T Bol
Biographic Data
| ID | 19149 |
|---|---|
| NAME | T Bol |
| GIVEN NAMES | T |
| FAMILY NAME | Bol |
| SIGNATURE | BOL T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9509-8423 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 548 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Competitive school environments and socioeconomic achievement inequality: A preregistered analysis of data from 69 countries
Background Competitiveness is a core feature of educational systems. We hypothesized that students from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds would feel less competent and perform worse in more competitive environments, as these environments conflict with their norms and values. Aims This preregistered study investigated whether school competitiveness widens SES achievement gaps in students’ self-views and academic achievement. Sample The …
Are Occupations “Bundles of Skills”? Identifying Latent Skill Profiles in the Labor Market Using Topic Modeling
Skills are considered a key determinant of workers’ labor market opportunities, especially in times of rapid technological change. However, existing research rarely conceptualizes and measures skills in their own right, instead relying on occupations as a proxy. How does this limit our understanding of the labor market structure and of wage inequality? In this article, we leverage a unique dataset of millions of online job postings in the United …
What does successful university graduation signal to employers? A factorial survey experiment on sheepskin effects
Higher education graduates enjoy substantial labour market advantages over similar individuals who attended higher education but did not complete a degree. We use a hiring survey experiment with 335 German employers to explore possible explanations for these 'sheepskin effects', while addressing concerns about unobserved confounding in observational studies. Across 2680 hypothetical job applicants, employers were nearly 1.8 times more likely to i…
How routine tasks affect labor market inequalities between vocational and tertiary graduates over the career
Vocational graduates perform more routine tasks than general graduates. • Group differences in routine tasks account for 11 % of the income gap. • Group differences in routine tasks do not affect unemployment risk. • Decreasing returns to routine tasks account for 25 % of the gap in income growth. • No shifts in the prevalence of routine tasks over the career for both groups
Fatherhood and men's working hours in a part-time economy
How do fathers adjust their working hours after the birth of their first child? Though the impact of childbirth on women's employment is well-established, less is known about its effect on fathers. We investigate this question in the Netherlands (2006-2017), a country characterized by high prevalence of part-time work. We focus on two contexts that might shape the extent to which first-time fathers reduce their working hours after childbirth: the…
Temporary employment and wage inequality over the life course
Wage inequality between workers with different levels of educational attainment has been shown to increase over the life course. In this study, we investigate to what extent this growth is explained by temporary employment. Using linked employer-employee register data from the Netherlands, we follow the labour market careers of workers born in 1979. We decompose the impact of temporary employment on the change in the wage gap over the life course…
De cultivering van succes
Amsterdam University Press is a leading publisher of academic books, journals and textbooks in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Our aim is to make current research available to scholars, students, innovators, and the general public. AUP stands for scholarly excellence, global presence, and engagement with the international academic community
Life-Course Differences in Occupational Mobility Between Vocationally and Generally Trained Workers in Germany
Vocational education is considered beneficial to young workers entering the labor market but disadvantageous late in their careers. Many studies assume that late-career disadvantages stem from lower levels of occupational mobility, but do not explicitly study this mechanism. This study is the first to empirically assess whether and to what extent occupational mobility differs between workers with a general education and those with vocational trai…
Let’s Stick Together: Peer Effects in Secondary School Choice and Variations by Student Socio-Economic Background
Despite the vast body of research focusing on peer effects in education, the role of the immediate peer environment in school choice has been understudied to date. We study the extent to which students from the same primary school cluster in the same secondary school, and how this effect varies by a student’s socio-economic background. We use register data from the Netherlands, covering six cohorts of students (2013–2019), that enable us to accou…
The plateauing of cognitive ability among top earners
Are the best-paying jobs with the highest prestige done by individuals of great intelligence? Past studies find job success to increase with cognitive ability, but do not examine how, conversely, ability varies with job success. Stratification theories suggest that social background and cumulative advantage dominate cognitive ability as determinants of high occupational success. This leads us to hypothesize that among the relatively successful, a…
Het vergeten talent: Van Heek, F. (1968). Het verborgen talent: Milieu, schoolkeuze en schoolgeschiktheid. Meppel: Boom
Amsterdam University Press is a leading publisher of academic books, journals and textbooks in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Our aim is to make current research available to scholars, students, innovators, and the general public. AUP stands for scholarly excellence, global presence, and engagement with the international academic community
