situation. Using variable-r decomposition and cohort data, this research note presents a formula for the change in the old-age dependency ratio to determine the extent to which rel…
Subnational contribution to life expectancy and life span variation changes: Evidence from the United States
BACKGROUND The US life expectancy has been stagnating in recent decades, and along with this, the time trends of life span variation have shown stagnation and even increases with respect to historical levels. OBJECTIVE We aim to disentangle contributions from subnational levels (US regions) to national changes in life expectancy and life span variation in 2010–2019 and 2019–2020. METHODS A decomposition of the change in the national life expectan…
Educational composition effect on the sex gap in life expectancy: A research note based on evidence from Australia
Life expectancy for females has exceeded that of males globally this century. There is considerable within-country variation in life expectancy related to education. Sex gaps in life expectancy can be decomposed into two components: sex differences in education-specific mortality and sex differences in educational composition. We illustrate this using Australian data for 2016, when the sex gap in life expectancy at age 25 was 3.8 years. The sex g…
Decomposition of Differentials in Health Expectancies From Multistate Life Tables: A Research Note
Multistate modeling is a commonly used method to compute healthy life expectancy. However, there is currently no analytical method to decompose the components of differentials in summary measures calculated from multistate models. In this research note, we propose a derivative-based method to decompose the differentials in population-based health expectancies estimated via a multistate model into two main components: the proportion resulting from…
Variable-r in sex ratios: Formulas in honor of Jim Vaupel
BACKGROUND: Two seminal studies in the 1980s, by Preston and Coale (1982) and Arthur and Vaupel (1984), generalized the Lotka equations developing the variable-r methods. OBJECTIVE: Time changes in sex ratios (males:females) are studied from the perspective of the variable-r method to estimate the contributions of fertility, mortality, and net-migration. METHODS: The time change in sex ratios can be calculated as a comparison of the growth rates …
The contribution of survival to changes in the net reproduction rate
The net reproduction rate (NRR) is an alternative fertility measure to the more common total fertility rate (TFR) and accounts for the mortality context of the population studied. This study is the first to compare NRR trends in high- and low-income countries and to decompose NRR changes over time into fertility and survival components. The results show that changes in the NRR have been driven mostly by changes in fertility. Yet improvements in s…
Cross-sectional average length of life by parity: Country comparisons
This study aims to present an alternative measure of fertility-cross-sectional average length of life by parity (CALP)-which: (1) is a period fertility indicator using all available cohort information; (2) captures the dynamics of parity transitions; and (3) links information on fertility quantum and timing together as part of a single phenomenon. Using data from the Human Fertility Database, we calculate CALP for 12 countries in the Global North…
Comparative evidence of years lived with reproductive-age morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa (2010-2019)
Despite remarkable progress in reducing maternal mortality, maternal morbidities remain high, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study estimates the life years that women of reproductive ages spend in poor health due to indirect maternal morbid
The Components of Change in Population Growth Rates
The demographic balance equation relates the population growth rate with crude rates of fertility, mortality, and net migration. All these rates refer to changes occurring between two time points, say, t and t + h. However, this fundamental balance equation overlooks the contribution of historical fertility, mortality, and migration in explaining these population counts. Because of this, the balance equation only partially explains a change in gr…
Comparing Cohort Survival in Good Health: A Research Note on Decomposing Sex Differentials in the United States
We introduce a method for decomposing differences in healthy cross-sectional average length of life (HCAL). HCAL provides an alternative to the health expectancy (HE) indicator by including the health and mortality history of all cohorts present at a given time. While decompositions of HE differences account for contributions made by health and mortality, differences in HCAL are further disentangled into cohort-specific contributions. In this res…
The Cross-sectional Average Inequality in Lifespan (CAL†): A Lifespan Variation Measure That Reflects the Mortality Histories of Cohorts
Lifespan variation is a key metric of mortality that describes both individual uncertainty about the length of life and heterogeneity in population health. We propose a novel and timely lifespan variation measure, which we call the cross-sectional average inequality in lifespan, or CAL†. This new index provides an alternative perspective on the analysis of lifespan inequality by combining the mortality histories of all cohorts present in a cross-…
