Ruth Kark
Biographic Data
| ID | 215617 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ruth Kark |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ruth |
| FAMILY NAME | Kark |
| SIGNATURE | KARK R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Hebrew University of Jerusalem |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0506-9683 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 219 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 69 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Who Gets to Lead Together? Considering the Uneven Terrains in Shared and Collective Leadership
Shared and collective leadership scholarship has compellingly challenged heroic models by locating leadership in relational, plural, and distributed influence processes, rotating roles, and participatory design. Yet, the egalitarian impetus of “leading together” often falters in practice. Building on a scenario of an intentionally inclusive, collaboratively led conference that nonetheless stratifies participation and influence, this paper argues …
Every Rose Has Its Thorns - How Exemplars Manage the Tensions in Inclusive Leadership
In our increasingly polarizing world, inclusive leadership practices that aim to foster belongingness and uniqueness for all organizational members become essential to individual and organizational thriving. However, according to optimal distinctiveness theory, inclusive efforts may involve managing the tension between meeting the needs for belongingness and uniqueness, which can be compounded in contexts with diverse representations of subgroups…
The value of leaders we trust and leaders who make us stronger: Exploring the distinct contributions of different components of identity leadership to group member outcomes
This study investigates the critical role of social identity in leadership, specifically examining identity leadership (IL) and the unique contributions of its four subdimensions: identity prototypicality, identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, and identity impresarioship. To date, research has largely focused on the global construct of identity leadership and shown that in organizational contexts, it is a predictor of a range of outcom…
Macho or Nerd: Perceptions of Masculinity, Social Environment, and Science Capital Utilization Among Adolescent STEM Students
The current study aims to explore how varying perceptions of masculinity influence adolescent boys' attitudes toward STEM and their future engagement with STEM-related careers, with a particular focus on the differences between boys from the social center and those from the periphery in Israel. Analyzing 27 in-depth interviews with participants from the social periphery and the social center, we uncovered a pronounced difference: boys from the so…
Catty, bitchy, queen bee or sister? A review of competition among women in organizations from a paradoxical‐coopetition perspective
Women in organizations must grapple with a double‐bind stemming from conflicting expectations toward them to exhibit both competition (per workplace norms) and cooperation (per societal gender‐specific norms), and they often suffer a backlash for conforming to one expectation at the expense of the other. Similarly, different streams of literature offer contrasting accounts of women's competitive attitudes and behavior. This systematic review is t…
Disobeying the Leader: Creative Deviance as a Mechanism Between Psychological Ownership and Social Undermining
Many innovative products are attributable to employees disobeying the mandate of their supervisors to stop working on a creative idea, that is, creative deviance. Surprisingly, there has been a dearth of empirical research on this important construct, and the possible negative social outcomes of creative deviance remain unexplored. This research integrates psychological ownership theory and motivated information processing theory to theoretically…
Wo∼Men and Leadership: Re-Thinking the State of Research on Gender and Leadership Through Waves of Feminist Thinking
Feminist thinking has contributed to changing views of women in society and in leadership positions. Yet women are still underrepresented in leadership, especially in key roles and at higher organizational ranks. In this commentary we examine the past, present, and future of leadership theories through a gendered lens, by considering them against the backdrop of feminist theory evolution. We first organize existing leadership theories according t…
A woman’s got to be what a woman’s got to be? How managerial assessment centers perpetuate gender inequality
Why do women receive equal or better performance ratings than men in managerial assessment centers even when they are structured in ways that systematically disadvantage them? This study provides the first attempt to understand this managerial assessment center gender paradox using in-depth interviews with managerial assessment center evaluators for a large semi-military governmental organization. The study revealed that the managerial assessment…
Political leaders' identity leadership and civic citizenship behavior: The mediating role of trust in fellow citizens and the moderating role of economic inequality
