W J Stemp
Biographic Data
| ID | 21715 |
|---|---|
| NAME | W J Stemp |
| GIVEN NAMES | W J |
| FAMILY NAME | Stemp |
| SIGNATURE | STEMP W J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Keene State College |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8063-9327 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 52 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 356 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 52 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Better Late than Never: Current Understanding of the Archaic Period in Central Belize
The Archaic period in the Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica emerged around 8000 BCE and likely lasted until about 1000 BCE; however, both the development and complex cultural adaptations representative of Archaic peoples present challenges for archaeologists. In central Belize, archaeological evidence for Archaic people is limited, especially when compared to northern and southern Belize. Nevertheless, our knowledge of Archaic lifestyles in this part …
Sacrifice, Subsistence, and Sacra in Stela Cave: Maya Ritual Practice in Patterns of Ceremonial Chipped Stone
Located in the Macal River Valley of Belize, Stela Cave was an important ceremonial space for the ancient Maya in the Classic period (ca. a.d. 250–900). Surface collection and excavations in the cave produced an assemblage of chipped stone artifacts mostly consisting of debitage with relatively few finished tools. Microscopic usewear analysis revealed that most of the chipped stone artifacts were likely used for domestic and subsistence activitie…
Quantification of microwear on experimental shell tools: First results using focus variation microscopy, surface roughness, and multiscale geometric analyses
Two ancient Maya tattooing tools from Actun Uayazba Kab, Roaring Creek Valley, Belize
The Chipped Chert and Chalcedony Tools from Late Postclassic-Early Spanish Colonial San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize
This study of chipped chert and chalcedony tools discusses the household lithic economy at the Late Postclassic-Early Spanish Colonial (ca. AD 1400-1700) Maya site of San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize. It focuses on access to raw materials, tool types, tool production, tool use, and tool curation before and right after the arrival of the Spaniards
The ideology and symbolism of ancient Maya chert and obsidian eccentrics from central Belize: Materials, contexts, chronology, and meaning
Eccentrics are associated with fundamentally important concepts in ancient Maya cosmology and religion. As their name implies, eccentrics are irregularly shaped, non-utilitarian, special function artifacts. Knapped from chert and obsidian, they vary in size, take many forms, and can be expediently made or masterfully crafted. In this study, we focus on eccentrics from Central Belize, specifically those from Ballcourt 2 at Xunantunich, as well as …
Multiscale characterizations of topographic measurements on lithic materials and microwear using a GelSight Max: Investigating potential archaeological applications
The Implements of the Blade House: The Function and Symbolic Significance of Laurel-leaf Bifaces from Caves in Central Belize
The ancient Maya produced chipped chert and obsidian tools for inclusion in religious rituals as both symbolic and/or functional implements. In this paper, we discuss one particular form of these special chipped stone tools – the large laurel-leaf biface. Laurel-leaf bifaces recovered from the cave sites of Actun Chapat, Actun Tunichil Mucnal, Actun Yaxteel Ahau, and Je’reftheel in central Belize are analyzed in terms of context, lithic raw mater…
Obsidian Tool Function and Maya Lithic Economy at Terminal Classic Pook's Hill, Belize: Subsistence, Domestic Activities, and Craft Production
The typological, technological, and use-wear analyses of obsidian artifacts from Terminal Classic Pook's Hill (AD 830-950+) provide opportunities to better reconstruct socioeconomic activities in this plazuela group, including long-distance trade, tool production, subsistence practices, domestic tasks, and the organization of craft production. Based on visual sourcing, most of the obsidian originated from highland Guatemala, specifically El Chaya…
Ghosts in the Room and Elephants in the Machine: Data Acquisition in Surface Texture Analysis of Stone Tools
This paper is a revised and updated version of the keynote speaker address for the Block 2 Session: “Data Acquisition in Surface Texture Analysis” for the Online Workshop on Quantitative Artifact Microwear Analysis (QAMA) organized by TraCEr–MONREPOS–RGZM (November 25, 2021) in Neuwied, Germany. It discusses a number of issues related to the acquisition of surface data for texture analysis, including the transition from experimentation to artifac…