Inequalities in life expectancy in Australia according to education level: A whole-of-population record linkage study
Education-related inequalities in life expectancy from age 25 years in Australia are substantial, particularly for men. Those with the lowest education level have a life expectancy equivalent to the national average 15-20 years ago. These vast gaps indicate large potential for further gains in life expectancy at the national level and continuing opportunities to improve health equity
A Mixture-Function Mortality Model: Illustration of the Evolution of Premature Mortality
Premature mortality is often a neglected component of overall deaths, and the most difficult to identify. However, it is important to estimate its prevalence. Following Pearson’s theory about mortality components, a definition of premature deaths and a parametric model to study its transformations are introduced. The model is a mixture of three distributions: a Half Normal for the first part of the death curve and two Skew Normals to fit the rema…
Cross-Sectional Average Length of Life Childless
Increases in the average age at first birth and in the proportion of women remaining childless have extended the total number of years that women spend childless during their reproductive lifetime in several countries. To quantify the number of years that reproductive-age women live without children, we introduce the cross-sectional average length of life childless (CALC). This measure includes all the age-specific first-birth information availab…
Educational composition and parity contribution to completed cohort fertility change in low-fertility settings
Extensive literature has documented the contribution of rising women's education to decreases in completed cohort fertility (CCF). A key question related to the education-fertility relationship is to what extent the decrease in fertility is the result of changes in educational composition vs changes in fertility behaviours within educational categories. This study quantified the effect of educational expansion on fertility levels by decomposing t…
The role of reductions in old-age mortality in old-age population growth
The variable-r model provides demographers with a way to explore the contributions of demographic components (fertility, mortality, migration) to changes in populationsâ age structures. However, traditional variable-r methods require extremely long mortali
What has contributed to improvements in the child sex ratio in select districts of India? A decomposition of the sex ratio at birth and child mortality
Despite an overall downward trend in child sex ratios in India, some of the most imbalanced districts in 2001 (fewer girls than boys) showed signs of becoming more balanced in 2011. This analysis looked in depth at these districts to better understand the nature of the improvement in the child sex ratio using two rounds of data from the Census of India from 2001 and 2011. Data were used from the 153 districts that showed improvement in their chil…
Latin American convergence and divergence towards the mortality profiles of developed countries
It is uncertain whether Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries are approaching a single mortality regime. Over the last three decades, LAC has experienced major public health interventions and the highest number of homicides in the world. However, these interventions and homicide rates are not evenly shared across countries. This study documents trends in life expectancy and lifespan variability for 20 LAC countries, 2000-14. By extending a …
Decomposing change in life expectancy: A bouquet of formulas in honor of Nathan Keyfitz’s 90th birthday
We extend Nathan Keyfitz’s research on continuous change in life expectancy over time by presenting and proving a new formula for decomposing such change. The formula separates change in life expectancy over time into two terms. The first term captures the general effect of reduction in death rates at all ages, and the second term captures the effect of heterogeneity in the pace of improvement in mortality at different ages. We extend the formula…
The modal age at death and the shifting mortality hypothesis
The modal age at death is used to study the shifting mortality scenario experienced by low mortality countries. The relations of the life table functions at the modal age are analyzed using mortality models. In the models the modal age increases over t
Decomposing changes in life expectancy: Compression versus shifting mortality
Background : In most developed countries, mortality reductions in the first half of the 20th century were highly associated with changes in lifespan disparities. In the second half of the 20th century, changes in mortality are best described by a shift in the mortality schedule, with lifespan variability remaining nearly constant. These successive mortality dynamics are known as compression and shifting mortality, respectively. Objective : To und…
The Implications of Increased Survivorship for Mortality Variation in Aging Populations
The remarkable growth in life expectancy during the twentieth century inspired predictions of a future in which all people, not just a fortunate few, will live long lives ending at or near the maximum human life span. We show that increased longevity has been accompanied by less variation in ages at death, but survivors to the oldest ages have grown increasingly heterogeneous in their mortality risks. These trends are consistent across countries,…
