James S Uleman
Biographic Data
| ID | 165019 |
|---|---|
| NAME | James S Uleman |
| GIVEN NAMES | James S |
| FAMILY NAME | Uleman |
| SIGNATURE | ULEMAN J S |
| AFFILIATIONS | New York University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8805-705X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 421 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1968 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
The Cross‐Cultural Interplay of Visual Attention and Artistic Design in Comics: Insights From Eye‐Tracking Evidence on American and Japanese Readers
This study investigated cross‐cultural differences in visual attention patterns during comic reading, focusing on participants with Japanese and American cultural backgrounds. Using an eye‐tracking paradigm, we examined attention processes as participants viewed pages from American comics and Japanese manga featuring objective or subjective viewpoints. The results showed that for objective pages, American readers exhibited relatively longer fixat…
Attention allocation is a possible mediator of cultural variations in spontaneous trait and situation inferences: Eye-tracking evidence
Two studies sought to replicate previous work on cultural differences in the co-occurrence of spontaneous trait (STI) and situation (SSI) inferences, and to examine possible mediators at the individual level. Both studies replicated previous findings of cultural differences. European Americans made more STIs relative to SSIs than did Asian American or Japanese participants. However Experiment 1 found no evidence from the Analysis-Holism Scale (AH…
The Influence of Maternal Socialization on Infants’ Social Evaluation in Two Cultures
Although a growing body of research has explored the early development of social evaluation, no research has directly compared social evaluations of infants between different cultures. In addition, there has been little understanding regarding socialization's effects on this ability. The goal of this study was to expand on earlier findings on social evaluation in infants by investigating a broader sample from two cultures, and to explore the infl…
Social and biological intergroup hierarchy beliefs: A cross-cultural comparison between the US and South Korea
The present research investigated social and biological intergroup hierarchy beliefs in the US and South Korea, representative Northern European-heritage and East Asian cultures, respectively. We hypothesized that individual-orientation (the emphasis on individuals and individual achievements) and group-orientation (the emphasis on groups and efficient functioning of groups) would predict social and biological hierarchy beliefs differently within…
Cultural Differences in Spontaneous Trait and Situation Inferences
Previous findings indicated that when people observe someone's behavior, they spontaneously infer the traits and situations that cause the target person's behavior. These inference processes are called spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) and spontaneous situation inferences (SSIs). While both patterns of inferences have been observed, no research has examined the extent to which people from different cultural backgrounds produce these inferences …
Culture as automatic processes for making meaning: Spontaneous trait inferences
The causality implicit in traits
A Brief History of Theory and Research on Impression Formation
Why do we view people as we do? What is scientifically tractable, in that view? How did subjective concepts such as traits become legitimate “objects of perception”? Thorndike, Asch, and Cronbach were critical. This chapter traces Asch’s legacy to the present and describes the strange independence of research on accuracy from social cognition. Impressions’ internal organization (not accuracy) became the foundation of research on the Big Two (warm…
Seeing others through rose-colored glasses: An affiliation goal and positivity bias in implicit trait impressions
Primed Self-Construal, Culture, and Stages of Impression Formation
The effects of culture on impression formation are widely documented but poorly understood. Priming independent and interdependent self-construals, and focusing on particular stages of impression formation, could help remedy this because such self-construals differ across cultures. In three experiments, participants' were primed with independent or interdependent self-construals before they formed spontaneous or intentional impressions of others.…
On the relation between spontaneous trait inferences and intentional inferences: An inference monitoring hypothesis
Personality traits function as causal concepts
Spontaneous trait inference and construal level theory: Psychological distance increases nonconscious trait thinking
Spontaneous Inferences, Implicit Impressions, and Implicit Theories
People make social inferences without intentions, awareness, or effort, i.e., spontaneously. We review recent findings on spontaneous social inferences (especially traits, goals, and causes) and closely related phenomena. We then describe current thinking on some of the most relevant processes, implicit knowledge, and theories. These include automatic and controlled processes and their interplay; embodied cognition, including mimicry; and associa…
The New Unconscious
Introduction: Becoming Aware of the New Unconscious JAMES S. ULEMAN PART I FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS 1. Who is the Controller of Controlled Processes? 2. Bypassing the Will: Towards Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior PART II BASIC MECHANISMS 3. The Interaction of Emotion and Cognition: The Relation Between the Human Amygdala and Cognitive Awareness 4. The Power of the Subliminal: On Subliminal Persuasion and Other Potential Appl…
The new unconscious
