Gretchen B Chapman
Biographic Data
| ID | 1743862 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Gretchen B Chapman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Gretchen B |
| FAMILY NAME | Chapman |
| SIGNATURE | CHAPMAN G B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1146-480X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 40 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 24 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Tasting with your eyes
Increasing Vaccination
Vaccination is one of the great achievements of the 20th century, yet persistent public-health problems include inadequate, delayed, and unstable vaccination uptake. Psychology offers three general propositions for understanding and intervening to increase uptake where vaccines are available and affordable. The first proposition is that thoughts and feelings can motivate getting vaccinated. Hundreds of studies have shown that risk beliefs and ant…
Put the healthy item first
This study examined effects of an order form intervention on choice of healthy ingredients among college students ordering submarine sandwiches (subs). Over eight weekly sub-nights, college students submitted 9765 orders. The order form format was manipulated in one condition making the healthier selections more salient. Main outcome measures were selection of ingredients. Multi-level logistic regression, chi square, and analysis of variance were…
Social contacts, vaccination decisions and influenza in Japan
BACKGROUND: Contact patterns and vaccination decisions are fundamental to transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. We report on age-specific contact patterns in Japan and their effect on influenza vaccination behaviour. METHODS: Japanese adults (N=3146) were surveyed in Spring 2011 to assess the number of their social contacts within a 24 h period, defined as face-to-face conversations within 2 m, and gain insight into their influenza-relate…
Using Behavioral Insights to Increase Vaccination Policy Effectiveness
Even though there are policies in place, and safe and effective vaccines available, almost every country struggles with vaccine hesitancy, that is, a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination. Consequently, it is important to understand the determinants of individual vaccination decisions to establish effective strategies to support the success of country-specific public health policies. Vaccine refusal can result from complacency, inconvenie…
A Closer Look at the Yardstick
In intertemporal choice research, choice tasks (i.e., choosing between $80 today and $100 in a year) are often used to elicit a discount rate. The discount rate derived from a choice task, however, is largely restricted by the granularities and ranges of the questions asked. We examined this restriction in three popular discount rate measurements using simulations and experiments, and we propose an alternative procedure (Three‐option Adaptive Dis…
Consistent Behavior Development
The development of consistent health behaviors is important for chronic illness prevention and management. The current study experimentally compared two strategies--a personal-rule and a deliberation strategy--designed to help participants consistently perform their intended behaviors over a 7-week period in a real-world setting. Although the personal-rule strategy had theoretical support from behavioral economics and empirical support from both …
The dynamics of risk perceptions and precautionary behavior in response to 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza
BACKGROUND: The trajectory of an infectious disease outbreak is affected by the behavior of individuals, and the behavior is often related to individuals' risk perception. We assessed temporal changes and geographical differences in risk perceptions and precautionary behaviors in response to H1N1 influenza. METHODS: 1,290 US adults completed an online survey on risk perceptions, interests in pharmaceutical interventions (preventive intervention a…
Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior
Emotions and preventive health behavior
The role of worry, regret, and perceived risk in preventive health decisions was explored in a longitudinal questionnaire study on influenza vaccination among 428 university employees. The study yielded 3 main findings. First, ratings of anticipated worry and regret were stronger predictors of vaccination than perceived risk and mediated the effect of risk on vaccination. Second, the anticipated level of emotions differed systematically from expe…
Agreement between prostate cancer patients and their clinicians about utilities and attribute importance
Purpose To examine the agreement between prostate cancer patients’ utilities for selected health states and their rankings of the importance of six attributes of the health states and the clinicians’ judgements of what would be in the patients’ best interests. Method Patients with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer individually completed a time trade‐off utility assessment shortly after being diagnosed. The health states evaluated were con…
The fragile basic anchoring effect
