When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6207196 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Laraine Winter, James S Uleman (0000-0001-8805-705X) |
| Year | 1984 |
| Volume | 47 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 237-252 |
| Publication date | 1984-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037//0022-3514.47.2.237 |
| PMID | 6481615 |
| OpenAlex | W4235989408 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 188 |
| References cited | 18 |
Do people make trait inferences, even without intentions or instructions, at the encoding stage of processing behavioral information? Tulving's encoding specificity paradigm (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) was adapted for two recall experiments. Under memory instructions only, subjects read sentences describing people performing actions that implied traits. Later, subjects recalled each sentence under one of three cuing conditions: (a) a dispositional cue (e.g., generous), (b) a strong, nondispositional semantic associate to an important sentence word; or (c) no cue. Recall was best when cued by the disposition words. Subjects were unaware of having made trait inferences. Interpreted in terms of encoding specificity, these results indicate that subjects unintentionally made trait inferences at encoding. This suggests that attributions may be made spontaneously, as part of the routine comprehension of social events
Attribution · Cognition · Cognitive psychology · Comprehension · Cued recall · Encoding (memory) · Encoding specificity principle · Free recall · Inference · Linguistics · Perception · Recall · Recall test · Sentence · Social approval · Social cognition · Social perception · Trait · Artificial Intelligence · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
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Perspective-taking and empathy
Revisiting Spontaneous Trait Inferences
Nanny State” Politics
"Uma análise do progresso científico da Cognição Social à luz da perspetiva do "novo Experimentalismo
Acknowledging the role of word-based activation in spontaneous trait inferences
The Influence of Prior Knowledge on the Time Course of Clinical Diagnosis Inferences
Mixed impressions
Automatic and effortful processing in depression
Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences
The correspondence bias
Causal attribution across cultures
Thinking backward
Reversing roles
Individual construct accessibility, person memory, and the recall-judgment link
The referents of trait inferences
The perceiver as perceived
Person memory
Influence of indirect information on interpersonal trust despite direct information
Is there a hierarchy of social inferences? The likelihood and speed of inferring intentionality, mind, and personality
Stereotypes and tacit inference
Spontaneous trait transference
Infants’ generalizations about other people’s emotions
The Influence of Reader's Stereotypes on the Assessment of Fictional Characters
Stained Red
The unbearable automaticity of being
Construal-level theory of psychological distance.
Implicit social cognition
Morality
Nonverbal Behavior
Automaticity and the Unconscious
The Cognitive‐Affective Processing System
Human cognition in its social context.
An information search model of evaluative concerns in intergroup interaction.
Perceiving persons and groups.
The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line.
Person memory and judgment.
An Attributional Analysis of Reactions to Poverty
Automatic Activation of Stereotypes
People as Flexible Interpreters
How Stories Make Sense of Personal Experiences
Social evaluation by preverbal infants
The Social Distance Theory of Power
Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.
Thinking About Other People
The Malleability of Stereotype Effects on Spontaneous Trait Inferences
Multiple Behavior Descriptions Affect the Acquisitions of STI and STT
Personality Factors' Impact on the Structural Integrity of Mentalizing Network in Old Age
The Development of Spontaneous Trait Inferences
The Development of Spontaneous Trait Inferences
Selective traits and general rewards
High-low level features of destination personality
Aesthetic Motivation Impacts Judgments of Others’ Prosociality and Mental Life
Law and order
Impression transference from AI to human
When does the forgetting of trait-implying behaviors affect subsequent person impressions
Inferences about women’s traits influence the judgment of their eye contact
Empathising with masked targets
The influence of memory for impressions based on behaviours and beliefs on approach/avoidance decisions
Spontaneous Trait Inferences From Behavior
The Spontaneous Counterfactual Inference Task
Remembering Social Events
Perceiver Positivity Differences Originate in Early-Stage Impression Formation
Trolling is in the Eye of the Beholder
Perceived differences in partner extraversion and agreeableness modulate task co-representation in joint action
Can personality traits be inferred automatically? Spontaneous inferences require cognitive capacity at encoding
Unobservable stereotypes are more malleable than observable stereotypes in implicit person perception
The role of context in sociolinguistic perception
Moral Character Impression Formation Depends on the Valence Homogeneity of the Context
Converting Verbs into Adjectives
Resisting Stereotype Change
Seeing The World Through Rose‐colored Glasses? Neglect of Consensus Information in Young Children's Personality Judgments
Employee performance and abusive supervision
Perceiving a story outside of conscious awareness
The perception-behavior expressway
A Brief History of Theory and Research on Impression Formation
Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation
Interpersonal Perception
An Anchoring and Adjustment Model of Spousal Predictions
Dimensions of Consumer Expertise
What the Need for Closure Scale measures and what it does not
Personality differences in spontaneous personality inferences at encoding
Individual differences in social categorization
On cognitive busyness
Impact of context on spontaneous trait and situational attributions
Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces
Unintended effects of goals on unintended inferences
Thinking about people
Attributional orientations and the prediction of behavior
Development and mental representation of stereotypes
Sowing the seeds of stereotypes
Revising disrupted impressions through conversation
On the spontaneity of trait attribution
Automatic activation of impression formation and memorization goals
Savings in relearning
"Multiple inference-inviting properties" of interpersonal verbs
Development and representation of personality impressions
Meta-stereotype activation
Of thoughts unspoken
Saying no to unwanted thoughts
Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences
Controlled and automatic human information processing
Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.
Salience, Attention, and Attribution
Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words
Automatic and effortful processes in memory.
Controlled and automatic human information processing
From Acts To Dispositions The Attribution Process In Person Perception
Telling more than we can know
Courses of Misrecall over Long-Term Retention Intervals as Related to Strength of Pre-Experimental Habits of Word Association
Role of disconfirmed expectancies in the instigation of attributional processing
Salience and the cognitive mediation of attribution
The dispositional shift in attribution over time
The cognitive dynamics of salience in the attribution process
Outcome dependency
When people ask "why" questions, and the heuristics of attributional search
Judgmental biases resulting from differing availabilities of arguments
The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons
| Unique citing works | 184 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4,59 |
| Citation span | 1985 - 2026 (42) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 162 |