Over the past two decades, a new picture of the unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. According to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. Moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. These processes range from comp…
The Person Reference Process in Spontaneous Trait Inferences
Five studies examined whether spontaneous trait inferences uniquely reference the person who performed a trait-implying behavior. On each study trial in 5 studies, participants saw 2 faces and a behavioral sentence referring to one of them. Later, participants saw face-trait pairs and indicated whether they had seen the trait word in the sentence presented with the face. Participants falsely recognized implied traits more when these traits were p…
The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces
Spontaneous causal inferences
Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm
A false recognition paradigm showed that spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) are bound to the person performing a trait-implying behavior. In 6 experiments, participants memorized faces and behavioral sentences. When faces were paired with implied traits in a recognition test, participants falsely recognized these traits more often than unrelated traits paired with the same faces or the same traits paired with familiar faces. The effect was obtai…
People as Flexible Interpreters: Evidence and Issues from Spontaneous Trait Inference
Variations in collectivism and individualism by ingroup and culture: Confirmatory factor analysis
Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures
The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was administered in Seoul and New York, to 454 students from 2 cultures that emphasize collectivism and individualism, respectively. Responses, coded into 33 categories, were classified as either abstract or specific and as either autonomous or social. These 2 dichotomies were more independent in Seoul than in New York. The New York sample included Asian American whose spontaneous social identities differed. They …
Unintended effects of goals on unintended inferences
Three studies investigated unintended effects of goals on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Ss read trait-implying sentences to memorize them, to analyze sentence features, or to make social judgments. Cued recall revealed unintended (spontaneous) trait and behavioral-gist inferences. They were equally frequent with all the social judgment goals and absent or infrequent with feature analysis goals. Memorizing the sentences while ignoring their…
Can personality traits be inferred automatically? Spontaneous inferences require cognitive capacity at encoding
When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences
Do people make trait inferences, even without intentions or instructions, at the encoding stage of processing behavioral information? Tulving's encoding specificity paradigm (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) was adapted for two recall experiments. Under memory instructions only, subjects read sentences describing people performing actions that implied traits. Later, subjects recalled each sentence under one of three cuing conditions: (a) a dispositional …
Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures
The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was administered in Seoul and New York, to 454 students from 2 cultures that emphasize collectivism and individualism, respectively. Responses, coded into 33 categories, were classified as either abstract or specific and as either autonomous or social. These 2 dichotomies were more independent in Seoul than in New York. The New York sample included Asian American whose spontaneous social identities differed. They …
Variations in collectivism and individualism by ingroup and culture: Confirmatory factor analysis
The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces
Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm
A false recognition paradigm showed that spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) are bound to the person performing a trait-implying behavior. In 6 experiments, participants memorized faces and behavioral sentences. When faces were paired with implied traits in a recognition test, participants falsely recognized these traits more often than unrelated traits paired with the same faces or the same traits paired with familiar faces. The effect was obtai…
How automatic are social judgments
Do people infer personality dispositions automatically when they encode behavior? Tulving's encoding-specificity paradigm was adapted to test three operational indicants of automatism: absence of intention, of interference from other mental activity, and of awareness. Recruited for a digit-recall study, subjects read sentences describing actions during the retention interval of either an easy or a difficult digit recall task. Later, sentence reca…
Spontaneous trait inference and construal level theory: Psychological distance increases nonconscious trait thinking
Measurement and interpretation of situational and dispositional attributions
The Person Reference Process in Spontaneous Trait Inferences
Five studies examined whether spontaneous trait inferences uniquely reference the person who performed a trait-implying behavior. On each study trial in 5 studies, participants saw 2 faces and a behavioral sentence referring to one of them. Later, participants saw face-trait pairs and indicated whether they had seen the trait word in the sentence presented with the face. Participants falsely recognized implied traits more when these traits were p…
Spontaneous causal inferences
Unintended effects of goals on unintended inferences
