Telling more than we can know
Verbal reports on mental processes.
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23312911 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Richard E Nisbett, Timothy D Wilson (0000-0003-3106-1212) |
| Year | 1977 |
| Volume | 84 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 231-259 |
| Publication date | 1977-05-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Psychological Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0033-295X • E-ISSN: 1939-1471 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 |
| OpenAlex | W2164558494 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 2.139 |
| References cited | 44 |
Evidence is reviewed which suggests that there may be little or no direct introspective access to higher order cognitive processes. Subjects are sometimes (a) unaware of the existence of a stimulus that importantly influenced a response, (b) unaware of the existence of the response, and (c) unaware that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when people attempt to report on their cognitive processes, that is, on the processes mediating the effects of a stimulus on a response, they do not do so on the basis of any true introspection. Instead, their reports are based on a priori, implicit causal theories, or judgments about the extent to which a particular stimulus is a plausible cause of a given response. This suggests that though people may not be able to observe directly their cognitive processes, they will sometimes be able to report accurately about them. Accurate reports will occur when influential stimuli are salient and are plausible causes of the responses they produce, and will not occur when stimuli are not salient or are not plausible causes.
Cognitive psychology · Developmental psychology · Nonverbal communication · Child and Animal Learning Development · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics · Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies · Psychology
Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment
Female Choice in the Context of Donor Insemination
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Invisible Rankings
Fertility and race perception predict voter preference for Barack Obama
A Norwegian note on “sperm donor selection and the psychology of female mate choice”
Evolution and Sex Differences in Preferences for Short-Term Mates Results from a Policy Capturing Study
Illusionary pattern detection in habitual gamblers
Involuntary Autobiographical Memories
Dialog-Konsens-Methoden
The Self as Narrator
Ambiguity and Self-Evaluation
Ungewisse Zukunft, Kompetenzerwerb und Bildung
Feelings-as-Information Theory
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Geschlechtliche Vielfalt (er)leben
Unspoken Politics
The Think-Aloud Controversy in Second Language Research
Pathological gambling
The Grammar of Society
If We Care, We Should Take Care of Them
Bilinguals and Their Perceptions of Both Languages in Their Brains
The concept of free will
Manager-Subordinate Control Patterns and Judgments About the Relationship
Male-Female Communication on the Job
Group Communication Networking in an Information Environment
Communication Networking in Computer-Conferencing Systems
Locating Risk in the Adolescent Brain
Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma
Jueces e injusticias epistémicas
Folk Psychology and the Interpretation of Decision Theory
Other-initiated repair across languages
Theophanis the Monk and Monoimus the Arab in a Phenomenological-Cognitive Perspective
Parallels between Mindfulness and First-person Research into Consciousness
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Digital Literacy Through Digital Citizenship
There is broad consensus
The perceived meaning of the video game experience
The Mediator Role of Self Concept Clarity on the Relationship Between the Need for Absolute Truth,Problem Solving and Symptoms of Stress in Gay Men
Moral Competence and Foundations of Moral Judgment. An Empirical Exploration of Concepts and New Possibilities for Understanding
Adapting computational text analysis to social science (and vice versa)
Actual Cleaning and Simulated Cleaning Attenuate Psychological and Physiological Effects of Stressful Events
The relationship between education and ethnic minority factors in income among Asian Americans
Only believers rely on God? A new measure to investigate Catholic faith automatic associations and their relationship with psychological well-being
Does think mean the same thing as believe? Linguistic insights into religious cognition
What are users thinking in a virtual world lesson? Using stimulated recall interviews to report student cognition, and its triggers
Neural Prediction of Communication-Relevant Outcomes
Choice awareness and manipulation blindness
La metáfora de la confrontación y los argumentadores razonables
Conscious Thought and The Limits of Restrictivism
The donation method
A Credibility Revolution for Relationship Science
Stasis and change
Great Expectations
Sympathetic Magic
Humiliation and the Inertia Effect
Changes in Alcohol Use During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Morality in the Law
Providing Expert Knowledge in an Adversarial Context
Comparing Negative and Positive Campaign Messages
When Tex and Tess Carpenter Build Houses in Texas
Harm mediates the disgust-immorality link
The substitutability of physical and social warmth in daily life
Emotions and concerns
Emotional salience, emotional awareness, peculiar beliefs, and magical thinking
Pandemic boredom
Feeling certain
Sources of accuracy in the empathic accuracy paradigm
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It’s a challenge! Empathizing with sad but not with angry individuals results in cardiovascular reactivity consistent with a challenge motivational state
Moral masochism
The social perception of emotional abilities
The empathy impulse
Preference and the specificity of goals
First-Person Access
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Descriptive Experience Sampling
The Role of Argument Strength and Informational Biases in Polarization and Bi-Polarization Effects
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Política ambiental para quem
Expertise in interpreting
Pathways to women's empowerment and social inclusion through cooperative entrepreneurship
Identity, Ideology and Child Soldiering
Cultural differences in self and affect through drawings of personal experiences
Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development.
Psychiatric Classification and Diagnosis
The psychological costs of painless but recurring experiences of racial discrimination
Domain identification moderates the effect of positive stereotypes on Chinese American women’s math performance
Asking questions about behavior
Wundt, Völkerpsychologie, and experimental social psychology
Primacy and Recency Effects on Clicking Behavior
"Comment on Blight and Lang's "Burden of nuclear responsibility
Reliving history
Forensic clinicians’ understanding of bias
Dangerously misunderstood
Prescriptive approaches to communicating the risk of violence in actuarial risk assessment
Pretrial publicity
Cognitive bias in forensic mental health assessment
Transfer to adult court
Child support and the custodial mother’s move or remarriage
Why families move
The language of social research
A new look at the new look
Self-perception
Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations.
The Reinforcing Effect of Two Spoken Sounds on the Frequency of Two Responses
Comparison of Bayesian and regression approaches to the study of information processing in judgment
Reasoning in humans. II. The solution of a problem and its appearance in consciousness.
Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs.
Judgment under Uncertainty
On the psychology of prediction.
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Self-Perception Theory
Personal Knowledge
The Intuitive Psychologist And His Shortcomings
Great Aspirations
Attitudinal effects of inadequate justification
The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspects of task performance 1
The role of awareness in verbal conditioning
Deception in social research
Discrepant Membership as an Occasion for Effective Cooperation
Effects of cognitive desensitization on avoidance behavior
Expectancy and apparent duration as determinants of fatigue
Realignment of discrepant reinforcement value
Effects of expected shock and relevant or irrelevant dissonance on incidental retention
Toward an attribution therapy
Attitudinal effects of mere exposure
Increased Liking as a Result of the Anticipation of Personal Contact
Cognitive manipulation of pain
Long-term behavioral effects of cognitive dissonance
The facilitating and interfering effects of cognitive dissonance on Simple and Complex paired associates learning tasks
The perception of consistency in attitudes
Energizing effects of cognitive dissonance upon dominant and subordinate responses
General motivational effects of dissonance arousal
Testing the Self-Perception Explanation of Dissonance Phenomena
Dissonance arousal and task performance in an incidental verbal learning paradigm
Insomnia and the attribution process
The halo effect
Maintenance of self-attributed and drug-attributed behavior change
Availability
Reduction of cognitive dissonance through task enhancement and effort expenditure
Epinephrine, chlorpromazine, and amusement
The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group
| Unique citing works | 2.139 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 43,65 |
| Citation span | 1977 - 2026 (50) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 1.588 |