Three measures of longevity: Time trends and record values
This article examines the trend over time in the measures of “typical” longevity experienced by members of a population: life expectancy at birth, and the median and modal ages at death. The article also analyzes trends in record values observed for all three measures. The record life expectancy at birth increased from a level of 44 years in Sweden in 1840 to 82 years in Japan in 2005. The record median age at death shows increasing patterns simi…
Decomposing demographic change into direct vs. compositional components
We present and prove a formula for decomposing change in a population average into two components. One component captures the effect of direct change in the characteristic of interest, and the other captures the effect of compositional change. The deco
An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis: Cause-Deleted Life Tables and Decompositions of Life Expectancy
This article integrates two methods that analyze the implications of various causes of death for life expectancy. One of the methods attributes changes in life expectancy to various causes of death; the other method examines the effect of removing deaths from a particular cause on life expectancy. This integration is accomplished by new formulas that make clearer the interactions among causes of death in determining life expectancy. We apply our …
Timing Effects on Divorce: 20Th Century Experience in the United States
Period divorce measures can misrepresent the underlying behavior of birth cohorts as changes in cohort timing produce changes in period probabilities of divorce. Building on methods used to adjust period fertility and marriage measures, we adjust U.S. period divorce rates for timing effects, calculating a timing index for every year between 1910 and 2000. The adjusted probability of divorce, PMED*, increases nearly linearly from 1910 through 1990…
Age-specific contributions to changes in the period and cohort life expectancy
Period life expectancy has increased more slowly than its cohort counterpart. This paper explores the differences between life expectancies at a given time (the gap) and the time required for period life expectancy to reach the current level of cohort
A flexible two-dimensional mortality model for use in indirect estimation
Mortality estimates for many populations are derived using model life tables, which describe typical age patterns of human mortality. We propose a new system of model life tables as a means of improving the quality and transparency of such estimates. A flexible two-dimensional model was fitted to a collection of life tables from the Human Mortality Database. The model can be used to estimate full life tables given one or two pieces of information…
Mexico's epidemic of violence and its public health significance on average length of life
OBJECTIVES: A disproportionate number of homicides have caused Mexican life expectancy to stagnate during the new millennium. No efforts currently exist to quantify the harm of violent acts on the lives of the general population. We quantified the impact of perceived vulnerability on life expectancy. METHODS: Three Mexican national surveys on perceptions of public safety, life tables, and crime and vital statistics (2000-2014) were used. Prevalen…
Truncated cross-sectional average length of life: A measure for comparing the mortality history of cohorts
Period life expectancies are commonly used to compare populations, but these correspond to simple juxtapositions of current mortality levels. In order to construct life expectancies for cohorts, a complete historical series of mortality rates is needed, and these are available for only a subset of developed countries. The truncated cross-sectional average length of life (TCAL) is a new measure that captures historical information about all cohort…
No consistent effects of prenatal or neonatal exposure to Spanish flu on late-life mortality in 24 developed countries
We test the effects of early life exposure to disease on later health by looking for differences in late-life mortality in cohorts born around the 1918-1919 flu pandemic using data from the Human Mortality Database for 24 countries. After controlling for age, period, and sex effects, residual mortality rates did not differ systematically for flu cohorts relative to surrounding cohorts. We calculate at most a 20-day reduction in life expectancy fo…
The Gompertz force of mortality in terms of the modal age at death
The Gompertz force of mortality (hazard function) is usually expressed in terms of a, the initial level of mortality, and b, the rate at which mortality increases with age
Latin American convergence and divergence towards the mortality profiles of developed countries
It is uncertain whether Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries are approaching a single mortality regime. Over the last three decades, LAC has experienced major public health interventions and the highest number of homicides in the world. However, these interventions and homicide rates are not evenly shared across countries. This study documents trends in life expectancy and lifespan variability for 20 LAC countries, 2000-14. By extending a …