Three studies investigated unintended effects of goals on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Ss read trait-implying sentences to memorize them, to analyze sentence features, or to make social judgments. Cued recall revealed unintended (spontaneous) trait and behavioral-gist inferences. They were equally frequent with all the social judgment goals and absent or infrequent with feature analysis goals. Memorizing the sentences while ignoring their…
Personality traits function as causal concepts
Culture as automatic processes for making meaning: Spontaneous trait inferences
On the relation between spontaneous trait inferences and intentional inferences: An inference monitoring hypothesis
Personality differences in spontaneous personality inferences at encoding
In this article, a method is described for studying personality differences in the spontaneous encoding of complex information about others, and is illustrated in a study of authoritarianism (F). Two sets of sentences were developed in pretesting. In the first set, events suggested a consensual disposition for each sentence actor to either high F (HF) or low F (LF) subjects. In the second set, events suggested a different consensual disposition t…
Does the BSRI inventory sex roles
Cultural Differences in Spontaneous Trait and Situation Inferences
Previous findings indicated that when people observe someone's behavior, they spontaneously infer the traits and situations that cause the target person's behavior. These inference processes are called spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) and spontaneous situation inferences (SSIs). While both patterns of inferences have been observed, no research has examined the extent to which people from different cultural backgrounds produce these inferences …
The causality implicit in traits
Seeing others through rose-colored glasses: An affiliation goal and positivity bias in implicit trait impressions
Attention allocation is a possible mediator of cultural variations in spontaneous trait and situation inferences: Eye-tracking evidence
Two studies sought to replicate previous work on cultural differences in the co-occurrence of spontaneous trait (STI) and situation (SSI) inferences, and to examine possible mediators at the individual level. Both studies replicated previous findings of cultural differences. European Americans made more STIs relative to SSIs than did Asian American or Japanese participants. However Experiment 1 found no evidence from the Analysis-Holism Scale (AH…
Social and biological intergroup hierarchy beliefs: A cross-cultural comparison between the US and South Korea
The present research investigated social and biological intergroup hierarchy beliefs in the US and South Korea, representative Northern European-heritage and East Asian cultures, respectively. We hypothesized that individual-orientation (the emphasis on individuals and individual achievements) and group-orientation (the emphasis on groups and efficient functioning of groups) would predict social and biological hierarchy beliefs differently within…
The Cross‐Cultural Interplay of Visual Attention and Artistic Design in Comics: Insights From Eye‐Tracking Evidence on American and Japanese Readers
This study investigated cross‐cultural differences in visual attention patterns during comic reading, focusing on participants with Japanese and American cultural backgrounds. Using an eye‐tracking paradigm, we examined attention processes as participants viewed pages from American comics and Japanese manga featuring objective or subjective viewpoints. The results showed that for objective pages, American readers exhibited relatively longer fixat…
Primed Self-Construal, Culture, and Stages of Impression Formation
The effects of culture on impression formation are widely documented but poorly understood. Priming independent and interdependent self-construals, and focusing on particular stages of impression formation, could help remedy this because such self-construals differ across cultures. In three experiments, participants' were primed with independent or interdependent self-construals before they formed spontaneous or intentional impressions of others.…
A nonparametric comparison of two small samples with many ties
Recall of Initial Response, Probability Scale Meaning, and the Group-Shift Effect
The results of three studies are reported in which male and female subjects responded to risk and caution life-dilemma problems in either a standard discussion or a control procedure. Exp. 1 showed that subjects' recall of their initial positions shifted to match their final positions but only on risk dilemmas. Exp. 2 reconstructed subjects' recall of their initial positions from their perceived shift and found that subjects' reconstructed recall…
Measurement and interpretation of situational and dispositional attributions
When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences
Do people make trait inferences, even without intentions or instructions, at the encoding stage of processing behavioral information? Tulving's encoding specificity paradigm (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) was adapted for two recall experiments. Under memory instructions only, subjects read sentences describing people performing actions that implied traits. Later, subjects recalled each sentence under one of three cuing conditions: (a) a dispositional …
How automatic are social judgments
Do people infer personality dispositions automatically when they encode behavior? Tulving's encoding-specificity paradigm was adapted to test three operational indicants of automatism: absence of intention, of interference from other mental activity, and of awareness. Recruited for a digit-recall study, subjects read sentences describing actions during the retention interval of either an easy or a difficult digit recall task. Later, sentence reca…
Does the BSRI inventory sex roles
Personality differences in spontaneous personality inferences at encoding
