Nancy Rhodes
Biographic Data
| ID | 185933 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Nancy Rhodes |
| GIVEN NAMES | Nancy |
| FAMILY NAME | Rhodes |
| SIGNATURE | RHODES N |
| AFFILIATIONS | Michigan State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2539-9682 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 81 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Christian, Donna
Donna Christian (1949– ) is among the foremost authorities in the United States on language education and language in education. She began her academic career in mathematics, completing an undergraduate degree at St. Lawrence University with high honors, and went on to study applied linguistics and French at Georgetown University. As one of the first students in Georgetown's sociolinguistics program (PhD, 1978), Christian conducted dissertation r…
Lifetime video game exposure and career interest in STEM: Gender differences among adolescent girls and boys in the U.S
This study examined associations among adolescents’ lifetime video game exposure, STEM-related gender stereotypes, and interest in pursuing STEM careers through the lens of cultivation theory. A cross-sectional survey of 625 U.S. adolescents aged 13–17 assessed lifetime video game exposure, STEM-related sexist beliefs, STEM-related equity beliefs, and STEM career interest. Greater lifetime video game exposure was associated with stronger STEM-rel…
Lifetime Video Game Exposure is Associated with Internalization of Sexist STEM Beliefs in Women and Men
Video gaming culture and careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) are both contexts in which women often experience gender-based harassment, sexualization, and exclusion. Cultivation theory posits that individuals with heavy exposure to mediated content develop a perceived reality that closely aligns with the media world. In the present research, we investigated cultivation effects in the context of video gaming and examined t…
Emotion and Virality as Drivers of Environmental Issues on Social Media: Scoping Review
As social media becomes central to environmental communication, understanding what drives widespread sharing is essential. This scoping review analyzes 82 peer-reviewed studies examining whether emotional environmental content on social media contributes to virality. It maps research trends, methodologies, and theoretical approaches used to study emotion in online environmental communication. Findings show a sharp increase in publications since 2…
Sex Sells? Two Experiments Testing Exposure to Sexualized Female Video Game Characters on Purchase Intention
Two experiments tested the effects of sexual appeals on video game purchase intention. Study 1 examined the interplay of character gender and sexualization, revealing participants,’ especially women participants,’ stronger purchase intention for a non-sexualized female character than a sexualized one. In Study 2, we utilized the reasoned action approach and found that exposure to a non-sexualized female character was associated with stronger purc…
The partisan pandemic: Applying the reasoned action approach to understand the effects of politicizing a public health crisis
It is well‐established that news outlets cater to audiences with particular political leanings and present news about important events, such as disease outbreaks, differently. However, the mechanisms through which selected media exposure influences behavior are not well established. Two surveys examined the roles of attitudes and social norms as pathways through which political predispositions (political ideology, partisanship) and news media cho…
Morality in social media: A scoping review
Social media platforms have been adopted rapidly into our current culture and affect nearly all areas of our everyday lives. Their prevalence has raised questions about the influence of new communication technologies on moral reasoning, judgments, and behaviors. The present scoping review identified 80 articles providing an overview of scholarly work conducted on morality in social media. Screening for research that explicitly addressed moral que…
The dynamic theory of reasoned action: Evidence for a reverse causal process in the context of WHO handwashing guidelines
OBJECTIVE: This study provided a first empirical test of the Reverse Dynamic Theory of Reasoned Action (RDTRA) developed by Boster et al. DESIGN: In a longitudinal experiment, 169 participants were exposed to a WHO handwashing-guidelines behavioural induction, followed by an immediate posttest and a follow-up one week later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study measured attitudes and norms about WHO handwashing guidelines, as well as self-reported ha…
Trust and Coping Beliefs Contribute to Racial Disparities in Covid-19 Vaccination Intention
Racial disparities in intention to obtain the COVID-19 vaccination have been noted in academic and popular press reports. The present study sought to identify cognitive and affective factors that contribute to the observed lack of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination, even before a vaccine was made publicly available, among Black and White Americans through a national survey (N = 487; 50.6% female, 24.8% Black). Our findings are consistent with pre…