Identity leadership captures leaders efforts to create and promote a sense of shared group membership (i.e., a sense of “we” and of “us”) among followers. The present research report tests this claim by drawing on data from 26 countries that are part of the Global Identity Leadership Development (GILD) project to examine the relationship between political leaders' identity leadership and civic citizenship behavior (N = 6787). It also examines the…
‘Bedouin Boy With Camel’: An Analysis of Archival Photographs of Bedouin Children in Palestine
This study analyzes photographs found in historical archives of Bedouin children in Palestine from over a hundred years ago. The Bedouin children were photographed in their natural environment by foreign European photographers touring the Holy Land. Young children were photographed held by their mothers, at work, on a path, or near the tent. The research unravels the context in which the pictures were constructed, documented, and archived. The st…
The Sinai Bedouins and the Ottoman army in World War I
Though forming having taken an active part in the Sinai and Palestine campaigns of the World War I, the Bedouin tribes are rarely mentioned. This is due in part to the scarcity of documentation, especially having none from the Bedouins themselves. This article seeks to fill in some of the gaps in the research on the war in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Palestine, and to examine the contribution of the Bedouin tribes in that area to the Ottoman…
Between Two Empires and Two States: The Central Jordan Valley and the Jiftlik Saraya
Mission not accomplished: The response of the State of Israel and NGOs to Christian missionary activity, 1966–1986
In the broader context of missionary activity during the period of colonialism and post-colonialism, this contribution explores the relationship between Christian mission and Israel as a modern Jewish democratic nation-state. After the founding of the modern State of Israel in 1948, some Protestant churches and missionary organisations continued to seek conversions of Jews to Christianity. The State of Israel has officially opposed proselytising …
Start with why: The transfer of work meaningfulness from leaders to followers and the role of dyadic tenure
Leaders are expected to enhance the work meaningfulness of followers, but little insight exists on the role of leaders' own experience of meaningfulness in that process. We propose a leader–follower transfer model of work meaningfulness through visionary leadership, grounded in self‐concept‐based theory, in which leader–follower dyadic tenure shapes the effects of visionary leadership on followers. Moreover, we suggest that work meaningfulness ca…
Identity Leadership, Employee Burnout and the Mediating Role of Team Identification: Evidence from the Global Identity Leadership Development Project
Do leaders who build a sense of shared social identity in their teams thereby protect them from the adverse effects of workplace stress? This is a question that the present paper explores by testing the hypothesis that identity leadership contributes to stronger team identification among employees and, through this, is associated with reduced burnout. We tested this model with unique datasets from the Global Identity Leadership Development (GILD)…
Mission impossible: The Christian mission and the State of Israel, 1948–65
Using primary archival and other contemporary sources, this article explores the relationship between the Christian mission and Israel as a modern Jewish nation-state from its establishment in 1948 until 1965, when section 13a of the Legal Capacity and Guardianship Law, 5722–1962, was enacted in the Israeli Parliament (Knesset). Since the rebirth of the State of Israel, a number of Christian Protestant Churches and missionary organisations have w…
The Bedouins, the Ottoman Civilizing Mission and the Establishment of the Town of Beersheba
According to Ottoman historiography, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Ottoman state adopted the European civilizing mission and discourse towards the nomadic tribal population in the empire. This phenomenon was usually referred to as ‘borrowed colonialism’. However, recently, new studies began to challenge that view, arguing that officials used civilizing discourse to justify their failures in dealing with the nomads, o…
Geopietism and pilgrimage/tourism to the Holy Land/Palestine (1850–1918) and the case of Thomas Cook
This paper deals with the concept of “Geopietism” (“georeligion”), and the role of Thomas Cook (1808-1892), one of the main innovators in the modern business of tourism in England and abroad, in the rediscovery of the Holy Land. For centuries the Holy Land had been a center of pilgrimage for Christians, Jews and Muslims. Based on contemporary primary sources the paper analyses the creation from 1869 of new institutional frameworks, infrastructure…
The Visibility of Bedouin Women in the Negev as Reflected in the Private Photographic Collection of Dr Ben Assa
This article presents a private collection of photographs of Bedouins living in the Negev desert in Southern Israel in the 1950s–1960s: the personal collection of the Dutch-born Benjamin Yehudah Ben Assa (1917–1976), a medical doctor known to the Bedouins as Abu Assa. The study explores the forms of presentation of women in his photographs, mostly while being treated in his clinic during his medical practice. The analysis of the photographs relat…
Universal values in childhood concepts and education in the ‘New Yishuv’, 1882–1914
