Joshua Correll
Biographic Data
| ID | 170571 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Joshua Correll |
| GIVEN NAMES | Joshua |
| FAMILY NAME | Correll |
| SIGNATURE | CORRELL J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Colorado Boulder |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1142-459X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 44 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 639 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 44 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Can a Single Cue Reduce Bias
Many companies simplify information to ease human decision-making. They assume if the available information is less ambiguous, judgments will be less biased. Prior literature suggests when multiple decision-relevant cues are available, perceivers differentially weigh cues to justify biased decisions. Therefore, if a perceiver has access to only one cue, bias may be reduced. In three studies, participants made several selection decisions. We manip…
Does attending to the nose vs. eyes reduce the cross-race recognition deficit? A systematic test
People typically demonstrate poorer recognition for faces from racial outgroups compared to ingroups, a phenomenon known as the cross-race recognition deficit (CRD). In the present research, we tested one influential account of this effect: the diagnostic-features model. This model proposes that, through experience, the perceptual system becomes tuned to race-specific diagnostic features (e.g., eyes for White faces, nose for Black faces), and tha…
Dissecting cross-category recognition: A methodological test of the theory of perceptual expertise
The Cambridge Handbook of Implicit Bias and Racism
The concept of implicit bias – the idea that the unconscious mind might hold and use negative evaluations of social groups that cannot be documented via explicit measures of prejudice – is a hot topic in the social and behavioral sciences. It has also become a part of popular culture, while interventions to reduce implicit bias have been introduced in police forces, educational settings, and workplaces. Yet researchers still have much to understa…
The mental representation of ingroup and outgroup faces
Ethnicity critically impacts perceivers' ability to individuate and recognize faces. Valentine (1991) proposed a face space model in part to account for these effects, and although it has received significant attention, basic questions derived from that model have yet to be satisfactorily tested. Across three large-scale studies, over 10,000 human participants provided similarity judgments of pairs of faces. All studies used a full ingroup-outgro…
Examining the Impact of Social and Perceptual Encoding Strategies on the Cross‐Race Recognition Deficit
The cross‐race recognition deficit (CRD) involves poorer recognition of faces perceived as cross‐race compared to faces perceived as the same race. In this literature, research has examined social and perceptual encoding in the CRD separately. Recent research comparing these strategies shows that encoding faces based on social information (personality traits) enhances face recognition relative to encoding faces based on perceptual information (fa…
Examining the Contribution of Physical Cues for Same- and Cross-Race Face Individuation
Face individuation involves sensitivity to physical characteristics that provide information about identity. We examined whether Black and White American faces differ in terms of individuating information, and whether Black and White perceivers differentially weight information when judging same-race and cross-race faces. Study 1 analyzed 20 structural metrics (e.g., eye width, nose length) of 158 Black and White faces to determine which differen…
Nonlinear relationships between eye gaze and recognition accuracy for ethnic ingroup and outgroup faces
Researchers have used eye-tracking measures to explore the relationship between face encoding and recognition, including the impact of ethnicity on this relationship. Previous studies offer a variety of conflicting conclusions. This confusion may stem from misestimation of the relationship between encoding and recognition. First, most previous models fail to account for the structure of eye-tracking data, potentially falling prey to Simpson's par…
A contest study to reduce attractiveness-based discrimination in social judgment
Discrimination in the evaluation of others is a key cause of social inequality around the world. However, relatively little is known about psychological interventions that can be used to prevent biased evaluations. The limited evidence that exists on these strategies is spread across many methods and populations, making it difficult to generate reliable best practices that can be effective across contexts. In the present work, we held a research …
Behavioral descriptions pretested for racial stereotypicality and valence: Data from an American and a Portuguese sample
In social psychology research, there are several kinds of stereotypical materials that can be used – faces, videos, lists of words, attributes. However, when it comes to behavioral sentences, there is a lack of pre-tested racial stimuli available in the literature. To fill the gap, this paper provides two lists of 154 short behavioral sentences, with stereotypicality (white to black) and valence (negative to positive) ratings. The first list was …
Does Cross-Race Contact Improve Cross-Race Face Perception? A Meta-Analysis of the Cross-Race Deficit and Contact
