Shaul Bakhash
Biographic Data
| ID | 168201 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Shaul Bakhash |
| GIVEN NAMES | Shaul |
| FAMILY NAME | Bakhash |
| SIGNATURE | BAKHASH S |
| AFFILIATIONS | George Mason University |
| ORCID | 0009-0004-0109-2573 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 19 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1968 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Iran’s Man for all Seasons: The Rise and Fall of Taymourtash
Abdol-Hossain Taymourtash, Reza Shah’s first minister of court, was universally recognized as the most powerful man in Iran after the shah himself. He was the lieutenant, ran the government for him. He played a key role at the shah’s side in selecting cabinet ministers and the deputies to be elected to parliament. He helped shape and realize Reza Shah’s vision for the revival and modernization of Iran. Yet in 1933, royal favor was suddenly withdr…
The ‘Officers Plot’: The German fifth column during the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran in the Second World War
In November, 1942, during the Anglo-Russian occupation of Iran in World War II, the British discovered the secret home of Franz Mayer, the undercover German political intelligence agent and spy for whom they had long been looking. Mayer had left behind a cache of documents providing, among other matters, the identities of a number of high-ranking Iranians in the military, police and public officer working with him on a plan for an uprising agains…
Shi'ism, Resistance, and Revolution
The Johannesburg exile and the death of Reza Shah, 1942-44
Reza Shah spent the last two years of his life in exile in Johannesburg, being allowed to relocate after several unhappy months on the island of Mauritius. He was more content in Johannesburg than in Mauritius. He took walks, was impressed by the broad avenues, the orderliness of the people and the presence of women in the workplace. He was able to receive visits from family members in Iran. However, problems remained. His sons were not getting a…
Shi'ism, Resistance, and Revolution
‘This is a Prison…A Death in Life’: Reza Shah’s troubled exile on the Island of Mauritius
Reza Shah, the feared and powerful master of Iran for nearly two decades, spent the last years of his life in lonely exile, on the island of Mauritius, then in South Africa. His life in exile was hardly a happy one. The place and conditions of his exile were dictated not by himself but by the British, and the relationship between the two remained uneasy. Britain’s handling of Reza Shah – the degree and freedom and choice they were prepared to all…
A matter of political expediency’: Iran, Britain, South Africa and the settlement of Reza Shah's estate
When Reza Shah, the former ruler of Iran, died in exile in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1944, he left some £110,000 in cash in his bank account and valuables and other items worth another £20,000. But he left no will; and the Union government proceeded to impose a tax amounting to over £43,000 (one-third of the total value) and to distribute the remainder among heirs as specified in Union law for persons who had died intestate. Reza Shah's son,…
Where Do I Go without Money?” Reza Shah’s Finances in Exile
When Reza Shah died in exile in Johannesburg, South Africa, in July 1944, he left in his account at Barclays Bank a deposit of £110,000, a considerable amount of money. Yet when he went into exile only three years earlier, Reza Shah feared he would be hard-pressed for money, if not left altogether destitute—and with good reason. He left Iran with a “horde” of progeny, family members and retainers. Before departing, he had ceded all his enormous w…
Reza Shah’s journey into exile
On September 16, 1941, three weeks after British and Soviet troops invaded Iran in the Second World War and occupied the country, Reza Shah abdicated the throne in favor of his son, quit Iranian soil and boarded a British ship to go into exile. The British refused to allow Reza Shah to choose his own place of exile (South America) and sent him to the island of Mauritius. This article examines British thinking that resulted in the choice of Maurit…
Britain and the abdication of Reza Shah
On the eve of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in the Second World War, Sir Reader Bullard, the British minister in Tehran, urged on his government the desirability of removing the Iranian ruler, Reza Shah, from office. Association with the ‘universally detested’ shah, whom he described as a ‘greedy ignorant savage’, was detrimental to Britain's interests and its war effort. In the weeks that followed the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran, Bullard…
Iran's Deepening Internal Crisis
[Thirty-three] years after the revolution, Iran’s ruling elite is still unable to resolve differences on policy and the country’s future direction through negotiation and compromise
The Troubled Relationship: Iran and Iraq, 1930–80
The relationship between Iran and Iraq, since Iraq achieved independence in 1932, has been marked by periods of alliance and cooperation and also periods of rivalry, friction, and devastating war. Cooperation was largely the product of the common regional security needs of the two countries and brought Iran and Iraq together in the Saadabad Pact in 1937 and the Baghdad Pact in 1955. Friction resulted from border disputes, particularly over the Sh…
Iran's Remarkable Election
Iran’s Remarkable Election Shaul Bakhash (bio) In May 1997, the Islamic Republic of Iran presented the world the remarkable spectacle of an autocratic, repressive regime that bans political parties holding a free and fair presidential election. In a hard-fought and highly competitive contest, former minister of culture Mohammad Khatami gained an upset victory over Speaker of the Majlis (parliament) Ali Akbar Nateq-Nuri, winning almost 70 percent …
The U. S. and Iran: An Offer They Can't Refuse
Iran in the Twentieth Century: A Political History.