The tension between universal and local values is reflected in educational discourse in every period and society. The education of children serves to strengthen national identity and local culture in the face of globalising trends. This article examines the position and influence of western childhood images and pedagogical concepts, developed mainly from the eighteenth century onward, on the concepts and attitudes of educators of the Jewish natio…
Putting gender on the table”: Understanding reactions to women who discuss gender inequality
Even though gender inequality remains an important challenge across societies, many believe it to be long gone (Marken, 2016). Thus, it is essential to publicly address issues related to gender inequality as a first step towards advancing change in this domain. However, those who address gender inequality may encounter personal costs. In the current research, we examined reactions to women who “put gender on the table.” In Study 1 ( N = 202), men…
Dancing on the Razor’s Edge: How Top-Level Women Leaders Manage the Paradoxical Tensions between Agency and Communion
Her/His Ethics? Managerial Ethics in Moral Decision-Making from a Contextual, Gendered, and Relational Perspective
Land and settlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin: Official (ad hoc) steering committees, 1948–1980
This study examines the development of official policy, mainly regarding land and settlement, in the three decades following Israel’s establishment, focusing on ad hoc committees appointed to deal with Bedouin issues. The majority of the committee reports included suggestions for ending disputes between the Bedouin and the State over Negev lands and/or to establish Bedouin permanent settlement. However, few of the proposals were implemented; de f…
Garden cities in the Jewish Yishuv of Palestine: Zionist ideology and practice 1905–1945
The Garden City Movement is recognized as a dominant forerunner of modern urban planning. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the broad popularity and selective adoption of Garden City concepts in Zionist circles and the Jewish Yishuv (Community) in Palestine, to document their implementation in Jewish urban settlement in Palestine, and to follow their local evolution into the creation of a unique urban fabric. We show how the Garden City ide…
Alive and creating: The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement
Individual involvement in creative work is of crucial importance for organizations in a knowledge‐based economy. This study examined how psychological safety induces feelings of vitality and how feelings of vitality impact one's involvement in creative work. We examined these relationships among 128 part‐time graduate students who held managerial and non‐managerial position in their work organizations. The results suggest that employees' sense of…
The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928
The development of the cadastral system and land mapping of Palestine is a domestic issue of land administration whose early development took place primarily in Europe. Twentieth-century Palestine saw the transition from land registration, without proper reference of location, to statutory maps which became indispensable for land settlement and registration. This paper considers the introduction of cadastral mapping in Palestine in the years 1858…
Dancing on the Razor’s Edge: How Top-Level Women Leaders Manage the Paradoxical Tensions between Agency and Communion
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Its Congregation: Dissent Over Real Estate
Dissent between the clerical establishment and lay followers is not an infrequent phenomenon and has often focused on church appointments, leadership, and political issues. In the Middle East, such tensions are found between churches usually led by European clergy and their predominantly Arab congregations. Here we combine historical and geographical research methods to investigate a neglected source of contention—that of property held by the chu…
The Land That Became Israel: Studies in Historical Geography
Maps and the settlement of southern Palestine, 1799–1948: An historical/GIS analysis
Sultan Abdülhamid II and Palestine: Private Lands and Imperial Policy
This paper surveys the private lands owned by of Sultan Abdülhamid II in Palestine and analyzes their spatial distribution and impact, in the context of regional imperial policy. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire faced serious external and internal problems. Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876-1909) used various traditional and modern methods in order to increase the internal cohesion of the empire and strengthen itvis-à…
The church and landed property: The greek orthodox patriarchate of Jerusalem
This article investigates the factors that transformed the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem into the owner of a large-scale stock of real estate in the past and, as a result, it is one of the largest non-governmental landowners in the State of Israel today. Its ownership of this substantial amount of land has been one of the sources of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate’s economic and political strength. It brought about the phenomenon of Je…
Jaffa: A City in Evolution. 1799-1917
Changing patterns of landownership in nineteenth-century Palestine: The European influence