Coherent forecasts of mortality with compositional data analysis
Mortality trends for subpopulations, e.g., countries in a region or provinces in a country, tend to change similarly over time. However, when forecasting subpopulations independently, the forecast mortality trends often diverge. These divergent trends emer
The stagnation of the Mexican male life expectancy in the first decade of the 21st century: The impact of homicides and diabetes mellitus
OBJECTIVES: In the first decade of the 21st century, the Mexican life expectancy changed from a long trend of increase to stagnation. These changes concur with an increase in deaths by homicides that the country experienced in that decade, and an obesity epidemic that had developed over the last decades of the 20th century. We quantify the impact of causes of death on life expectancy from 2000 to 2010. METHODS: Two approaches to analyse causes of…
The contribution of urbanization to changes in life expectancy in Scotland, 1861-1910
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, urban populations in Europe and North America continued to be afflicted by very high mortality as rapid urbanization and industrialization processes got underway. Here we measure the effect of population redistribution from (low-mortality) rural to (high-mortality) urban areas on changes in Scottish life expectancy at birth from 1861 to 1910. Using vital registration data for that period, we ap…
Cause-specific measures of life years lost
measure of the number of life years lost due to specific causes of death is introduced
The Cross-sectional Average Inequality in Lifespan (CAL†): A Lifespan Variation Measure That Reflects the Mortality Histories of Cohorts
Lifespan variation is a key metric of mortality that describes both individual uncertainty about the length of life and heterogeneity in population health. We propose a novel and timely lifespan variation measure, which we call the cross-sectional average inequality in lifespan, or CAL†. This new index provides an alternative perspective on the analysis of lifespan inequality by combining the mortality histories of all cohorts present in a cross-…
Timing effects on first marriage: Twentieth-century experience in England and Wales and the USA
Recent substantial declines in first marriage in Western countries have been accompanied by increases in the average age at first marriage. Since the period proportion ever marrying, PEM, is sensitive to cohort tempo changes, the recent fall in the PEM may simply reflect cohort delays in marriage. The importance of timing factors is examined in the light of twentieth-century experience of first marriage in England and Wales and the USA. Using a v…
Educational composition and parity contribution to completed cohort fertility change in low-fertility settings
Extensive literature has documented the contribution of rising women's education to decreases in completed cohort fertility (CCF). A key question related to the education-fertility relationship is to what extent the decrease in fertility is the result of changes in educational composition vs changes in fertility behaviours within educational categories. This study quantified the effect of educational expansion on fertility levels by decomposing t…
The Components of Change in Population Growth Rates
The demographic balance equation relates the population growth rate with crude rates of fertility, mortality, and net migration. All these rates refer to changes occurring between two time points, say, t and t + h. However, this fundamental balance equation overlooks the contribution of historical fertility, mortality, and migration in explaining these population counts. Because of this, the balance equation only partially explains a change in gr…
The role of reductions in old-age mortality in old-age population growth
The variable-r model provides demographers with a way to explore the contributions of demographic components (fertility, mortality, migration) to changes in populationsâ age structures. However, traditional variable-r methods require extremely long mortali
Changing mortality and average cohort life expectancy
Period life expectancy varies with changes in mortality, and should not be confused with the life expectancy of those alive during that period. Given past and likely future mortality changes, a recent debate has arisen on the usefulness of the period
Decomposing demographic change into direct vs. compositional components
We present and prove a formula for decomposing change in a population average into two components. One component captures the effect of direct change in the characteristic of interest, and the other captures the effect of compositional change. The deco
Decomposing change in life expectancy: A bouquet of formulas in honor of Nathan Keyfitz’s 90th birthday
We extend Nathan Keyfitz’s research on continuous change in life expectancy over time by presenting and proving a new formula for decomposing such change. The formula separates change in life expectancy over time into two terms. The first term captures the general effect of reduction in death rates at all ages, and the second term captures the effect of heterogeneity in the pace of improvement in mortality at different ages. We extend the formula…
Timing effects on first marriage: Twentieth-century experience in England and Wales and the USA