Gamer Girl vs. Girl Gamer: Stereotypical Gamer Traits Increase Men's Play Intention
Racism and Professional Competence: Nursing Students in Interracial Evaluations
Background: This pilot study examined the association of internal and external motivation of White nursing students to avoid appearing racist while interacting with standardized patients in a simulation-based learning experience (SP-SBLE). The influence of nursing students' preexisting motivations to avoid racism were examined for their effect on clinical performance in their SP-SBLE. Method: White nursing students ( N = 50) completed measures of…
Protecting a Positive View of the Self: Female Gamers’ Strategic Self-Attribution of Stereotypes
Portrayals of Vaccination in Entertainment Television: A Content Analysis
Entertainment media have been found to influence viewers' health perceptions and behaviors, yet little is currently known about how vaccination, an issue that has become controversial, is being portrayed in fictional television. The present study combined constructs from the health belief model and entertainment theory to conduct a quantitative content analysis of 51 television episodes released in 2000 or after. Results indicate that vaccination…
Changing Norms: A Meta-Analytic Integration of Research on Social Norms Appeals
Social norm appeals attempt to change behavior by modifying the prevailing view that a particular, usually harmful, behavior is less prevalent or less approved of in certain social contexts. These messages have been widely used, such as in safe-drinking campaigns targeted towards college students, but reviews of such efforts have been mixed. The present review used meta-analytic techniques to clarify the effects of social norm manipulations by sy…
Prototypes of drinkers and accessibility of injunctive norms predict college drinking
A self-report survey of first-year college students ( n = 421; 46% female) included measures of perceived prototype, attitude and injunctive norm accessibility, past drinking behavior, and future drinking intention. Both norm accessibility and prototype perception were significant predictors of intention to drink in the future among first-year college students. The effect of prototypes on drinking diminished as pro-drinking norms became more acce…
Fear appeal messages affect accessibility of attitudes toward the threat and adaptive behaviors
Fear appeals have long been used in persuasive messages to motivate people to perform adaptive behaviors. This research explored the influence of a fear appeal message concerning breast cancer on attitude accessibility. Messages advocating the efficacy of breast self‐examinations increased the accessibility of attitudes toward the adaptive behavior. Further, the accessibility of participants' attitudes toward the adaptive behavior predicted behav…
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Short Form Sex Role Behavior Scale
On the Gender-Typed Nature of Dominant and Submissive Acts
Self-esteem and intelligence affect influenceability: The mediating role of message reception
Although there is general agreement that people differ in how easily they can be influenced, little evidence is available concerning the source of these individual differences. A meta-analytic review was conducted to determine whether message recipients' self-esteem or intelligence predicts influenceability. Recipients of moderate self-esteem proved to be more influenceable than those of low or high esteem. According to the Yale-McGuire model, th…
Elementary School Foreign Language Instruction: Priorities for the 1990s
Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status
This article reviews all published studies reporting tests for sex differences inwell-being. Women were found to report greater happiness and life satisfaction than men. This sex difference was explained in terms of men's and women's ocial roles: The female (vs. male) gender role specifies greater emo-tional responsiveness. Furthermore, past role-related xperiences provide women with appropriate skills and attitudes. Women's (vs. men's) greater w…
Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status
This article reviews all published studies reporting tests for sex differences inwell-being. Women were found to report greater happiness and life satisfaction than men. This sex difference was explained in terms of men's and women's ocial roles: The female (vs. male) gender role specifies greater emo-tional responsiveness. Furthermore, past role-related xperiences provide women with appropriate skills and attitudes. Women's (vs. men's) greater w…
Changing Norms: A Meta-Analytic Integration of Research on Social Norms Appeals
Social norm appeals attempt to change behavior by modifying the prevailing view that a particular, usually harmful, behavior is less prevalent or less approved of in certain social contexts. These messages have been widely used, such as in safe-drinking campaigns targeted towards college students, but reviews of such efforts have been mixed. The present review used meta-analytic techniques to clarify the effects of social norm manipulations by sy…
On the Gender-Typed Nature of Dominant and Submissive Acts