Contact with racial outgroups is thought to reduce the cross-race recognition deficit (CRD), the tendency for people to recognize same-race (i.e., ingroup) faces more accurately than cross-race (i.e., outgroup) faces. In 2001, Meissner and Brigham conducted a meta-analysis in which they examined this question and found a meta-analytic effect of r = −.13. We conduct a new meta-analysis based on 20 years of additional data to update the estimate of…
Do individuation instructions reduce the cross-race effect? A registered replication of
Beyond stereotypes: The complexity of attention to racial out‐group faces
The current paper seeks to integrate social and cognitive psychological literature to provide a multifaceted understanding of attention to race. Social psychological studies show that participants demonstrate attentional bias to racial out-group versus in-group faces. Most of this research utilizes White participants and examines the attentional bias to Black faces, concluding that threat stereotypes or negative racial attitudes underlie attentio…
An error in the analysis of “An eye for the I”
2014[Jul], Vol 107[1], 1-20). Kawakami and colleagues (Kawakami et al., 2014) conducted a series of studies in which participants saw pairs of faces (e.g., one Black and one White, or one ingroup and one outgroup) while eye tracking data were recorded. Because two faces were presented simultaneously, participants were allowed to choose how to allocate attention between the two faces. Often, they attended to one type of face more the other, creati…
Perceptual tuning through contact? Contact interacts with perceptual (not memory-based) face-processing ability to predict cross-race recognition
The effects of category and physical features on stereotyping and evaluation
A Social Scientific Approach toward Understanding Racial Disparities in Police Shooting: Data from the Department of Justice (1980–2000)
We analyze data from 213 metropolitan areas over a 21‐year period, and examine two possible reasons for the disproportionately high number of Black suspects killed in police officer‐involved shootings. One account suggests that such shootings reflect racial bias on the part of police. A second account suggests that Black suspects behave differently (perhaps more aggressively) than White suspects, and that police respond to suspects’ behavior (but…
Attentional Biases Toward Latinos
The current research examined attention allocation to assess whether people preferentially attend to Latino versus White faces. The current work also tested whether this attentional bias depended on whether the task involved a bi-ethnic context (only Latino and White faces) or a multi-ethnic context (Black, Latino, and White faces). Attention was measured with an exogenous cueing task that assessed attentional capture and holding toward faces of …
The Chicago face database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data
Stereotypic vision: How stereotypes disambiguate visual stimuli
Three studies examined how participants use race to disambiguate visual stimuli. Participants performed a first-person-shooter task in which Black and White targets appeared holding either a gun or an innocuous object (e.g., a wallet). In Study 1, diffusion analysis (Ratcliff, 1978) showed that participants rapidly acquired information about a gun when it appeared in the hands of a Black target, and about an innocuous object in the hands of a Whi…
Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias
Although performance on laboratory-based implicit bias tasks often is interpreted strictly in terms of the strength of automatic associations, recent evidence suggests that such tasks are influenced by higher-order cognitive control processes, so-called executive functions (EFs). However, extant work in this area has been limited by failure to account for the unity and diversity of EFs, focus on only a single measure of bias and/or EF, and relati…
The Police Officer's Dilemma: A Decade of Research on Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot
We review sociological, correlational, and experimental research that examines the effect of a target's race on the decision to shoot. Much of this work involves computer‐based simulations of a police encounter, in which a participant must decide whether or not to shoot a potentially hostile target who is either Black or White. Experimental work with undergraduate participants reveals a clear pattern of bias (a tendency to shoot Black targets but…
On the flexibility of attention to race
How social identity shapes the working self-concept
Can Uniform Color Color Aggression? Quasi-Experimental Evidence From Professional Ice Hockey
Is uniform color related to aggressive behavior? Prior research has produced mixed results comparing the effects of black (vs. colored) uniforms on aggressive penalties in the National Hockey League (NHL), and the effect of white (vs. colored) uniforms remains unexamined. Luckily, the NHL has conducted multiple quasi-experiments with uniform (jersey) color over time. To examine the color–aggression link, the authors analyzed the last 25 seasons o…
The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals
Using a simple videogame, the effect of ethnicity on shoot/don't shoot decisions was examined. African American or White targets, holding guns or other objects, appeared in complex backgrounds. Participants were told to "shoot" armed targets and to "not shoot" unarmed targets. In Study 1, White participants made the correct decision to shoot an armed target more quickly if the target was African American than if he was White, but decided to "not …
Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot
Police officers were compared with community members in terms of the speed and accuracy with which they made simulated decisions to shoot (or not shoot) Black and White targets. Both samples exhibited robust racial bias in response speed. Officers outperformed community members on a number of measures, including overall speed and accuracy. Moreover, although community respondents set the decision criterion lower for Black targets than for White t…
Event-related potentials and the decision to shoot: The role of threat perception and cognitive control
Secure and Defensive High Self-Esteem
Long-standing theories have suggested high self-esteem (SE) can assume qualitatively different forms that are related to defensiveness. The authors explored whether some high-SE individuals are particularly defensive because they harbor negative self-feelings at less conscious levels, indicated by low implicit SE. In Study 1, participants high in explicit SE but low in implicit SE showed the highest levels of narcissism--an indicator of defensive…
Colorblind and Multicultural Prejudice Reduction Strategies in High-Conflict Situations
We tested colorblind and multicultural prejudice-reduction strategies under conditions of low and high interethnic conflict. Replicating previous work, both strategies reduced prejudice when conflict was low. But when conflict was high, only the colorblind strategy reduced prejudice (Studies 1 and 2). Interestingly, this colorblind response seemed to reflect suppression. When prejudice was assessed more subtly (with implicit measures), colorblind…
Dangerous enough: Moderating racial bias with contextual threat cues
The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shoot
Using a videogame to simulate encounters with potentially hostile targets, three studies tested a model in which racial bias in shoot/don't‐shoot decisions reflects accessibility of the stereotype linking Blacks to danger. Study 1 experimentally manipulated the race‐danger association by asking participants to read newspaper stories about Black (vs. White) criminals. As predicted, exposure to stories concerning Black criminals increased bias in t…
The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context
We examined implicit race biases in the decision to shoot potentially hostile targets in a multiethnic context. Results of two studies showed that college‐aged participants and police officers showed anti‐Black racial bias in their response times: they were quicker to correctly shoot armed Black targets and to indicate “don't shoot” for unarmed Latino, Asian, and White targets. In addition, police officers showed racial biases in response times t…
An affirmed self and an open mind: Self-affirmation and sensitivity to argument strength
A Social Scientific Approach toward Understanding Racial Disparities in Police Shooting: Data from the Department of Justice (1980–2000)
We analyze data from 213 metropolitan areas over a 21‐year period, and examine two possible reasons for the disproportionately high number of Black suspects killed in police officer‐involved shootings. One account suggests that such shootings reflect racial bias on the part of police. A second account suggests that Black suspects behave differently (perhaps more aggressively) than White suspects, and that police respond to suspects’ behavior (but…
Target prototypicality moderates racial bias in the decision to shoot
Stereotypic vision: How stereotypes disambiguate visual stimuli
Three studies examined how participants use race to disambiguate visual stimuli. Participants performed a first-person-shooter task in which Black and White targets appeared holding either a gun or an innocuous object (e.g., a wallet). In Study 1, diffusion analysis (Ratcliff, 1978) showed that participants rapidly acquired information about a gun when it appeared in the hands of a Black target, and about an innocuous object in the hands of a Whi…
Priorities in social categories
In this paper we review evidence from social, developmental, and evolutionary psychology to raise a common question: Are there priorities in how humans categorize their social world? Are some social groupings more prominent in childhood, and more resilient in adulthood than others? We review and compare evidence from each field, with a particular emphasis on exploring the relative robustness of gender, race, age, and language as social categories…
Danger stereotypes predict racially biased attentional allocation
The persistence of implicit behavioral associations for moms and dads
The effects of category and physical features on stereotyping and evaluation
Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias
Although performance on laboratory-based implicit bias tasks often is interpreted strictly in terms of the strength of automatic associations, recent evidence suggests that such tasks are influenced by higher-order cognitive control processes, so-called executive functions (EFs). However, extant work in this area has been limited by failure to account for the unity and diversity of EFs, focus on only a single measure of bias and/or EF, and relati…
Having it all” or “doing it all”? Perceived trait attributes and behavioral obligations as a function of workload, parenthood, and gender
