Christopher J Einolf
Biographic Data
| ID | 185768 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Christopher J Einolf |
| GIVEN NAMES | Christopher J |
| FAMILY NAME | Einolf |
| SIGNATURE | EINOLF C J |
| AFFILIATIONS | DePaul University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2141-693X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 95 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 27 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Against de Tocqueville
The Prevention of Torture
Administrative evil and moral disengagement
Understanding how administrators can commit unethical acts is an important goal of public administration research. This article tests whether moral inversion, taken from Balfour, Adams, and Nickels' theory of administrative evil, can help explain torture, and also proposes and tests Bandura's theory of moral disengagement. It analyzes testimony from perpetrators of torture who testified before the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission…
Understanding and Preventing Torture
There Is No One Way to Get Over It”
Literature on sexual violence survivors' service utilization is limited due to examination of singular therapies or narrow timeframes. Using surveys ( n = 303) and interviews ( n = 20), this study increases understanding of survivors' healing. Results show varied therapy use including psychotherapy (76.9%), yoga (50.2%), and massage (32.1%), among others. Mean number of therapies used was over three. Service utilization was delayed over a decade …
How Torture Fails
This article examines the testimony of fifty-seven torture victims in Saddam Hussein's Iraq to illustrate the processes by which torture fails to gain true confessions or accurate information. Theoretical analyses have identified several ways in which torture is likely to fail, but this is the first study to examine empirically how this occurs. In the study sample, victims stated that torture frequently led to inaccurate results, with respondents…
How torturers are made
Because of the difficulties in researching torturers, little is known about how they are recruited, trained, and authorized, and how they morally justify their actions. This study examines oral history testimonies from 14 former torturers in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Torturers volunteered for jobs in the security services, and attributed their choice of career to psychologically traumatic childhoods. Torturers were trained to think of their victims …
Why Do States Use Sexual Torture against Political Prisoners? Evidence from Saddam Hussein's Prisons
What motivates officials of government security agencies to use sexual torture against political prisoners? This article analyzes a sample of thirty-two rape and sexual torture survivor narratives (nineteen female, thirteen male), taken from a larger database of victim narratives of human rights violations under Saddam Hussein's regime. It uses narrative analysis to explore four hypotheses about the causes of rape and sexual torture and presents …
Religion, Altruism, and Helping Strangers
This article tests how religion relates to helping strangers, an important but rarely studied measure of social solidarity and informal social capital. It uses the Gallup World Poll, a survey with nationally representative samples of 179,961 respondents from 126 countries. It finds that religious people, members of minority religions, and people in religiously diverse countries were more likely to help a stranger. Individuals living in devout cou…
America in the Philippines, 1899-1902
Cross-National Differences in Charitable Giving in the West and the World
Most theories of cross-national variation in charitable giving have been tested only on samples of countries of Western European culture; this paper applies these theories to 114 countries, including 93 non-Western countries, using data from the Gallup World Poll. It finds strong support for economic and political theories of cross-national variation in charitable giving and partial support for religious and cultural theories. Theories effectivel…
The Ethics and Politics of Torture
America in the Philippines, 1899–1902
America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The First Torture Scandal analyzes the US army's use of the 'water cure' torture in the Philippine War and the ensuing political scandal that resulted. Drawing o
Standard Operating Procedure, Fall 1900–Spring 1901
In the campaign season that lasted from the fall of 1900 to the spring of 1901, the use of torture spread from central Luzon to other areas of the Philippines. On Panay, Major Edwin F. Glenn, a senior officer who reported directly to the divisional commander, refined the use of torture and turned it into a standard operating procedure. Other units used torture only occasionally or not at all. While some officers continued to use beating, slow han…
The Scandal Recedes, May–June 1902
The month of April had seen the atrocities debate move from a relatively obscure political skirmish, involving only the Secretary of War and the members of the Senate Committee on the Philippines, to a front-page scandal that inspired speeches on the floor of the full Senate. The debate continued throughout the month of May, repeating lines of argument from the previous month and adding a few new ones. These new arguments included an accountabili…
The Scandal Breaks, April 1902
In April 1902, the anti-imperialists finally began to get the upper hand in the debate over atrocities. The Committee on the Philippines called four witnesses who had seen or participated in the water cure, and their detailed and credible testimony established the reality of the water cure in the minds of the American public. The committee also discovered that the administration had withheld some information from Congress, making for further head…