Islamic Liberalism
Islamic Liberalism Shaul Bakhash (bio) Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies by Leonard Binder. University of Chicago Press, 1988. 399 pp. The recent Islamic revival in the Middle East has often taken the form of cultural assertiveness, hostility to the West, and rejection of Western forms of economic and political organization, including capitalism and democracy. Exponents of the Islamic revival argue for the superiority of th…
Islam, Biography, and the Transmission of Knowledge
The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution
Arms and Oil: U.S. Military Strategy and the Persian Gulf, by Thomas L. McNaugher
Journal Article Arms and Oil: U.S. Military Strategy and the Persian Gulf, by Thomas L. McNaugher Get access Arms and Oil: U.S. Military Strategy and the Persian Gulf by Thomas L. McNaugher. Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution, 1985. 266 pp. Cloth, $26.95; paper, $9.95. Shaul Bakhash Shaul Bakhash George Mason University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 101, Issue 3, …
The Persian Gulf
The focus and context of the great powers' interest in the Persian Gulf has altered —often subtly, sometimes dramatically —since Britain established its hegemony in the region in the 19th century. Britain engaged in a lucrative trade, but primarily sought to protect imperial communications and the approaches to India. Today, it is oil that gives the region its strategic importance. For a number of years after World War II, Britain remained the pa…
Sermons, Revolutionary Pamphleteering and Mobilisation: Iran, 1978
On 6 January 1978, the Iranian Minister of Information handed to a reporter of the newspaper, Ettelaˈat, a brown manila envelope containing an article that the newspaper was ordered to publish. The imposition of officially-inspired articles on the Tehran press was at the time standard government practice. When Ettelaˈat's editors examined the article, they were appalled. The article was a scurrilous attack on Ayatollah Khomeini. It described him …
The Reign of the Ayatollahs
Center-Periphery Relations in Nineteenth-Century Iran
When Aqa Mohammad Shah Qajar overthrew the Zand dynasty and established himself on the Persian throne in 1794, large parts of the country were in the hands of tribal chieftains and local leaders. Aqa Mohammad himself had to fight several campaigns to assert his control over the provinces. Under his successors, further campaigns were waged to extend or, more frequently, to maintain or reassert central authority. In the second half of Naser al-Din …
The evolution of Qajar bureacracy: 1779–1879
When Agha Muhammad Qajar (1779-97) left Shiraz at the death of Karim Khan (1750-79) and rode to the Qajar tribal country, he did more than collect horsemen for his tribal army. At Astarabad, the home of the Qajars, he took into his employ one Mirza Isma'il, a steward to a Qajar tribal chief, as his revenue officer (ntustawfi). At Mazanderan, he picked up a second officer, Mirza Asadullah Nuri, to act as revenue officer-secretary to the army (lash…
Rationality” and “Irrationality” in Iranian Foreign Policy
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Reign of the Ayatollahs
Center-Periphery Relations in Nineteenth-Century Iran
When Aqa Mohammad Shah Qajar overthrew the Zand dynasty and established himself on the Persian throne in 1794, large parts of the country were in the hands of tribal chieftains and local leaders. Aqa Mohammad himself had to fight several campaigns to assert his control over the provinces. Under his successors, further campaigns were waged to extend or, more frequently, to maintain or reassert central authority. In the second half of Naser al-Din …
Iran's Remarkable Election
Iran’s Remarkable Election Shaul Bakhash (bio) In May 1997, the Islamic Republic of Iran presented the world the remarkable spectacle of an autocratic, repressive regime that bans political parties holding a free and fair presidential election. In a hard-fought and highly competitive contest, former minister of culture Mohammad Khatami gained an upset victory over Speaker of the Majlis (parliament) Ali Akbar Nateq-Nuri, winning almost 70 percent …
Iran’s Man for all Seasons: The Rise and Fall of Taymourtash