In this article, a method is described for studying personality differences in the spontaneous encoding of complex information about others, and is illustrated in a study of authoritarianism (F). Two sets of sentences were developed in pretesting. In the first set, events suggested a consensual disposition for each sentence actor to either high F (HF) or low F (LF) subjects. In the second set, events suggested a different consensual disposition t…
Can personality traits be inferred automatically? Spontaneous inferences require cognitive capacity at encoding
Unintended effects of goals on unintended inferences
Three studies investigated unintended effects of goals on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Ss read trait-implying sentences to memorize them, to analyze sentence features, or to make social judgments. Cued recall revealed unintended (spontaneous) trait and behavioral-gist inferences. They were equally frequent with all the social judgment goals and absent or infrequent with feature analysis goals. Memorizing the sentences while ignoring their…
Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures
The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was administered in Seoul and New York, to 454 students from 2 cultures that emphasize collectivism and individualism, respectively. Responses, coded into 33 categories, were classified as either abstract or specific and as either autonomous or social. These 2 dichotomies were more independent in Seoul than in New York. The New York sample included Asian American whose spontaneous social identities differed. They …
People as Flexible Interpreters: Evidence and Issues from Spontaneous Trait Inference
Variations in collectivism and individualism by ingroup and culture: Confirmatory factor analysis
Spontaneous causal inferences
Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm
A false recognition paradigm showed that spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) are bound to the person performing a trait-implying behavior. In 6 experiments, participants memorized faces and behavioral sentences. When faces were paired with implied traits in a recognition test, participants falsely recognized these traits more often than unrelated traits paired with the same faces or the same traits paired with familiar faces. The effect was obtai…
The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces
The Person Reference Process in Spontaneous Trait Inferences
Five studies examined whether spontaneous trait inferences uniquely reference the person who performed a trait-implying behavior. On each study trial in 5 studies, participants saw 2 faces and a behavioral sentence referring to one of them. Later, participants saw face-trait pairs and indicated whether they had seen the trait word in the sentence presented with the face. Participants falsely recognized implied traits more when these traits were p…
The new unconscious
Over the past two decades, a new picture of the unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. According to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. Moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. These processes range from comp…
The New Unconscious
Introduction: Becoming Aware of the New Unconscious JAMES S. ULEMAN PART I FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS 1. Who is the Controller of Controlled Processes? 2. Bypassing the Will: Towards Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior PART II BASIC MECHANISMS 3. The Interaction of Emotion and Cognition: The Relation Between the Human Amygdala and Cognitive Awareness 4. The Power of the Subliminal: On Subliminal Persuasion and Other Potential Appl…
Spontaneous Inferences, Implicit Impressions, and Implicit Theories
People make social inferences without intentions, awareness, or effort, i.e., spontaneously. We review recent findings on spontaneous social inferences (especially traits, goals, and causes) and closely related phenomena. We then describe current thinking on some of the most relevant processes, implicit knowledge, and theories. These include automatic and controlled processes and their interplay; embodied cognition, including mimicry; and associa…
Personality traits function as causal concepts
Spontaneous trait inference and construal level theory: Psychological distance increases nonconscious trait thinking
On the relation between spontaneous trait inferences and intentional inferences: An inference monitoring hypothesis
Primed Self-Construal, Culture, and Stages of Impression Formation
The effects of culture on impression formation are widely documented but poorly understood. Priming independent and interdependent self-construals, and focusing on particular stages of impression formation, could help remedy this because such self-construals differ across cultures. In three experiments, participants' were primed with independent or interdependent self-construals before they formed spontaneous or intentional impressions of others.…
A Brief History of Theory and Research on Impression Formation
Why do we view people as we do? What is scientifically tractable, in that view? How did subjective concepts such as traits become legitimate “objects of perception”? Thorndike, Asch, and Cronbach were critical. This chapter traces Asch’s legacy to the present and describes the strange independence of research on accuracy from social cognition. Impressions’ internal organization (not accuracy) became the foundation of research on the Big Two (warm…
Seeing others through rose-colored glasses: An affiliation goal and positivity bias in implicit trait impressions
Psychology (32 works) · Social Psychology (28 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (23 works) · Cognitive psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Trait (15 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (14 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Perception (10 works) · Recall (10 works)