Early Experimentation, 1898–1900
The American army’s use of torture in the Philippines began shortly after it began fighting a guerrilla opponent. Throughout the conventional war phase of the Philippine War, which lasted from February to November of 1899, the army did not use torture against prisoners. Some troops, particularly the poorly trained state volunteers, committed abuses against civilians, and there were scattered reports of soldiers killing enemy soldiers at the point…
Stability and change in generative concern
Generous or Greedy Marriage? A Longitudinal Study of Volunteering and Charitable Giving
Recent scholarship has explored whether marriage encourages individuals to contribute to or withdraw from society. The authors examined how marriage affects volunteering and charitable giving, using longitudinal data from the 2001 to 2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Newly married men, but not women, were significantly more likely to give money to charity in the first survey wave after marriage and gave larger amounts of money. Ne…
Daily Spiritual Experiences and Prosocial Behavior
The Link Between Religion and Helping Others
This study used life narrative interview data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to examine how religious values, ideas, and language motivate prosocial behaviors. Open coding of 88 in-depth interviews revealed six themes: defining morality in religious terms, considering religion an important aspect of one’s identity, feeling that one’s life involves carrying out God’s mission, making an increased commitment to religion over tim…
Gender Differences in the Correlates of Volunteering and Charitable Giving
Psychological research has found that women score higher on most measures of the traits, motivations, and values that predict helping others, and women are more likely to help family and friends. However, sex differences in the institutional helping behaviors of volunteering and charitable giving are small. This article seeks to explain this apparent contradiction with the hypotheses that men have more resources and more social capital than women…
Does extensivity form part of the altruistic personality? An empirical test of Oliner and Oliner's theory
Explaining Abu Ghraib
research on torture has left unsettled the question of the importance of training and direct orders as causes of torture, and the role of liberal democratic institutions in preventing torture. The four books demonstrate that the Abu Ghraib torturers did not act on their initiative, but were encouraged to commit torture by their superior officers and by the effects of their social environment. The torturers did not receive formal training in metho…
Sorority Participation and Sexual Assault Risk
This study tested the relationship between sexual assault victimization, sorority membership, and participation in a range of sorority activities, using data from a large-sample (N = 779) survey conducted at a midsize public university. A total of 29% of sorority women reported having been sexually assaulted while in college, four times the rate (7%) among nonsorority members. The difference between Greek and non-Greek women remained large even w…
The Link Between Religion and Helping Others
This study used life narrative interview data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to examine how religious values, ideas, and language motivate prosocial behaviors. Open coding of 88 in-depth interviews revealed six themes: defining morality in religious terms, considering religion an important aspect of one’s identity, feeling that one’s life involves carrying out God’s mission, making an increased commitment to religion over tim…
Cross-National Differences in Charitable Giving in the West and the World
Most theories of cross-national variation in charitable giving have been tested only on samples of countries of Western European culture; this paper applies these theories to 114 countries, including 93 non-Western countries, using data from the Gallup World Poll. It finds strong support for economic and political theories of cross-national variation in charitable giving and partial support for religious and cultural theories. Theories effectivel…
Sorority Participation and Sexual Assault Risk
This study tested the relationship between sexual assault victimization, sorority membership, and participation in a range of sorority activities, using data from a large-sample (N = 779) survey conducted at a midsize public university. A total of 29% of sorority women reported having been sexually assaulted while in college, four times the rate (7%) among nonsorority members. The difference between Greek and non-Greek women remained large even w…
Religion, Altruism, and Helping Strangers
This article tests how religion relates to helping strangers, an important but rarely studied measure of social solidarity and informal social capital. It uses the Gallup World Poll, a survey with nationally representative samples of 179,961 respondents from 126 countries. It finds that religious people, members of minority religions, and people in religiously diverse countries were more likely to help a stranger. Individuals living in devout cou…
Daily Spiritual Experiences and Prosocial Behavior
Empathic concern and prosocial behaviors
Generous or Greedy Marriage? A Longitudinal Study of Volunteering and Charitable Giving
Recent scholarship has explored whether marriage encourages individuals to contribute to or withdraw from society. The authors examined how marriage affects volunteering and charitable giving, using longitudinal data from the 2001 to 2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Newly married men, but not women, were significantly more likely to give money to charity in the first survey wave after marriage and gave larger amounts of money. Ne…