The dynamics of achievement inequality: The role of performance and choice in Chile
Gender inequality in educational performance over the school career: The role of tracking
Explaining wage differentials by field of study among higher education graduates: Evidence from a large-scale survey of adult skills
Occupations, organizations, and the structure of wage inequality in the Netherlands
Divorce and Diverging Poverty Rates: A Risk-and-Vulnerability Approach
ObjectiveThis study offers a new approach to analyzing life course inequalities and applies it to the link between divorce and poverty.BackgroundPrevious research has suggested that divorce drives cumulative inequality between education groups during the life course. Two pathways play a role in this process: the educational gradient in the risk of divorce and the educational gradient in economic vulnerability to divorce. Both pathways should be s…
Training Regimes and Skill Formation in France and Germany An Analysis of Change Between 1970 and 2010
How do educational systems prepare workers for the labor market? Stratification research has often made a distinction between two ideal-types: 'qualificational spaces,' exemplified by Germany with a focus on vocational education, and 'organizational spaces,' exemplified by France with a focus on general education. However, most studies that investigated this distinction did so by focusing only on the size of the vocational sector, not on whether …
Teaching Replication to Graduate Students
Replicating published studies promotes active learning of quantitative research skills. Drawing on experiences from a replication course, we provide practical tips and reflections for teachers who consider incorporating replication in their courses. We discuss teaching practices and challenges we encountered at three stages of a replication course: student recruitment, course structure and proceedings, and learning outcomes. We highlight that by …
School-to-Work Linkages, Educational Mismatches, and Labor Market Outcomes
A recurring question in public and scientific debates is whether occupation-specific skills enhance labor market outcomes. Is it beneficial to have an educational degree that is linked to only one or a small set of occupations? To answer this question, we generalize existing models of the effects of (mis)match between education and occupation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, we incorporate the structural effects of linkage strength between…
Labour Market Effects of General and Vocational Education over the Life-Cycle and across Time: Accounting for Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
A recent literature argues that the labour market returns to vocational education vary over the life cycle. Graduates with an occupation-specific educational degree have a smooth transition into the labour market but experience difficulties later in their career when their specific skills become obsolete. This life course penalty to vocational education is expected to be particularly strong in periods of rapid technological change. Existing liter…
The Matthew effect in science funding
Significance Why do scientists with similar backgrounds and abilities often end up achieving very different degrees of success? A classic explanation is that academic achievement exhibits a “Matthew effect”: Early successes increase future success chances. We analyze data from a large academic funding program that present a unique opportunity to quantify the Matthew effect and identify generative mechanisms. Our results show that winners just abo…
The Gender Revolution in Context: How Later Tracking in Education Benefits Girls
It is well established that women have surpassed men in educational attainment. The potential effect of educational institutional structures on the “rise of women” has largely been overlooked. In particular, the age of first selection into distinct educational tracks seems important, as the female-favorable gap in educational performance has been shown to widen during the high school years. Using microdata from the European Social Survey and data…
Vocational education and employment over the life course using a new measure of occupational specificity
Vakmanschap op de arbeidsmarkt: Een analyse van de arbeidsmarktuitkomsten van afgestudeerden uit het middelbaar beroepsonderwijs1
In this article we examine the labor market outcome of different types of craftsmen. Do vocationally educated craftsmen have a smoother school-to-work transition than graduates with general skills? We analyze this question using Dutch Labor Force Surveys from 1996 to 2012. We find that craftsmen who have a very specialized educational degree are less likely to be unemployed at the start of their careers. However, those with a broader educational …
The Transferability of Skills and Degrees: Why the Place of Education Affects Immigrant Earnings
An important explanation for immigrants’ wage disadvantage is that human capital acquired in the country of origin is not fully transferable to the country of destination. Credentialing theories, on the other hand, argue that being educated abroad results in lower wages because foreign degrees are weaker signals to employers and might impede formal access to occupations. In this study, we use the Programme for the International Assessment of Adul…
School-to-Work Linkages in the United States, Germany, and France
A new research agenda is proposed for assessing the strength of linkages between educational credentials, including fields of study, and occupational positions. The authors argue that a theoretically fruitful conception of linkage strength requires a focus on granular structure as well as the macroinstitutional characteristics of pathways between education and the labor market. Building on recent advances in the study of multigroup segregation, t…
School-to-Work Linkages, Educational Mismatches, and Labor Market Outcomes