The anchoring bias, the effect of uninformative anchor numbers on judgments, is a robust finding. In experiments yielding the anchoring bias, typically participants are explicitly asked to compare the anchor and target. A logical question is whether any manner of considering a number will bias peoples' judgment. Wilson et al . ( 1996 ) showed that merely presenting a number to people will bias their judgments, a result they termed basic anchoring…
Action, inaction, and factors influencing perceived decision making
Two studies examined factors hypothesized to be related to the subjective perception of decision making. A total of 302 introductory psychology students read four hypothetical scenarios that varied on two dimensions: frequency of the behavior and whether the behavior was an action or an inaction (a 2 × 2 design). Subjects rated the scenarios on whether the actor made a decision. In Experiment 1, the frequency of behavior was unrelated to decision…
Preferences for improving and declining sequences of health outcomes
Whereas choices among individual outcomes at different points in time generally show a positive time preference, choices between sequences of outcomes usually show a negative time preference, that is, a preference for improvement. The present studies explored how this preference for improving sequences is moderated by expectations about how sequences are usually experienced. Subjects in three experiments evaluated four types of health sequences w…
Anchoring, Activation, and the Construction of Values
A multi-attribute model of prostate cancer patients' preferences for health states
Rationality in medical treatment decisions
Similarity and reluctance to trade
Previous research has shown that after decision makers are endowed with an object, they are reluctant to trade it for an alternative item. This endowment effect can be explained by loss aversion, the tendency to weight losses more heavily than gains. Consequently, there is no reluctance to trade when no true loss is involved. Four studies investigated whether reluctance to trade declines when the trade involves less of a loss—specifically, when o…
Models of Choice Between Multioutcome Lotteries
Multiplicative-summing decision theories were compared by assessing their fit to choice data obtained from 559 subjects, each providing 16–60 problems. The problems were 212 pairs of multioutcome monetary lotteries, including 86 for gains, 86 for losses, and 40 mixed lotteries with gains and losses. Lotteries of each pair had the same expected value. The fit of each theory to the data was measured by the percent of problems with agreement between…
Temporal discounting and utility for health and money.
Order of Information Affects Clinical Judgment
Family practice physicians read a case vignette describing a patient with a history of lung cancer, a new transient neurological disturbance, and a normal computerized tomographic (CT) scan of the head. They then estimated the probabilities of two diagnoses: transient ischemic attack (TIA) and brain tumor. Probability estimates of TIA were lower if the history of lung cancer was presented at the end of the case rather than at the beginning. This …
Valuing the Future
Normative discounted utility theory specifies that the values of all future outcomes (for example, those related to health and money) should be discounted at a constant rate. Two experiments demonstrated that, contrary to this prescription, decision makers use different discount rates for health-related decisions and money-related decisions. Temporal discount ings for health and money were similar in that both demonstrated two biases previously f…
Predictive Validity of Quality Ratings of National Science Foundation Graduate Fellows
National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowships are awarded to all applicants who receive the highest quality rating and to some of those who receive the second-highest quality rating. Comparing the achievements of these two groups of fellows (1967-1976 awards) provides a measure of the predictive validity of the quality ratings assigned to applicants by panels of judges. Quality ratings were related to likelihood of Ph.D. completion primarily f…
The limits of anchoring
Anchoring and adjustment is a pervasive bias in which decision makers are influenced by random or uninformative numbers or starting points. As a means of understanding this effect, we explore two limits on anchoring. In Experiments 1 and 2, implausibly extreme anchors had a proportionally smaller effect than anchors close to the expected value of the lotteries evaluated. In Experiments 2 and 3, anchoring occurred only if the anchor and preference…
The limits of anchoring
Anchoring and adjustment is a pervasive bias in which decision makers are influenced by random or uninformative numbers or starting points. As a means of understanding this effect, we explore two limits on anchoring. In Experiments 1 and 2, implausibly extreme anchors had a proportionally smaller effect than anchors close to the expected value of the lotteries evaluated. In Experiments 2 and 3, anchoring occurred only if the anchor and preference…
The fragile basic anchoring effect
The anchoring bias, the effect of uninformative anchor numbers on judgments, is a robust finding. In experiments yielding the anchoring bias, typically participants are explicitly asked to compare the anchor and target. A logical question is whether any manner of considering a number will bias peoples' judgment. Wilson et al . ( 1996 ) showed that merely presenting a number to people will bias their judgments, a result they termed basic anchoring…