Recent substantial declines in first marriage in Western countries have been accompanied by increases in the average age at first marriage. Since the period proportion ever marrying, PEM, is sensitive to cohort tempo changes, the recent fall in the PEM may simply reflect cohort delays in marriage. The importance of timing factors is examined in the light of twentieth-century experience of first marriage in England and Wales and the USA. Using a v…
Changing mortality and average cohort life expectancy
Period life expectancy varies with changes in mortality, and should not be confused with the life expectancy of those alive during that period. Given past and likely future mortality changes, a recent debate has arisen on the usefulness of the period
Age-specific contributions to changes in the period and cohort life expectancy
Period life expectancy has increased more slowly than its cohort counterpart. This paper explores the differences between life expectancies at a given time (the gap) and the time required for period life expectancy to reach the current level of cohort
Multistate cohort models with proportional transfer rates
We present a new, broadly applicable approach to summarizing the behavior of a cohort as it moves through a variety of statuses (or states). The approach is based on the assumption that all rates of transfer maintain a constant ratio to one another over age. We present closed-form expressions for the size and state composition of the cohort at every age and provide expressions for other useful summary measures. The state trajectories, or life cou…
Timing Effects on Divorce: 20Th Century Experience in the United States
Period divorce measures can misrepresent the underlying behavior of birth cohorts as changes in cohort timing produce changes in period probabilities of divorce. Building on methods used to adjust period fertility and marriage measures, we adjust U.S. period divorce rates for timing effects, calculating a timing index for every year between 1910 and 2000. The adjusted probability of divorce, PMED*, increases nearly linearly from 1910 through 1990…
Mortality changes in the Iberian Peninsula in the last decades of the twentieth century
Aujourd’hui, les espérances de vie au Portugal (81,3 ans pour les femmes et 74,9 ans pour les hommes en 2005) et en Espagne (respectivement 83,5 ans et 76,9 ans) présentent la particularité de figurer pour les hommes portugais parmi les plus basses d’Europe occidentale et pour les femmes espagnoles parmi les plus élevées. Cet article décrit les tendances convergentes de la mortalité dans la péninsule Ibérique au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe …
Cause-of-Death Contributions to Educational Inequalities in Mortality in Austria between 1981/1982 and 1991/1992: Les contributions des causes de décès aux inégalités de mortalité par niveau d’éducati…
This article uses census records and deaths records to analyze trends in educational inequalities in mortality for Austrian women and men aged 35-64 years between 1981/1982 and 1991/1992. We find an increasing gradient in mortality by education for circulatory diseases and especially ischaemic heart disease. Respiratory diseases and, in addition for women, cancers showed the opposite trend. Using decomposition analysis, we give evidence that in m…
Increased use of antidepressants and decreasing suicide rates: A population-based study using Danish register data
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to examine if the change in the suicide rate is associated with individuals' use of antidepressants as has been suggested by ecological studies. DESIGN: Decomposition of suicide rates by antidepressant treatment group. SETTING: Population-based record linkage. PARTICIPANTS: All individuals aged 50 years and older living in Denmark between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2000 (N = 2,100,808). MAIN O…
Évolution de la mortalité dans la péninsule Ibérique au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle
Aujourd'hui, les espérances de vie au Portugal (81,3 ans pour les femmes et 74,9 ans pour les hommes en 2005) et en Espagne (respectivement 83,5 ans et 76,9 ans) présentent la particularité de figurer pour les hommes portugais parmi les plus basses d'Europe occidentale et pour les femmes espagnoles parmi les plus élevées. Cet article décrit les tendances convergentes de la mortalité dans la péninsule Ibérique au cours de la seconde moitié du XX e…
An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis: Cause-Deleted Life Tables and Decompositions of Life Expectancy
This article integrates two methods that analyze the implications of various causes of death for life expectancy. One of the methods attributes changes in life expectancy to various causes of death; the other method examines the effect of removing deaths from a particular cause on life expectancy. This integration is accomplished by new formulas that make clearer the interactions among causes of death in determining life expectancy. We apply our …
The modal age at death and the shifting mortality hypothesis
The modal age at death is used to study the shifting mortality scenario experienced by low mortality countries. The relations of the life table functions at the modal age are analyzed using mortality models. In the models the modal age increases over t
Three measures of longevity: Time trends and record values