A recurring question in public and scientific debates is whether occupation-specific skills enhance labor market outcomes. Is it beneficial to have an educational degree that is linked to only one or a small set of occupations? To answer this question, we generalize existing models of the effects of (mis)match between education and occupation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, we incorporate the structural effects of linkage strength between…
Occupational Closure and Wage Inequality in Germany and the United Kingdom
Rent-based accounts of inequality argue that institutionalized barriers to the access to labour market positions create artificial restrictions on the supply of labour and, in turn, generate wages for workers in protected positions in excess of the wages they would receive in a competitive labour market. In this article, we extend this argument to the comparative context, and elaborate a rent-based explanation of between-occupation wage inequalit…
Signals and closure by degrees: The education effect across 15 European countries
What makes education positional? Institutions, overeducation and the competition for jobs
Has education become more positional? Educational expansion and labour market outcomes, 1985-2007
Educational expansion has had important effects on society. However, it has not yet been acknowledged that expansion might have changed the way in which education operates in labour markets. We argue that, as a result of educational expansion, a positional model of education becomes more important whereby labour market rewards do not primarily depend on absolute skill levels, but instead on workers' relative positions in the labour market. Analyz…
European Sociological Review
Journal Article European Sociological Review Get access European Sociological Review, Volume 27, Issue 4, August 2011, Page i2, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr061 Published: 30 July 2011
Divorce and Diverging Poverty Rates: A Risk-and-Vulnerability Approach
ObjectiveThis study offers a new approach to analyzing life course inequalities and applies it to the link between divorce and poverty.BackgroundPrevious research has suggested that divorce drives cumulative inequality between education groups during the life course. Two pathways play a role in this process: the educational gradient in the risk of divorce and the educational gradient in economic vulnerability to divorce. Both pathways should be s…
Vocational education and employment over the life course using a new measure of occupational specificity
Vocational Education and Employment over the Life Cycle
Vocationally educated individuals often find employment sooner after school than those with a general educational qualification. A recent study has argued that the higher employment probability associated with a vocational qualification reverses in later life. The main explanation is that although having (occupation-)specific skills is an advantage when entering the labor market, specific skills also make the vocationally educated less flexible. …
Grandparents' resources and grandchildren's schooling: Does grandparental involvement moderate the grandparent effect
Labour Market Effects of General and Vocational Education over the Life-Cycle and across Time: Accounting for Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
A recent literature argues that the labour market returns to vocational education vary over the life cycle. Graduates with an occupation-specific educational degree have a smooth transition into the labour market but experience difficulties later in their career when their specific skills become obsolete. This life course penalty to vocational education is expected to be particularly strong in periods of rapid technological change. Existing liter…
Economic returns to occupational closure in the German skilled trades
Occupational closure and wages in Norway
Recent literature has pointed to occupational closure in order to explain wage inequality between occupations. The basic argument of occupational closure is that average occupational wages are higher in closed occupations because these occupations are better able to establish and maintain institutional barriers to access. In this study we analyse occupational closure and its wage effects in Norway by matching newly gathered occupational data on f…
Does Diversity Pay? A Replication of Herring (2009)
In an influential article published in the American Sociological Review in 2009, Herring finds that diverse workforces are beneficial for business. His analysis supports seven out of eight hypotheses on the positive effects of gender and racial diversity on sales revenue, number of customers, perceived relative market share, and perceived relative profitability. This comment points out that Herring's analysis contains two errors. First, missing c…
Gender inequality in educational performance over the school career: The role of tracking
Occupations, organizations, and the structure of wage inequality in the Netherlands
Let’s Stick Together: Peer Effects in Secondary School Choice and Variations by Student Socio-Economic Background
Despite the vast body of research focusing on peer effects in education, the role of the immediate peer environment in school choice has been understudied to date. We study the extent to which students from the same primary school cluster in the same secondary school, and how this effect varies by a student’s socio-economic background. We use register data from the Netherlands, covering six cohorts of students (2013–2019), that enable us to accou…
Explaining wage differentials by field of study among higher education graduates: Evidence from a large-scale survey of adult skills
Training Regimes and Skill Formation in France and Germany An Analysis of Change Between 1970 and 2010
How do educational systems prepare workers for the labor market? Stratification research has often made a distinction between two ideal-types: 'qualificational spaces,' exemplified by Germany with a focus on vocational education, and 'organizational spaces,' exemplified by France with a focus on general education. However, most studies that investigated this distinction did so by focusing only on the size of the vocational sector, not on whether …