Put the healthy item first
This study examined effects of an order form intervention on choice of healthy ingredients among college students ordering submarine sandwiches (subs). Over eight weekly sub-nights, college students submitted 9765 orders. The order form format was manipulated in one condition making the healthier selections more salient. Main outcome measures were selection of ingredients. Multi-level logistic regression, chi square, and analysis of variance were…
A Closer Look at the Yardstick
In intertemporal choice research, choice tasks (i.e., choosing between $80 today and $100 in a year) are often used to elicit a discount rate. The discount rate derived from a choice task, however, is largely restricted by the granularities and ranges of the questions asked. We examined this restriction in three popular discount rate measurements using simulations and experiments, and we propose an alternative procedure (Three‐option Adaptive Dis…
Rationality in medical treatment decisions
Tasting with your eyes
Predictive Validity of Quality Ratings of National Science Foundation Graduate Fellows
National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowships are awarded to all applicants who receive the highest quality rating and to some of those who receive the second-highest quality rating. Comparing the achievements of these two groups of fellows (1967-1976 awards) provides a measure of the predictive validity of the quality ratings assigned to applicants by panels of judges. Quality ratings were related to likelihood of Ph.D. completion primarily f…
The limits of anchoring
Anchoring and adjustment is a pervasive bias in which decision makers are influenced by random or uninformative numbers or starting points. As a means of understanding this effect, we explore two limits on anchoring. In Experiments 1 and 2, implausibly extreme anchors had a proportionally smaller effect than anchors close to the expected value of the lotteries evaluated. In Experiments 2 and 3, anchoring occurred only if the anchor and preference…
Valuing the Future
Normative discounted utility theory specifies that the values of all future outcomes (for example, those related to health and money) should be discounted at a constant rate. Two experiments demonstrated that, contrary to this prescription, decision makers use different discount rates for health-related decisions and money-related decisions. Temporal discount ings for health and money were similar in that both demonstrated two biases previously f…
Temporal discounting and utility for health and money.
Order of Information Affects Clinical Judgment
Family practice physicians read a case vignette describing a patient with a history of lung cancer, a new transient neurological disturbance, and a normal computerized tomographic (CT) scan of the head. They then estimated the probabilities of two diagnoses: transient ischemic attack (TIA) and brain tumor. Probability estimates of TIA were lower if the history of lung cancer was presented at the end of the case rather than at the beginning. This …
Models of Choice Between Multioutcome Lotteries
Multiplicative-summing decision theories were compared by assessing their fit to choice data obtained from 559 subjects, each providing 16–60 problems. The problems were 212 pairs of multioutcome monetary lotteries, including 86 for gains, 86 for losses, and 40 mixed lotteries with gains and losses. Lotteries of each pair had the same expected value. The fit of each theory to the data was measured by the percent of problems with agreement between…
Similarity and reluctance to trade
Previous research has shown that after decision makers are endowed with an object, they are reluctant to trade it for an alternative item. This endowment effect can be explained by loss aversion, the tendency to weight losses more heavily than gains. Consequently, there is no reluctance to trade when no true loss is involved. Four studies investigated whether reluctance to trade declines when the trade involves less of a loss—specifically, when o…
Anchoring, Activation, and the Construction of Values
A multi-attribute model of prostate cancer patients' preferences for health states
Rationality in medical treatment decisions
Preferences for improving and declining sequences of health outcomes
Whereas choices among individual outcomes at different points in time generally show a positive time preference, choices between sequences of outcomes usually show a negative time preference, that is, a preference for improvement. The present studies explored how this preference for improving sequences is moderated by expectations about how sequences are usually experienced. Subjects in three experiments evaluated four types of health sequences w…
Action, inaction, and factors influencing perceived decision making
Two studies examined factors hypothesized to be related to the subjective perception of decision making. A total of 302 introductory psychology students read four hypothetical scenarios that varied on two dimensions: frequency of the behavior and whether the behavior was an action or an inaction (a 2 × 2 design). Subjects rated the scenarios on whether the actor made a decision. In Experiment 1, the frequency of behavior was unrelated to decision…
The fragile basic anchoring effect