Millenarism and agricultural settlement in the Holy Land in the nineteenth century
Empire, State and the Bedouin of the Middle East, Past and Present: A Comparative Study of Land and Settlement Policies
The Bedouin of the Middle East have been one of the region's most marginalized groups in modern times. This study assesses the interplay between state policies and the Bedouin in the last 150 years, from a comparative standpoint. We examine the development of land laws in the Middle East as they have affected the Bedouin, from the enactment of the Ottoman land laws of 1858 up to the present. Moreover we explore whether the land laws and the fate …
The Politics of church land administration: The Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem in late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine, 1875–1948
This article follows the course of the prolonged land dispute within the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem between the Greek religious establishment and the local Arab laity from the late Ottoman period to the end of the British Mandate (1875–1948). The article examines state policies in relation to Church-owned property and assesses how the administration of this property affected the inter-communal relationship. It is argued that both the Ottoman an…
Israel Negev Bedouin during the 1948 War: Departure and Return
While much has been written on various aspects of the 1948 War, the story of the Negev Bedouins' role and their relations with the newly formed Jewish state has drawn little attention. This article focuses on a short but important episode in the establishment of Israeli–Bedouin relations by examining the Negev Bedouin involvement in the 1948 War, predominantly on the side of the Arab armies, and the circumstances of their departure. Its findings …
Colonialism and Religious Power Politics: The Question of New Regulations within the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem during the British Mandate
This article critically assesses the conflict within the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem between the Greek hierarchy and the Arab laity concerning the proposals of the Mandatory Government for a new regulatory framework for patriarchal operation. The British presented two draft reform ordinances, neither of which met Arab expectations. Instead of promoting the laity's emancipation from ‘foreign’ Greek administrative and financial control, the ordina…
The Negev: Land, Settlement, the Bedouin and Ottoman and British Policy 1871–1948
Focusing on the sub-district of Beersheba in British Mandatory Palestine, we examine issues of colonial administration, land use, relations between the government and indigenous nomads and extension of government control over marginal regions. Based on archival primary written sources and maps, we assess British Mandatory policy in the Negev, in the contexts of land ownership, settlement and the Bedouin population. The British Mandatory administr…
The impact of early missionary enterprises on landscape and identity formation in Palestine, 1820–1914
Most studies relating to missionary activity in various parts of the globe have dealt with missions both as agents of penetration of the colonial powers and as conveyers of Christian concepts of cultural and religious supremacy expressed as ‘redemption of the heathen world’. This paper argues that it is informative to emphasize a new dimension in the study of missions—that of the relationship between belief systems and place. It considers the mod…
Sweden and the Holy Land: Pietistic and communal settlement
The Establishment of Muslim Neighbourhoods in Jerusalem, Outside the Old City, During the Late Ottoman Period
A woman’s got to be what a woman’s got to be? How managerial assessment centers perpetuate gender inequality
Why do women receive equal or better performance ratings than men in managerial assessment centers even when they are structured in ways that systematically disadvantage them? This study provides the first attempt to understand this managerial assessment center gender paradox using in-depth interviews with managerial assessment center evaluators for a large semi-military governmental organization. The study revealed that the managerial assessment…
Bedouin Settlement in Late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine: Influence on the Cultural and Environmental Landscape, 1870-1948
During the late Ottoman and British Mandatory periods the cultural and environmental landscape of Palestine changed dramatically. This was reflected in both urban development and rural settlement patterns. In the last decades of Ottoman rule much of the newly settled rural low country of Palestine, including the coastal plain and Jordan valley, was strongly influenced by Bedouin tribes, who were living in various states of mobile pastoralism. By …
The Protestant Garden Tomb in Jerusalem, Englishwomen, and a Land Transaction in Late Ottoman Palestine
In 1894 the Garden Tomb Association concluded the purchase of a small property outside of the Old City of Jerusalem. The site in question was known as 'Skull Hill' or 'Gordon's Calvary' and was reputed to be the real site of the burial place of Jesus. This case study of a land transaction in Ottoman Jerusalem reveals several important themes from the period. The purchase by foreigners of sites in Palestine was a circuitous process that sometimes …