Quantifying Edge Sharpness on Stone Flakes: Comparing Mechanical and Micro-Geometric Definitions Across Multiple Raw Materials from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)
In line with engineering research focusing on metal tools, techniques to record the attribute of ‘edge sharpness’ on stone tools can include both mechanical and micro-geometric approaches. Mechanically-defined sharpness techniques used in lithic studies are now well established and align with engineering research. The single micro-geometrically-defined technique—tip curvature—is novel relative to approaches used elsewhere, and has not explicitly …
Revisiting lithic edge characterization with microCT: Multiscale study of edge curvature, re-entrant features, and profile geometry on Olduvai Gorge quartzite flakes
Archaic Period Lithic Technology, Sedentism, and Subsistence in Northern Belize: What Can Debitage at Caye Coco and Fred Smith Tell Us
Despite the abundance of lithic debitage at preceramic sites in the Maya Lowlands, these data have rarely been studied in detail. We analyzed the chipped chert debitage from Caye Coco and Fred Smith, two Archaic period sites in the Freshwater Creek drainage of northern Belize, to evaluate strategies of lithic raw material procurement, stone tool production, and tool use. The technological and use-wear analyses of the debitage demonstrate that the…
The Preceramic and Early Ceramic Periods in Belize and the Central Maya Lowlands
This introduction to the Special Section provides a summary of our current understanding of the first humans and the first Maya in these regions and presents seven articles that examine these critical periods from varied, intersecting perspectives. The Introduction begins with a brief history of early preceramic research (primarily in northern Belize) and provides a current chronology for the Paleoindian, Archaic, and Early Preclassic periods. Th…
Lowland Maya Genesis: The Late Archaic to Late Early Formative Transition in the Upper Belize River Valley
The transition from the Late Archaic to the Late Early Formative period witnessed profound changes in the Maya lowlands. In addition to the establishment of the first settlements and agrarian communities, this critical phase of cultural development heralded the introduction of ceramics, saw changes in lithic technology, gave rise to inter-regional trade and exchange, and witnessed the introduction of a complex symbolic system expressed on portabl…
Expedient lithic technology in complex sedentary societies: Use-wear, flake size, and edge angle on debitage from two ancient Maya sites
D multiscale curvature analysis of tool edges as an indicator of cereal harvesting intensity
Point Counter Point: Interpreting Chipped Chert Bifaces in Terminal Classic “Problematic” on-Floor Deposits From Structures A2 and A3 at Cahal Pech, Belize
Problematic deposits, containing different types of artifacts and skeletal remains, are typically recovered on or near the surfaces of the terminal phase of elite civic-ceremonial architecture at ancient Maya sites. These contexts often date to the Terminal Classic period (~a.d.750–900). They have been variously interpreted as evidence for site abandonment, squatting, warfare, or dedication or termination rituals. Sixteen chert bifaces were recov…
Applying Regional, Contextual, Ethnohistoric, and Ethnographic Approaches for Understanding the Significance of Peri-Abandonment Deposits in Western Belize
The discovery of cultural remains on or above the floors of rooms and courtyards at several Maya sites has been interpreted by some archaeologists as problematic deposits, squatter's refuse, as evidence for feasting, termination rituals,de factorefuse, or rapid abandonment as a result of warfare. Investigations by the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project have recorded similar deposits at several surface and subterranean sites in We…
The Last Hurrah: Examining the Nature of Peri-Abandonment Deposits and Activities at Cahal Pech, Belize
Archaeological investigations by the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project at Cahal Pech uncovered several Terminal Classic (a.d.750–900) peri-abandonment deposits and activity areas at this Belize River Valley center. The deposits contained a diverse assemblage of cultural remains located above and between collapsed architecture, associated with evidence for burning activities. In the past, archaeologists have generally interpreted…
Testing imaging confocal microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and focus variation microscopy for microscale measurement of edge cross-sections and calculation of edge curvature on stone too…
Technological, use-wear, and residue analyses of obsidian blades from Classic Maya burials at Pook's Hill, Belize