Abdol-Hossain Taymourtash, Reza Shah’s first minister of court, was universally recognized as the most powerful man in Iran after the shah himself. He was the lieutenant, ran the government for him. He played a key role at the shah’s side in selecting cabinet ministers and the deputies to be elected to parliament. He helped shape and realize Reza Shah’s vision for the revival and modernization of Iran. Yet in 1933, royal favor was suddenly withdr…
The Persian Gulf
The focus and context of the great powers' interest in the Persian Gulf has altered —often subtly, sometimes dramatically —since Britain established its hegemony in the region in the 19th century. Britain engaged in a lucrative trade, but primarily sought to protect imperial communications and the approaches to India. Today, it is oil that gives the region its strategic importance. For a number of years after World War II, Britain remained the pa…
The evolution of Qajar bureacracy: 1779–1879
When Agha Muhammad Qajar (1779-97) left Shiraz at the death of Karim Khan (1750-79) and rode to the Qajar tribal country, he did more than collect horsemen for his tribal army. At Astarabad, the home of the Qajars, he took into his employ one Mirza Isma'il, a steward to a Qajar tribal chief, as his revenue officer (ntustawfi). At Mazanderan, he picked up a second officer, Mirza Asadullah Nuri, to act as revenue officer-secretary to the army (lash…
Rationality” and “Irrationality” in Iranian Foreign Policy
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The evolution of Qajar bureacracy: 1779–1879
When Agha Muhammad Qajar (1779-97) left Shiraz at the death of Karim Khan (1750-79) and rode to the Qajar tribal country, he did more than collect horsemen for his tribal army. At Astarabad, the home of the Qajars, he took into his employ one Mirza Isma'il, a steward to a Qajar tribal chief, as his revenue officer (ntustawfi). At Mazanderan, he picked up a second officer, Mirza Asadullah Nuri, to act as revenue officer-secretary to the army (lash…
Center-Periphery Relations in Nineteenth-Century Iran
When Aqa Mohammad Shah Qajar overthrew the Zand dynasty and established himself on the Persian throne in 1794, large parts of the country were in the hands of tribal chieftains and local leaders. Aqa Mohammad himself had to fight several campaigns to assert his control over the provinces. Under his successors, further campaigns were waged to extend or, more frequently, to maintain or reassert central authority. In the second half of Naser al-Din …
Sermons, Revolutionary Pamphleteering and Mobilisation: Iran, 1978
On 6 January 1978, the Iranian Minister of Information handed to a reporter of the newspaper, Ettelaˈat, a brown manila envelope containing an article that the newspaper was ordered to publish. The imposition of officially-inspired articles on the Tehran press was at the time standard government practice. When Ettelaˈat's editors examined the article, they were appalled. The article was a scurrilous attack on Ayatollah Khomeini. It described him …
The Reign of the Ayatollahs
The Persian Gulf
The focus and context of the great powers' interest in the Persian Gulf has altered —often subtly, sometimes dramatically —since Britain established its hegemony in the region in the 19th century. Britain engaged in a lucrative trade, but primarily sought to protect imperial communications and the approaches to India. Today, it is oil that gives the region its strategic importance. For a number of years after World War II, Britain remained the pa…
The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution
Arms and Oil: U.S. Military Strategy and the Persian Gulf, by Thomas L. McNaugher
Journal Article Arms and Oil: U.S. Military Strategy and the Persian Gulf, by Thomas L. McNaugher Get access Arms and Oil: U.S. Military Strategy and the Persian Gulf by Thomas L. McNaugher. Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution, 1985. 266 pp. Cloth, $26.95; paper, $9.95. Shaul Bakhash Shaul Bakhash George Mason University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 101, Issue 3, …
Islam, Biography, and the Transmission of Knowledge
Islamic Liberalism
Islamic Liberalism Shaul Bakhash (bio) Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies by Leonard Binder. University of Chicago Press, 1988. 399 pp. The recent Islamic revival in the Middle East has often taken the form of cultural assertiveness, hostility to the West, and rejection of Western forms of economic and political organization, including capitalism and democracy. Exponents of the Islamic revival argue for the superiority of th…
Iran in the Twentieth Century: A Political History.