The Fall and Rise of Torture
Torture was formally abolished by European governments in the 19th century, and the actual practice of torture decreased as well during that period. In the 20th century, however torture became much more common. None of the theories that explain the reduction of torture in the 19th century can explain its resurgence in the 20th. This article argues that the use of torture follows the same patterns in contemporary times as it has in earlier histori…
Does extensivity form part of the altruistic personality? An empirical test of Oliner and Oliner's theory
How Torture Fails
This article examines the testimony of fifty-seven torture victims in Saddam Hussein's Iraq to illustrate the processes by which torture fails to gain true confessions or accurate information. Theoretical analyses have identified several ways in which torture is likely to fail, but this is the first study to examine empirically how this occurs. In the study sample, victims stated that torture frequently led to inaccurate results, with respondents…
How torturers are made
Because of the difficulties in researching torturers, little is known about how they are recruited, trained, and authorized, and how they morally justify their actions. This study examines oral history testimonies from 14 former torturers in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Torturers volunteered for jobs in the security services, and attributed their choice of career to psychologically traumatic childhoods. Torturers were trained to think of their victims …
Why Do States Use Sexual Torture against Political Prisoners? Evidence from Saddam Hussein's Prisons
What motivates officials of government security agencies to use sexual torture against political prisoners? This article analyzes a sample of thirty-two rape and sexual torture survivor narratives (nineteen female, thirteen male), taken from a larger database of victim narratives of human rights violations under Saddam Hussein's regime. It uses narrative analysis to explore four hypotheses about the causes of rape and sexual torture and presents …
Stability and change in generative concern
The Fall and Rise of Torture
Torture was formally abolished by European governments in the 19th century, and the actual practice of torture decreased as well during that period. In the 20th century, however torture became much more common. None of the theories that explain the reduction of torture in the 19th century can explain its resurgence in the 20th. This article argues that the use of torture follows the same patterns in contemporary times as it has in earlier histori…
Empathic concern and prosocial behaviors
Explaining Abu Ghraib
research on torture has left unsettled the question of the importance of training and direct orders as causes of torture, and the role of liberal democratic institutions in preventing torture. The four books demonstrate that the Abu Ghraib torturers did not act on their initiative, but were encouraged to commit torture by their superior officers and by the effects of their social environment. The torturers did not receive formal training in metho…
Sorority Participation and Sexual Assault Risk
This study tested the relationship between sexual assault victimization, sorority membership, and participation in a range of sorority activities, using data from a large-sample (N = 779) survey conducted at a midsize public university. A total of 29% of sorority women reported having been sexually assaulted while in college, four times the rate (7%) among nonsorority members. The difference between Greek and non-Greek women remained large even w…
Gender Differences in the Correlates of Volunteering and Charitable Giving
Psychological research has found that women score higher on most measures of the traits, motivations, and values that predict helping others, and women are more likely to help family and friends. However, sex differences in the institutional helping behaviors of volunteering and charitable giving are small. This article seeks to explain this apparent contradiction with the hypotheses that men have more resources and more social capital than women…
Does extensivity form part of the altruistic personality? An empirical test of Oliner and Oliner's theory
The Link Between Religion and Helping Others
This study used life narrative interview data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to examine how religious values, ideas, and language motivate prosocial behaviors. Open coding of 88 in-depth interviews revealed six themes: defining morality in religious terms, considering religion an important aspect of one’s identity, feeling that one’s life involves carrying out God’s mission, making an increased commitment to religion over tim…
Daily Spiritual Experiences and Prosocial Behavior
America in the Philippines, 1899–1902
America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The First Torture Scandal analyzes the US army's use of the 'water cure' torture in the Philippine War and the ensuing political scandal that resulted. Drawing o
Standard Operating Procedure, Fall 1900–Spring 1901
In the campaign season that lasted from the fall of 1900 to the spring of 1901, the use of torture spread from central Luzon to other areas of the Philippines. On Panay, Major Edwin F. Glenn, a senior officer who reported directly to the divisional commander, refined the use of torture and turned it into a standard operating procedure. Other units used torture only occasionally or not at all. While some officers continued to use beating, slow han…
The Scandal Recedes, May–June 1902