Fear appeal messages affect accessibility of attitudes toward the threat and adaptive behaviors
Fear appeals have long been used in persuasive messages to motivate people to perform adaptive behaviors. This research explored the influence of a fear appeal message concerning breast cancer on attitude accessibility. Messages advocating the efficacy of breast self‐examinations increased the accessibility of attitudes toward the adaptive behavior. Further, the accessibility of participants' attitudes toward the adaptive behavior predicted behav…
Elementary School Foreign Language Instruction: Priorities for the 1990s
Self-esteem and intelligence affect influenceability: The mediating role of message reception
Although there is general agreement that people differ in how easily they can be influenced, little evidence is available concerning the source of these individual differences. A meta-analytic review was conducted to determine whether message recipients' self-esteem or intelligence predicts influenceability. Recipients of moderate self-esteem proved to be more influenceable than those of low or high esteem. According to the Yale-McGuire model, th…
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Short Form Sex Role Behavior Scale
Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status
This article reviews all published studies reporting tests for sex differences inwell-being. Women were found to report greater happiness and life satisfaction than men. This sex difference was explained in terms of men's and women's ocial roles: The female (vs. male) gender role specifies greater emo-tional responsiveness. Furthermore, past role-related xperiences provide women with appropriate skills and attitudes. Women's (vs. men's) greater w…
Elementary School Foreign Language Instruction: Priorities for the 1990s
Self-esteem and intelligence affect influenceability: The mediating role of message reception
Although there is general agreement that people differ in how easily they can be influenced, little evidence is available concerning the source of these individual differences. A meta-analytic review was conducted to determine whether message recipients' self-esteem or intelligence predicts influenceability. Recipients of moderate self-esteem proved to be more influenceable than those of low or high esteem. According to the Yale-McGuire model, th…
On the Gender-Typed Nature of Dominant and Submissive Acts
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Short Form Sex Role Behavior Scale
Fear appeal messages affect accessibility of attitudes toward the threat and adaptive behaviors
Fear appeals have long been used in persuasive messages to motivate people to perform adaptive behaviors. This research explored the influence of a fear appeal message concerning breast cancer on attitude accessibility. Messages advocating the efficacy of breast self‐examinations increased the accessibility of attitudes toward the adaptive behavior. Further, the accessibility of participants' attitudes toward the adaptive behavior predicted behav…
Prototypes of drinkers and accessibility of injunctive norms predict college drinking
A self-report survey of first-year college students ( n = 421; 46% female) included measures of perceived prototype, attitude and injunctive norm accessibility, past drinking behavior, and future drinking intention. Both norm accessibility and prototype perception were significant predictors of intention to drink in the future among first-year college students. The effect of prototypes on drinking diminished as pro-drinking norms became more acce…
Changing Norms: A Meta-Analytic Integration of Research on Social Norms Appeals
Social norm appeals attempt to change behavior by modifying the prevailing view that a particular, usually harmful, behavior is less prevalent or less approved of in certain social contexts. These messages have been widely used, such as in safe-drinking campaigns targeted towards college students, but reviews of such efforts have been mixed. The present review used meta-analytic techniques to clarify the effects of social norm manipulations by sy…
Portrayals of Vaccination in Entertainment Television: A Content Analysis
Entertainment media have been found to influence viewers' health perceptions and behaviors, yet little is currently known about how vaccination, an issue that has become controversial, is being portrayed in fictional television. The present study combined constructs from the health belief model and entertainment theory to conduct a quantitative content analysis of 51 television episodes released in 2000 or after. Results indicate that vaccination…
Trust and Coping Beliefs Contribute to Racial Disparities in Covid-19 Vaccination Intention
Racial disparities in intention to obtain the COVID-19 vaccination have been noted in academic and popular press reports. The present study sought to identify cognitive and affective factors that contribute to the observed lack of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination, even before a vaccine was made publicly available, among Black and White Americans through a national survey (N = 487; 50.6% female, 24.8% Black). Our findings are consistent with pre…
Gamer Girl vs. Girl Gamer: Stereotypical Gamer Traits Increase Men's Play Intention