The perceived warmth and competence of men and women who varied in number of hours worked and childcare responsibilities were assessed using either subjective trait ratings or objective behavioral frequency estimates. Trait ratings were determined by number of hours worked, and not target gender. Estimates of behavioral frequency indicated that women and men were viewed as equally likely to engage in work related competence behaviors, but that wo…
Category Boundaries Can Be Accentuated Without Increasing Intergroup Bias
Two studies tested whether the boundaries separating groups could be strengthened without increasing intergroup bias. Using a modified minimal group paradigm, the salience of the group distinction was manipulated through instructions that either called attention to the division between the two groups (high salience), or to dimensions orthogonal to group boundaries (low salience). High salience increased both perceived differences between the grou…
Do individuation instructions reduce the cross-race effect? A registered replication of
How social identity shapes the working self-concept
The mental representation of ingroup and outgroup faces
Ethnicity critically impacts perceivers' ability to individuate and recognize faces. Valentine (1991) proposed a face space model in part to account for these effects, and although it has received significant attention, basic questions derived from that model have yet to be satisfactorily tested. Across three large-scale studies, over 10,000 human participants provided similarity judgments of pairs of faces. All studies used a full ingroup-outgro…
A contest study to reduce attractiveness-based discrimination in social judgment
Discrimination in the evaluation of others is a key cause of social inequality around the world. However, relatively little is known about psychological interventions that can be used to prevent biased evaluations. The limited evidence that exists on these strategies is spread across many methods and populations, making it difficult to generate reliable best practices that can be effective across contexts. In the present work, we held a research …
An error in the analysis of “An eye for the I”
2014[Jul], Vol 107[1], 1-20). Kawakami and colleagues (Kawakami et al., 2014) conducted a series of studies in which participants saw pairs of faces (e.g., one Black and one White, or one ingroup and one outgroup) while eye tracking data were recorded. Because two faces were presented simultaneously, participants were allowed to choose how to allocate attention between the two faces. Often, they attended to one type of face more the other, creati…
On the flexibility of attention to race
The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals
Using a simple videogame, the effect of ethnicity on shoot/don't shoot decisions was examined. African American or White targets, holding guns or other objects, appeared in complex backgrounds. Participants were told to "shoot" armed targets and to "not shoot" unarmed targets. In Study 1, White participants made the correct decision to shoot an armed target more quickly if the target was African American than if he was White, but decided to "not …
An affirmed self and an open mind: Self-affirmation and sensitivity to argument strength
Secure and Defensive High Self-Esteem
Long-standing theories have suggested high self-esteem (SE) can assume qualitatively different forms that are related to defensiveness. The authors explored whether some high-SE individuals are particularly defensive because they harbor negative self-feelings at less conscious levels, indicated by low implicit SE. In Study 1, participants high in explicit SE but low in implicit SE showed the highest levels of narcissism--an indicator of defensive…
A Model of the Ingroup as a Social Resource
Drawing on theories of social comparison, realistic group conflict, and social identity, we present an integrative model designed to describe the psychological utility of social groups. We review diverse motivations that group membership may satisy (e.g., the need for acceptance or ideological consensus) and attempt to link these particular needs to a global concern for self-worth. We then examine several factors hypothesized to influence an ingr…
Event-related potentials and the decision to shoot: The role of threat perception and cognitive control
The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shoot
Using a videogame to simulate encounters with potentially hostile targets, three studies tested a model in which racial bias in shoot/don't‐shoot decisions reflects accessibility of the stereotype linking Blacks to danger. Study 1 experimentally manipulated the race‐danger association by asking participants to read newspaper stories about Black (vs. White) criminals. As predicted, exposure to stories concerning Black criminals increased bias in t…
Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot
Police officers were compared with community members in terms of the speed and accuracy with which they made simulated decisions to shoot (or not shoot) Black and White targets. Both samples exhibited robust racial bias in response speed. Officers outperformed community members on a number of measures, including overall speed and accuracy. Moreover, although community respondents set the decision criterion lower for Black targets than for White t…
Colorblind and Multicultural Prejudice Reduction Strategies in High-Conflict Situations