The contribution of nineteenth century protestant missionary societies to historical cartography
Le but de l'article est de montrer la richesse des chercheurs en sources cartographiques qui ont ete creees et collectees par les missions religieuses protestantes du XIX e siecle, et preservees dans les archives de ces societes missionnaires. Elles apportent une contribution notable non seulement a l'histoire de la cartographie, mais egalement a la recherche geographique, economique, culturelle et architecturale
Jewish frontier settlement in the Negev, 1880–1948: Perception and realization
If we adopt Mikesell's definition of 'frontier' as 'the outer edge of settlement within a given area' ,' then the Negev which extends southwards of the line passing between Ashkelon on the Mediterranean coast through the southern part of the Hebron mountains to the Dead Sea in the East, constituted a frontier region in the period under review, from both the settlement and from the climatic points of view, in that it is a semi-desert to desert reg…
Putting gender on the table”: Understanding reactions to women who discuss gender inequality
Even though gender inequality remains an important challenge across societies, many believe it to be long gone (Marken, 2016). Thus, it is essential to publicly address issues related to gender inequality as a first step towards advancing change in this domain. However, those who address gender inequality may encounter personal costs. In the current research, we examined reactions to women who “put gender on the table.” In Study 1 ( N = 202), men…
The Establishment of Muslim Neighbourhoods in Jerusalem, Outside the Old City, During the Late Ottoman Period
Jewish frontier settlement in the Negev, 1880–1948: Perception and realization
If we adopt Mikesell's definition of 'frontier' as 'the outer edge of settlement within a given area' ,' then the Negev which extends southwards of the line passing between Ashkelon on the Mediterranean coast through the southern part of the Hebron mountains to the Dead Sea in the East, constituted a frontier region in the period under review, from both the settlement and from the climatic points of view, in that it is a semi-desert to desert reg…
Millenarism and agricultural settlement in the Holy Land in the nineteenth century
Changing patterns of landownership in nineteenth-century Palestine: The European influence
Historical sites — perceptions and land purchase: The case of Modi'in, 1882–1931
The Land That Became Israel: Studies in Historical Geography
Jaffa: A City in Evolution. 1799-1917
The contribution of nineteenth century protestant missionary societies to historical cartography
Le but de l'article est de montrer la richesse des chercheurs en sources cartographiques qui ont ete creees et collectees par les missions religieuses protestantes du XIX e siecle, et preservees dans les archives de ces societes missionnaires. Elles apportent une contribution notable non seulement a l'histoire de la cartographie, mais egalement a la recherche geographique, economique, culturelle et architecturale
The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928
The development of the cadastral system and land mapping of Palestine is a domestic issue of land administration whose early development took place primarily in Europe. Twentieth-century Palestine saw the transition from land registration, without proper reference of location, to statutory maps which became indispensable for land settlement and registration. This paper considers the introduction of cadastral mapping in Palestine in the years 1858…
"Glass and Kark, "Sephardi Entrepreneurs in Eretz Israel
Colonial cities in Palestine? Jerusalem under the British mandate
(1996). Colonial cities in Palestine? Jerusalem under the British mandate. Israel Affairs: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 50-94
Sweden and the Holy Land: Pietistic and communal settlement
Messianism, Holiness, Charisma, and Community: The American-Swedish Colony in Jerusalem, 1881-1933
One of the most interesting Protestant sects that settled in Palestine from 1881 onwards, and that operated successfully for more than fifty years, was the American-Swedish "Colony" in Jerusalem.1 Known in its early years as the "Spaffordites," the group was also called the "Overcomers," since the members' journey to Jerusalem was spurred by their desire to overcome a series of personal tragedies. The history of the "American Colony," as it was k…
Land Purchase and Mapping in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century Palestinian Village
Cet article traite de l'habitat et de la cartographie de la population arabe nomade et rurale de Palestine au XIXe siecle. L'auteur presente deux cartes (1860 et 1863) recemment decouvertes, du domaine agricole du village arabe musulman d'Artâs, au sud de Bethlehem. Elles constituent les plus anciennes cartes pre-cadastrales connues de terres privees de la periode moderne d'un village palestinien. Elles ont ete dressees dans le cadre de l'install…
The Jews in Eretz‐Israel/Palestine: From traditional peripherality to modern centrality
(1999). The Jews in Eretz‐Israel/Palestine: From traditional peripherality to modern centrality. Israel Affairs: Vol. 5, Israel's Transition from Community of state, pp. 73-107
The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency.