Occupations and the wage structure: The role of occupational tasks in Britain
The dynamics of achievement inequality: The role of performance and choice in Chile
Teaching Replication to Graduate Students
Replicating published studies promotes active learning of quantitative research skills. Drawing on experiences from a replication course, we provide practical tips and reflections for teachers who consider incorporating replication in their courses. We discuss teaching practices and challenges we encountered at three stages of a replication course: student recruitment, course structure and proceedings, and learning outcomes. We highlight that by …
Informal Learning and Labour Market Returns. Evidence from German Panel Data
Informal learning, the self-initiated acquisition of knowledge, takes a central position in political and scientific debates on skill formation. Human capital theory argues that informal learning increases skills and thereby will positively affect returns in the labour market. Signalling and closure theories do not expect returns to informal learning, as informal learning does not result in a formal degree. So far only a few studies have empirica…
Income Inequality and Gambling: A Panel Study in the United States (1980-1997)
While there are many studies that examine the consequences of increasing income inequality, its effects on gambling behavior have not yet been studied. In this article, we argue that income inequality increases the average expenditure on gambling. Using longitudinal state-level data for the United States (1980–1997), we estimate fixed-effects models to analyze two types of gambling expenditure: pari-mutuel betting and lottery spending. Our findin…
Signals and closure by degrees: The education effect across 15 European countries
European Sociological Review
Journal Article European Sociological Review Get access European Sociological Review, Volume 27, Issue 4, August 2011, Page i2, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr061 Published: 30 July 2011
Educational Systems and the Trade-Off between Labor Market Allocation and Equality of Educational Opportunity
Educational systems with a high level of tracking and vocational orientation have been shown to improve the allocation of school-leavers in the labor market. However, tracked educational systems are also known to increase inequality of educational opportunity. This presumed trade-off between equality and labor market preparation is clearly rooted in two different perspectives on the origin of differentiation in educational systems, dating back to…
Curricular Tracking and Central Examinations: Counterbalancing the Impact of Social Background on Student Achievement in 36 Countries
Tracked educational systems are associated with greater social inequality in children’s educational achievement. Until now, research has assumed that the impact of tracking on the inequality of educational opportunity is independent of other educational institutional features. Using data from the 2009 PISA survey, we study how central examinations affect the association between tracking and inequality. We find that parental socioeconomic status h…
Income Inequality and Gambling: A Panel Study in the United States (1980-1997)
While there are many studies that examine the consequences of increasing income inequality, its effects on gambling behavior have not yet been studied. In this article, we argue that income inequality increases the average expenditure on gambling. Using longitudinal state-level data for the United States (1980–1997), we estimate fixed-effects models to analyze two types of gambling expenditure: pari-mutuel betting and lottery spending. Our findin…
Economic returns to occupational closure in the German skilled trades
What makes education positional? Institutions, overeducation and the competition for jobs
Has education become more positional? Educational expansion and labour market outcomes, 1985-2007
Educational expansion has had important effects on society. However, it has not yet been acknowledged that expansion might have changed the way in which education operates in labour markets. We argue that, as a result of educational expansion, a positional model of education becomes more important whereby labour market rewards do not primarily depend on absolute skill levels, but instead on workers' relative positions in the labour market. Analyz…
Occupational Closure and Wage Inequality in Germany and the United Kingdom
Rent-based accounts of inequality argue that institutionalized barriers to the access to labour market positions create artificial restrictions on the supply of labour and, in turn, generate wages for workers in protected positions in excess of the wages they would receive in a competitive labour market. In this article, we extend this argument to the comparative context, and elaborate a rent-based explanation of between-occupation wage inequalit…
Vocational Education and Employment over the Life Cycle
Vocationally educated individuals often find employment sooner after school than those with a general educational qualification. A recent study has argued that the higher employment probability associated with a vocational qualification reverses in later life. The main explanation is that although having (occupation-)specific skills is an advantage when entering the labor market, specific skills also make the vocationally educated less flexible. …
Grandparents' resources and grandchildren's schooling: Does grandparental involvement moderate the grandparent effect
Vakmanschap op de arbeidsmarkt: Een analyse van de arbeidsmarktuitkomsten van afgestudeerden uit het middelbaar beroepsonderwijs1
In this article we examine the labor market outcome of different types of craftsmen. Do vocationally educated craftsmen have a smoother school-to-work transition than graduates with general skills? We analyze this question using Dutch Labor Force Surveys from 1996 to 2012. We find that craftsmen who have a very specialized educational degree are less likely to be unemployed at the start of their careers. However, those with a broader educational …