This article examines the trend over time in the measures of “typical” longevity experienced by members of a population: life expectancy at birth, and the median and modal ages at death. The article also analyzes trends in record values observed for all three measures. The record life expectancy at birth increased from a level of 44 years in Sweden in 1840 to 82 years in Japan in 2005. The record median age at death shows increasing patterns simi…
The Implications of Increased Survivorship for Mortality Variation in Aging Populations
The remarkable growth in life expectancy during the twentieth century inspired predictions of a future in which all people, not just a fortunate few, will live long lives ending at or near the maximum human life span. We show that increased longevity has been accompanied by less variation in ages at death, but survivors to the oldest ages have grown increasingly heterogeneous in their mortality risks. These trends are consistent across countries,…
No consistent effects of prenatal or neonatal exposure to Spanish flu on late-life mortality in 24 developed countries
We test the effects of early life exposure to disease on later health by looking for differences in late-life mortality in cohorts born around the 1918-1919 flu pandemic using data from the Human Mortality Database for 24 countries. After controlling for age, period, and sex effects, residual mortality rates did not differ systematically for flu cohorts relative to surrounding cohorts. We calculate at most a 20-day reduction in life expectancy fo…
The crossover between life expectancies at birth and at age one: The imbalance in the life table
The single most used demographic measure to describe population health is life expectancy at birth, but life expectancies at ages other than zero are also used in the study of human longevity. Our intuition tells us that the longest life expectancy is
A flexible two-dimensional mortality model for use in indirect estimation
Mortality estimates for many populations are derived using model life tables, which describe typical age patterns of human mortality. We propose a new system of model life tables as a means of improving the quality and transparency of such estimates. A flexible two-dimensional model was fitted to a collection of life tables from the Human Mortality Database. The model can be used to estimate full life tables given one or two pieces of information…
Cause-specific measures of life years lost
measure of the number of life years lost due to specific causes of death is introduced
Multiple Chronic Conditions and Life Expectancy: A Life Table Analysis
BACKGROUND: The number of people living with multiple chronic conditions is increasing, but we know little about the impact of multimorbidity on life expectancy. OBJECTIVE: We analyze life expectancy in Medicare beneficiaries by number of chronic conditions. RESEARCH DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study using single-decrement period life tables. SUBJECTS: Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries (N=1,372,272) aged 67 and older as of January 1, 2008…
Mortality of the Oldest-Old
The stagnation of the Mexican male life expectancy in the first decade of the 21st century: The impact of homicides and diabetes mellitus
OBJECTIVES: In the first decade of the 21st century, the Mexican life expectancy changed from a long trend of increase to stagnation. These changes concur with an increase in deaths by homicides that the country experienced in that decade, and an obesity epidemic that had developed over the last decades of the 20th century. We quantify the impact of causes of death on life expectancy from 2000 to 2010. METHODS: Two approaches to analyse causes of…
Truncated cross-sectional average length of life: A measure for comparing the mortality history of cohorts
Period life expectancies are commonly used to compare populations, but these correspond to simple juxtapositions of current mortality levels. In order to construct life expectancies for cohorts, a complete historical series of mortality rates is needed, and these are available for only a subset of developed countries. The truncated cross-sectional average length of life (TCAL) is a new measure that captures historical information about all cohort…
The Gompertz force of mortality in terms of the modal age at death
The Gompertz force of mortality (hazard function) is usually expressed in terms of a, the initial level of mortality, and b, the rate at which mortality increases with age
Decomposing changes in life expectancy: Compression versus shifting mortality
Background : In most developed countries, mortality reductions in the first half of the 20th century were highly associated with changes in lifespan disparities. In the second half of the 20th century, changes in mortality are best described by a shift in the mortality schedule, with lifespan variability remaining nearly constant. These successive mortality dynamics are known as compression and shifting mortality, respectively. Objective : To und…
Demography (48 works) · Sociology (45 works) · Population (41 works) · Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management (38 works) · Global Health Care Issues (37 works) · Medicine (34 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (32 works) · Geography (23 works) · Gerontology (23 works) · Life expectancy (23 works)