The U. S. and Iran: An Offer They Can't Refuse
Iran's Remarkable Election
Iran’s Remarkable Election Shaul Bakhash (bio) In May 1997, the Islamic Republic of Iran presented the world the remarkable spectacle of an autocratic, repressive regime that bans political parties holding a free and fair presidential election. In a hard-fought and highly competitive contest, former minister of culture Mohammad Khatami gained an upset victory over Speaker of the Majlis (parliament) Ali Akbar Nateq-Nuri, winning almost 70 percent …
The Troubled Relationship: Iran and Iraq, 1930–80
The relationship between Iran and Iraq, since Iraq achieved independence in 1932, has been marked by periods of alliance and cooperation and also periods of rivalry, friction, and devastating war. Cooperation was largely the product of the common regional security needs of the two countries and brought Iran and Iraq together in the Saadabad Pact in 1937 and the Baghdad Pact in 1955. Friction resulted from border disputes, particularly over the Sh…
Iran's Deepening Internal Crisis
[Thirty-three] years after the revolution, Iran’s ruling elite is still unable to resolve differences on policy and the country’s future direction through negotiation and compromise
Britain and the abdication of Reza Shah
On the eve of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in the Second World War, Sir Reader Bullard, the British minister in Tehran, urged on his government the desirability of removing the Iranian ruler, Reza Shah, from office. Association with the ‘universally detested’ shah, whom he described as a ‘greedy ignorant savage’, was detrimental to Britain's interests and its war effort. In the weeks that followed the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran, Bullard…
A matter of political expediency’: Iran, Britain, South Africa and the settlement of Reza Shah's estate
When Reza Shah, the former ruler of Iran, died in exile in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1944, he left some £110,000 in cash in his bank account and valuables and other items worth another £20,000. But he left no will; and the Union government proceeded to impose a tax amounting to over £43,000 (one-third of the total value) and to distribute the remainder among heirs as specified in Union law for persons who had died intestate. Reza Shah's son,…
Where Do I Go without Money?” Reza Shah’s Finances in Exile
When Reza Shah died in exile in Johannesburg, South Africa, in July 1944, he left in his account at Barclays Bank a deposit of £110,000, a considerable amount of money. Yet when he went into exile only three years earlier, Reza Shah feared he would be hard-pressed for money, if not left altogether destitute—and with good reason. He left Iran with a “horde” of progeny, family members and retainers. Before departing, he had ceded all his enormous w…
Reza Shah’s journey into exile
On September 16, 1941, three weeks after British and Soviet troops invaded Iran in the Second World War and occupied the country, Reza Shah abdicated the throne in favor of his son, quit Iranian soil and boarded a British ship to go into exile. The British refused to allow Reza Shah to choose his own place of exile (South America) and sent him to the island of Mauritius. This article examines British thinking that resulted in the choice of Maurit…
‘This is a Prison…A Death in Life’: Reza Shah’s troubled exile on the Island of Mauritius
Reza Shah, the feared and powerful master of Iran for nearly two decades, spent the last years of his life in lonely exile, on the island of Mauritius, then in South Africa. His life in exile was hardly a happy one. The place and conditions of his exile were dictated not by himself but by the British, and the relationship between the two remained uneasy. Britain’s handling of Reza Shah – the degree and freedom and choice they were prepared to all…
Shi'ism, Resistance, and Revolution
The Johannesburg exile and the death of Reza Shah, 1942-44
Reza Shah spent the last two years of his life in exile in Johannesburg, being allowed to relocate after several unhappy months on the island of Mauritius. He was more content in Johannesburg than in Mauritius. He took walks, was impressed by the broad avenues, the orderliness of the people and the presence of women in the workplace. He was able to receive visits from family members in Iran. However, problems remained. His sons were not getting a…
Shi'ism, Resistance, and Revolution
The ‘Officers Plot’: The German fifth column during the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran in the Second World War
In November, 1942, during the Anglo-Russian occupation of Iran in World War II, the British discovered the secret home of Franz Mayer, the undercover German political intelligence agent and spy for whom they had long been looking. Mayer had left behind a cache of documents providing, among other matters, the identities of a number of high-ranking Iranians in the military, police and public officer working with him on a plan for an uprising agains…
Iran’s Man for all Seasons: The Rise and Fall of Taymourtash
Abdol-Hossain Taymourtash, Reza Shah’s first minister of court, was universally recognized as the most powerful man in Iran after the shah himself. He was the lieutenant, ran the government for him. He played a key role at the shah’s side in selecting cabinet ministers and the deputies to be elected to parliament. He helped shape and realize Reza Shah’s vision for the revival and modernization of Iran. Yet in 1933, royal favor was suddenly withdr…
History (20 works) · Political science (20 works) · Islamic Studies and History (18 works) · Law (18 works) · Politics (17 works) · Ancient history (15 works) · History (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Economic history (9 works) · Economics (6 works)