The Transferability of Skills and Degrees: Why the Place of Education Affects Immigrant Earnings
An important explanation for immigrants’ wage disadvantage is that human capital acquired in the country of origin is not fully transferable to the country of destination. Credentialing theories, on the other hand, argue that being educated abroad results in lower wages because foreign degrees are weaker signals to employers and might impede formal access to occupations. In this study, we use the Programme for the International Assessment of Adul…
Occupations and the wage structure: The role of occupational tasks in Britain
Does Diversity Pay? A Replication of Herring (2009)
In an influential article published in the American Sociological Review in 2009, Herring finds that diverse workforces are beneficial for business. His analysis supports seven out of eight hypotheses on the positive effects of gender and racial diversity on sales revenue, number of customers, perceived relative market share, and perceived relative profitability. This comment points out that Herring's analysis contains two errors. First, missing c…
Occupational closure and wages in Norway
Recent literature has pointed to occupational closure in order to explain wage inequality between occupations. The basic argument of occupational closure is that average occupational wages are higher in closed occupations because these occupations are better able to establish and maintain institutional barriers to access. In this study we analyse occupational closure and its wage effects in Norway by matching newly gathered occupational data on f…
Informal Learning and Labour Market Returns. Evidence from German Panel Data
Informal learning, the self-initiated acquisition of knowledge, takes a central position in political and scientific debates on skill formation. Human capital theory argues that informal learning increases skills and thereby will positively affect returns in the labour market. Signalling and closure theories do not expect returns to informal learning, as informal learning does not result in a formal degree. So far only a few studies have empirica…
School-to-Work Linkages in the United States, Germany, and France
A new research agenda is proposed for assessing the strength of linkages between educational credentials, including fields of study, and occupational positions. The authors argue that a theoretically fruitful conception of linkage strength requires a focus on granular structure as well as the macroinstitutional characteristics of pathways between education and the labor market. Building on recent advances in the study of multigroup segregation, t…
The Matthew effect in science funding
Significance Why do scientists with similar backgrounds and abilities often end up achieving very different degrees of success? A classic explanation is that academic achievement exhibits a “Matthew effect”: Early successes increase future success chances. We analyze data from a large academic funding program that present a unique opportunity to quantify the Matthew effect and identify generative mechanisms. Our results show that winners just abo…
The Gender Revolution in Context: How Later Tracking in Education Benefits Girls
It is well established that women have surpassed men in educational attainment. The potential effect of educational institutional structures on the “rise of women” has largely been overlooked. In particular, the age of first selection into distinct educational tracks seems important, as the female-favorable gap in educational performance has been shown to widen during the high school years. Using microdata from the European Social Survey and data…
Vocational education and employment over the life course using a new measure of occupational specificity
Teaching Replication to Graduate Students
Replicating published studies promotes active learning of quantitative research skills. Drawing on experiences from a replication course, we provide practical tips and reflections for teachers who consider incorporating replication in their courses. We discuss teaching practices and challenges we encountered at three stages of a replication course: student recruitment, course structure and proceedings, and learning outcomes. We highlight that by …
School-to-Work Linkages, Educational Mismatches, and Labor Market Outcomes
A recurring question in public and scientific debates is whether occupation-specific skills enhance labor market outcomes. Is it beneficial to have an educational degree that is linked to only one or a small set of occupations? To answer this question, we generalize existing models of the effects of (mis)match between education and occupation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, we incorporate the structural effects of linkage strength between…
Labour Market Effects of General and Vocational Education over the Life-Cycle and across Time: Accounting for Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
A recent literature argues that the labour market returns to vocational education vary over the life cycle. Graduates with an occupation-specific educational degree have a smooth transition into the labour market but experience difficulties later in their career when their specific skills become obsolete. This life course penalty to vocational education is expected to be particularly strong in periods of rapid technological change. Existing liter…
Occupations, organizations, and the structure of wage inequality in the Netherlands
Economics (33 works) · Demographic economics (26 works) · Labour economics (24 works) · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality (22 works) · Economic growth (20 works) · Psychology (20 works) · Political science (17 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies (11 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (10 works)