The month of April had seen the atrocities debate move from a relatively obscure political skirmish, involving only the Secretary of War and the members of the Senate Committee on the Philippines, to a front-page scandal that inspired speeches on the floor of the full Senate. The debate continued throughout the month of May, repeating lines of argument from the previous month and adding a few new ones. These new arguments included an accountabili…
The Scandal Breaks, April 1902
In April 1902, the anti-imperialists finally began to get the upper hand in the debate over atrocities. The Committee on the Philippines called four witnesses who had seen or participated in the water cure, and their detailed and credible testimony established the reality of the water cure in the minds of the American public. The committee also discovered that the administration had withheld some information from Congress, making for further head…
Early Experimentation, 1898–1900
The American army’s use of torture in the Philippines began shortly after it began fighting a guerrilla opponent. Throughout the conventional war phase of the Philippine War, which lasted from February to November of 1899, the army did not use torture against prisoners. Some troops, particularly the poorly trained state volunteers, committed abuses against civilians, and there were scattered reports of soldiers killing enemy soldiers at the point…
Stability and change in generative concern
Generous or Greedy Marriage? A Longitudinal Study of Volunteering and Charitable Giving
Recent scholarship has explored whether marriage encourages individuals to contribute to or withdraw from society. The authors examined how marriage affects volunteering and charitable giving, using longitudinal data from the 2001 to 2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Newly married men, but not women, were significantly more likely to give money to charity in the first survey wave after marriage and gave larger amounts of money. Ne…
America in the Philippines, 1899-1902
Cross-National Differences in Charitable Giving in the West and the World
Most theories of cross-national variation in charitable giving have been tested only on samples of countries of Western European culture; this paper applies these theories to 114 countries, including 93 non-Western countries, using data from the Gallup World Poll. It finds strong support for economic and political theories of cross-national variation in charitable giving and partial support for religious and cultural theories. Theories effectivel…
The Ethics and Politics of Torture
Religion, Altruism, and Helping Strangers
This article tests how religion relates to helping strangers, an important but rarely studied measure of social solidarity and informal social capital. It uses the Gallup World Poll, a survey with nationally representative samples of 179,961 respondents from 126 countries. It finds that religious people, members of minority religions, and people in religiously diverse countries were more likely to help a stranger. Individuals living in devout cou…
Why Do States Use Sexual Torture against Political Prisoners? Evidence from Saddam Hussein's Prisons
What motivates officials of government security agencies to use sexual torture against political prisoners? This article analyzes a sample of thirty-two rape and sexual torture survivor narratives (nineteen female, thirteen male), taken from a larger database of victim narratives of human rights violations under Saddam Hussein's regime. It uses narrative analysis to explore four hypotheses about the causes of rape and sexual torture and presents …
How Torture Fails
This article examines the testimony of fifty-seven torture victims in Saddam Hussein's Iraq to illustrate the processes by which torture fails to gain true confessions or accurate information. Theoretical analyses have identified several ways in which torture is likely to fail, but this is the first study to examine empirically how this occurs. In the study sample, victims stated that torture frequently led to inaccurate results, with respondents…
How torturers are made
Because of the difficulties in researching torturers, little is known about how they are recruited, trained, and authorized, and how they morally justify their actions. This study examines oral history testimonies from 14 former torturers in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Torturers volunteered for jobs in the security services, and attributed their choice of career to psychologically traumatic childhoods. Torturers were trained to think of their victims …
Understanding and Preventing Torture
There Is No One Way to Get Over It”
Literature on sexual violence survivors' service utilization is limited due to examination of singular therapies or narrow timeframes. Using surveys ( n = 303) and interviews ( n = 20), this study increases understanding of survivors' healing. Results show varied therapy use including psychotherapy (76.9%), yoga (50.2%), and massage (32.1%), among others. Mean number of therapies used was over three. Service utilization was delayed over a decade …
Administrative evil and moral disengagement
Understanding how administrators can commit unethical acts is an important goal of public administration research. This article tests whether moral inversion, taken from Balfour, Adams, and Nickels' theory of administrative evil, can help explain torture, and also proposes and tests Bandura's theory of moral disengagement. It analyzes testimony from perpetrators of torture who testified before the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission…
Political science (17 works) · Law (15 works) · Psychology (14 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Human rights (11 works) · Torture (11 works) · Criminology (10 works) · Torture, Ethics, and Law (9 works) · Law (8 works) · Politics (8 works)