Followers' identification with the leader and the organizational unit, dependence on the leader, and empowerment by the leader are often attributed to transformational leadership in organizations. However, these hypothesized outcomes have received very little attention in empirical studies. Using a sample of 888 bank employees working under 76 branch manages, the authors tested the relationships between transformational leadership and these outco…
The impact of early missionary enterprises on landscape and identity formation in Palestine, 1820–1914
Most studies relating to missionary activity in various parts of the globe have dealt with missions both as agents of penetration of the colonial powers and as conveyers of Christian concepts of cultural and religious supremacy expressed as ‘redemption of the heathen world’. This paper argues that it is informative to emphasize a new dimension in the study of missions—that of the relationship between belief systems and place. It considers the mod…
Organizational Citizenship Behavior: What's Gender Got To Do With It
In this paper we present a feminist reading of the concept of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and its components. We propose that although the OCB discourse in the literature is presented as gender-neutral, gender is deeply embedded within the concept. We reveal the gendered nature of the concept in two ways. First, drawing on a poststructural feminist perspective, the analysis examines the rhetorical nature of the text, the language an…
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Its Congregation: Dissent Over Real Estate
Dissent between the clerical establishment and lay followers is not an infrequent phenomenon and has often focused on church appointments, leadership, and political issues. In the Middle East, such tensions are found between churches usually led by European clergy and their predominantly Arab congregations. Here we combine historical and geographical research methods to investigate a neglected source of contention—that of property held by the chu…
Gender, status and the use of power strategies
The present study examined the effects of gender and status on the use of power strategies. The experiment consisted of a computer‐based problem‐solving task performed in pairs, where participants interacted with simulated long‐distance partners. Participants were 36 female and 38 male undergraduate students, who were assigned to be influencing agents and were required to convince their partners to accept their help in the problem‐solving process…
Motivation to Lead, Motivation to Follow: The Role of the Self-Regulatory Focus in Leadership Processes
In this paper we integrate recent theories of motivation and leadership. Drawing on the self-regulatory focus theory and on self-concept based theories of leadership, we develop a conceptual framework proposing that leaders' chronic self-regulatory focus (promotion versus prevention), in conjunction with their values, influences their motivation to lead and, subsequently, their leadership behavior. We further suggest that leaders may influence th…
The church and landed property: The greek orthodox patriarchate of Jerusalem
This article investigates the factors that transformed the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem into the owner of a large-scale stock of real estate in the past and, as a result, it is one of the largest non-governmental landowners in the State of Israel today. Its ownership of this substantial amount of land has been one of the sources of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate’s economic and political strength. It brought about the phenomenon of Je…
Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture
This fascinating interdisciplinary collection of essays brings gender issues to the foreground in order to redress a profound imbalance in the historiography of the Yishuv, the Jewish community in Palestine, and in the early years of the State of Israel. Although male discourse still dominates this field, some initial studies have begun to create an authentic and multifaceted Hebrew-Israeli voice by examining the activities and contributions of w…
Alive and creating: The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement
Individual involvement in creative work is of crucial importance for organizations in a knowledge‐based economy. This study examined how psychological safety induces feelings of vitality and how feelings of vitality impact one's involvement in creative work. We examined these relationships among 128 part‐time graduate students who held managerial and non‐managerial position in their work organizations. The results suggest that employees' sense of…
General Gordon, the Palestine Exploration Fund and the Origins of 'Gordon's Calvary' in the Holy Land
With Charles George Gordon’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1883 as our focus, we argue that Gordon was not only an essential fi gure in the foundation of the Garden Tomb, but that he was the penultimate symbol of Victorian England’s perception of the Holy Land, embodying the new elements of biblical critique and evangelism in the same person. He was more than a symbol of his era but also one of the last prominent Englishmen to wrestle with these…
Political science (50 works) · History (45 works) · Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies (39 works) · Ancient history (37 works) · History (35 works) · Sociology (32 works) · Archaeology (31 works) · Law (31 works) · Geography (25 works) · Law (25 works)