Racism and Professional Competence: Nursing Students in Interracial Evaluations
Background: This pilot study examined the association of internal and external motivation of White nursing students to avoid appearing racist while interacting with standardized patients in a simulation-based learning experience (SP-SBLE). The influence of nursing students' preexisting motivations to avoid racism were examined for their effect on clinical performance in their SP-SBLE. Method: White nursing students ( N = 50) completed measures of…
Protecting a Positive View of the Self: Female Gamers’ Strategic Self-Attribution of Stereotypes
The dynamic theory of reasoned action: Evidence for a reverse causal process in the context of WHO handwashing guidelines
OBJECTIVE: This study provided a first empirical test of the Reverse Dynamic Theory of Reasoned Action (RDTRA) developed by Boster et al. DESIGN: In a longitudinal experiment, 169 participants were exposed to a WHO handwashing-guidelines behavioural induction, followed by an immediate posttest and a follow-up one week later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study measured attitudes and norms about WHO handwashing guidelines, as well as self-reported ha…
The partisan pandemic: Applying the reasoned action approach to understand the effects of politicizing a public health crisis
It is well‐established that news outlets cater to audiences with particular political leanings and present news about important events, such as disease outbreaks, differently. However, the mechanisms through which selected media exposure influences behavior are not well established. Two surveys examined the roles of attitudes and social norms as pathways through which political predispositions (political ideology, partisanship) and news media cho…
Morality in social media: A scoping review
Social media platforms have been adopted rapidly into our current culture and affect nearly all areas of our everyday lives. Their prevalence has raised questions about the influence of new communication technologies on moral reasoning, judgments, and behaviors. The present scoping review identified 80 articles providing an overview of scholarly work conducted on morality in social media. Screening for research that explicitly addressed moral que…
Sex Sells? Two Experiments Testing Exposure to Sexualized Female Video Game Characters on Purchase Intention
Two experiments tested the effects of sexual appeals on video game purchase intention. Study 1 examined the interplay of character gender and sexualization, revealing participants,’ especially women participants,’ stronger purchase intention for a non-sexualized female character than a sexualized one. In Study 2, we utilized the reasoned action approach and found that exposure to a non-sexualized female character was associated with stronger purc…
Christian, Donna
Donna Christian (1949– ) is among the foremost authorities in the United States on language education and language in education. She began her academic career in mathematics, completing an undergraduate degree at St. Lawrence University with high honors, and went on to study applied linguistics and French at Georgetown University. As one of the first students in Georgetown's sociolinguistics program (PhD, 1978), Christian conducted dissertation r…
Lifetime video game exposure and career interest in STEM: Gender differences among adolescent girls and boys in the U.S
This study examined associations among adolescents’ lifetime video game exposure, STEM-related gender stereotypes, and interest in pursuing STEM careers through the lens of cultivation theory. A cross-sectional survey of 625 U.S. adolescents aged 13–17 assessed lifetime video game exposure, STEM-related sexist beliefs, STEM-related equity beliefs, and STEM career interest. Greater lifetime video game exposure was associated with stronger STEM-rel…
Lifetime Video Game Exposure is Associated with Internalization of Sexist STEM Beliefs in Women and Men
Video gaming culture and careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) are both contexts in which women often experience gender-based harassment, sexualization, and exclusion. Cultivation theory posits that individuals with heavy exposure to mediated content develop a perceived reality that closely aligns with the media world. In the present research, we investigated cultivation effects in the context of video gaming and examined t…
Emotion and Virality as Drivers of Environmental Issues on Social Media: Scoping Review
As social media becomes central to environmental communication, understanding what drives widespread sharing is essential. This scoping review analyzes 82 peer-reviewed studies examining whether emotional environmental content on social media contributes to virality. It maps research trends, methodologies, and theoretical approaches used to study emotion in online environmental communication. Findings show a sharp increase in publications since 2…
Psychology (17 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works) · Media Influence and Health (6 works) · Medicine (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Sociology (6 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (5 works) · Media, Gender, and Advertising (5 works) · Perception (5 works)