The anchoring bias, the effect of uninformative anchor numbers on judgments, is a robust finding. In experiments yielding the anchoring bias, typically participants are explicitly asked to compare the anchor and target. A logical question is whether any manner of considering a number will bias peoples' judgment. Wilson et al . ( 1996 ) showed that merely presenting a number to people will bias their judgments, a result they termed basic anchoring…
Agreement between prostate cancer patients and their clinicians about utilities and attribute importance
Purpose To examine the agreement between prostate cancer patients’ utilities for selected health states and their rankings of the importance of six attributes of the health states and the clinicians’ judgements of what would be in the patients’ best interests. Method Patients with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer individually completed a time trade‐off utility assessment shortly after being diagnosed. The health states evaluated were con…
Emotions and preventive health behavior
The role of worry, regret, and perceived risk in preventive health decisions was explored in a longitudinal questionnaire study on influenza vaccination among 428 university employees. The study yielded 3 main findings. First, ratings of anticipated worry and regret were stronger predictors of vaccination than perceived risk and mediated the effect of risk on vaccination. Second, the anticipated level of emotions differed systematically from expe…
Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior
The dynamics of risk perceptions and precautionary behavior in response to 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza
BACKGROUND: The trajectory of an infectious disease outbreak is affected by the behavior of individuals, and the behavior is often related to individuals' risk perception. We assessed temporal changes and geographical differences in risk perceptions and precautionary behaviors in response to H1N1 influenza. METHODS: 1,290 US adults completed an online survey on risk perceptions, interests in pharmaceutical interventions (preventive intervention a…
Consistent Behavior Development
The development of consistent health behaviors is important for chronic illness prevention and management. The current study experimentally compared two strategies--a personal-rule and a deliberation strategy--designed to help participants consistently perform their intended behaviors over a 7-week period in a real-world setting. Although the personal-rule strategy had theoretical support from behavioral economics and empirical support from both …
Using Behavioral Insights to Increase Vaccination Policy Effectiveness
Even though there are policies in place, and safe and effective vaccines available, almost every country struggles with vaccine hesitancy, that is, a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination. Consequently, it is important to understand the determinants of individual vaccination decisions to establish effective strategies to support the success of country-specific public health policies. Vaccine refusal can result from complacency, inconvenie…
A Closer Look at the Yardstick
In intertemporal choice research, choice tasks (i.e., choosing between $80 today and $100 in a year) are often used to elicit a discount rate. The discount rate derived from a choice task, however, is largely restricted by the granularities and ranges of the questions asked. We examined this restriction in three popular discount rate measurements using simulations and experiments, and we propose an alternative procedure (Three‐option Adaptive Dis…
Social contacts, vaccination decisions and influenza in Japan
BACKGROUND: Contact patterns and vaccination decisions are fundamental to transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. We report on age-specific contact patterns in Japan and their effect on influenza vaccination behaviour. METHODS: Japanese adults (N=3146) were surveyed in Spring 2011 to assess the number of their social contacts within a 24 h period, defined as face-to-face conversations within 2 m, and gain insight into their influenza-relate…
Increasing Vaccination
Vaccination is one of the great achievements of the 20th century, yet persistent public-health problems include inadequate, delayed, and unstable vaccination uptake. Psychology offers three general propositions for understanding and intervening to increase uptake where vaccines are available and affordable. The first proposition is that thoughts and feelings can motivate getting vaccinated. Hundreds of studies have shown that risk beliefs and ant…
Put the healthy item first
This study examined effects of an order form intervention on choice of healthy ingredients among college students ordering submarine sandwiches (subs). Over eight weekly sub-nights, college students submitted 9765 orders. The order form format was manipulated in one condition making the healthier selections more salient. Main outcome measures were selection of ingredients. Multi-level logistic regression, chi square, and analysis of variance were…
Tasting with your eyes
Psychology (18 works) · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (14 works) · Medicine (11 works) · Economics (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Computer Science (7 works) · Cognitive psychology (6 works) · Economic and Environmental Valuation (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Econometrics (5 works)