We tested colorblind and multicultural prejudice-reduction strategies under conditions of low and high interethnic conflict. Replicating previous work, both strategies reduced prejudice when conflict was low. But when conflict was high, only the colorblind strategy reduced prejudice (Studies 1 and 2). Interestingly, this colorblind response seemed to reflect suppression. When prejudice was assessed more subtly (with implicit measures), colorblind…
Having it all” or “doing it all”? Perceived trait attributes and behavioral obligations as a function of workload, parenthood, and gender
The perceived warmth and competence of men and women who varied in number of hours worked and childcare responsibilities were assessed using either subjective trait ratings or objective behavioral frequency estimates. Trait ratings were determined by number of hours worked, and not target gender. Estimates of behavioral frequency indicated that women and men were viewed as equally likely to engage in work related competence behaviors, but that wo…
F Noise and Effort on Implicit Measures of Bias
Phenomena that vary over time can often be represented as a complex waveform. Fourier analysis decomposes this complex wave into a set of sinusoidal component waves. In some phenomena, the amplitude of these waves varies in inverse relation to frequency. This pattern has been called 1/f noise and, unlike white noise, it reflects nonrandom variation. Latencies in simple computer tasks typically reveal 1/f noise, but the magnitude of the noise decr…
Danger stereotypes predict racially biased attentional allocation
Category Boundaries Can Be Accentuated Without Increasing Intergroup Bias
Two studies tested whether the boundaries separating groups could be strengthened without increasing intergroup bias. Using a modified minimal group paradigm, the salience of the group distinction was manipulated through instructions that either called attention to the division between the two groups (high salience), or to dimensions orthogonal to group boundaries (low salience). High salience increased both perceived differences between the grou…
Priorities in social categories
In this paper we review evidence from social, developmental, and evolutionary psychology to raise a common question: Are there priorities in how humans categorize their social world? Are some social groupings more prominent in childhood, and more resilient in adulthood than others? We review and compare evidence from each field, with a particular emphasis on exploring the relative robustness of gender, race, age, and language as social categories…
The persistence of implicit behavioral associations for moms and dads
Target prototypicality moderates racial bias in the decision to shoot
Dangerous enough: Moderating racial bias with contextual threat cues
Hemispheric asymmetry in cross-race face recognition
Order from chaos? 1/f noise predicts performance on reaction time measures
Can Uniform Color Color Aggression? Quasi-Experimental Evidence From Professional Ice Hockey
Is uniform color related to aggressive behavior? Prior research has produced mixed results comparing the effects of black (vs. colored) uniforms on aggressive penalties in the National Hockey League (NHL), and the effect of white (vs. colored) uniforms remains unexamined. Luckily, the NHL has conducted multiple quasi-experiments with uniform (jersey) color over time. To examine the color–aggression link, the authors analyzed the last 25 seasons o…
The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context
We examined implicit race biases in the decision to shoot potentially hostile targets in a multiethnic context. Results of two studies showed that college‐aged participants and police officers showed anti‐Black racial bias in their response times: they were quicker to correctly shoot armed Black targets and to indicate “don't shoot” for unarmed Latino, Asian, and White targets. In addition, police officers showed racial biases in response times t…
The Police Officer's Dilemma: A Decade of Research on Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot
We review sociological, correlational, and experimental research that examines the effect of a target's race on the decision to shoot. Much of this work involves computer‐based simulations of a police encounter, in which a participant must decide whether or not to shoot a potentially hostile target who is either Black or White. Experimental work with undergraduate participants reveals a clear pattern of bias (a tendency to shoot Black targets but…
On the flexibility of attention to race
How social identity shapes the working self-concept
The Chicago face database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data
Stereotypic vision: How stereotypes disambiguate visual stimuli
Three studies examined how participants use race to disambiguate visual stimuli. Participants performed a first-person-shooter task in which Black and White targets appeared holding either a gun or an innocuous object (e.g., a wallet). In Study 1, diffusion analysis (Ratcliff, 1978) showed that participants rapidly acquired information about a gun when it appeared in the hands of a Black target, and about an innocuous object in the hands of a Whi…
Psychology (41 works) · Social Psychology (40 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (30 works) · Social Psychology (22 works) · Cognitive psychology (21 works) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (13 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (12 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (12 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Gender Studies (11 works)