Pre-Maya Lithic Technology in the Wetlands of Belize: The Chipped Stone from Crawford Bank
Excavations at Crawford Bank in Crooked Tree, Belize, exposed a lithic deposit with no associated ceramics. The deposit primarily consists of chipped chert and chalcedony tools and debitage, as well as a small number of worked slate fragments. Most of the chert likely sources to the Northern Belize Chert-bearing Zone (NBCZ). The recovery of two Archaic period formal tools – a Lowe point and a constricted uniface/trimmed macroblade – suggests a pr…
Ritual economy and ancient Maya bloodletting: Obsidian blades from Actun Uayazba Kab (Handprint Cave), Belize
Exploring the microscale: Advances and novel applications of microscopy for archaeological materials
Documenting Stages of Polish Development on Experimental Stone Tools: Surface Characterization by Fractal Geometry Using UBM Laser Profilometry
Standardization, calibration and innovation: A special issue on lithic microwear method
Experiments in ancient Maya bloodletting: Quantification of Surface Wear on Obsidian Blades
UBM Laser Profilometry and Lithic Use-Wear Analysis: A Variable Length Scale Investigation of Surface Topography
Revisiting lithic edge characterization with microCT: Multiscale study of edge curvature, re-entrant features, and profile geometry on Olduvai Gorge quartzite flakes
Testing Area‐Scale Fractal Complexity (A sfc ) and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) to Document and Discriminate Microwear on Experimental Quartzite Scrapers
Few microwear studies have been conducted on tools made from quartzite. Most rely on visual observation of microwear features using optical light microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. Quantification of microwear on quartzite tools is extremely rare, even though numerous methods to mathematically document surface roughness have been applied to other silicate tools. In this paper, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) was used to docum…
Evidence for Maya Household Subsistence and Domestic Activities: Use-Wear Analysis of the Chipped Chert Assemblage from Pook’s Hill, Belize
From 1999–2005, the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project excavated Pook's Hill (PKH-1), a single plazuela group located in the Roaring Creek Valley, Cayo District, Belize. Artifacts recovered at Pook's Hill date predominantly to the Late and Terminal Classic (A.D. 700–950) and can be stratigraphically segregated into two distinct occupation phases, namely a Late Classic (A.D. 700–830) and a Terminal Classic-Early Postclassic (A.D. …
Design and Function of Lowe and Sawmill Points from the Preceramic Period of Belize
To date, 81 stemmed and barbed preceramic (Archaic) points (8000-900 B.C.) have been identified in Belize. Fifty-four are Lowe points; 21 are Sawmill points. Four more are provisionally classified as Allspice and two as Ya'axche' points. These stemmed bifaces are frequently beveled on alternate-opposite edges and demonstrate variable degrees of resharpening and reworking, which affects blade shape and tool size. Numerous functions have been attri…
Ritual economy and ancient Maya bloodletting: Obsidian blades from Actun Uayazba Kab (Handprint Cave), Belize
Twist and shout: Experiments in ancient Maya blood-letting by piercing with obsidian blades and splinters
Quantification and Discrimination of Lithic Use‐wear: Surface Profile Measurements and Length‐scale Fractal Analysis
This experimental programme employs length‐scale analysis of measured profiles to quantitatively discriminate the surface textures of stone flakes manufactured from East Anglian chalk flint used on four contact materials (shell, wood, dry hide and soaked antler). It presents a method for evaluating texture characterization parameters based on their ability to discriminate wear types, and to determine a level of confidence to the discrimination, u…
Quantifying Edge Sharpness on Stone Flakes: Comparing Mechanical and Micro-Geometric Definitions Across Multiple Raw Materials from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)
In line with engineering research focusing on metal tools, techniques to record the attribute of ‘edge sharpness’ on stone tools can include both mechanical and micro-geometric approaches. Mechanically-defined sharpness techniques used in lithic studies are now well established and align with engineering research. The single micro-geometrically-defined technique—tip curvature—is novel relative to approaches used elsewhere, and has not explicitly …
D multiscale curvature analysis of tool edges as an indicator of cereal harvesting intensity
Is Loading a Significantly Influential Factor in the Development of Lithic Microwear? An Experimental Test Using LSCM on Basalt from Olduvai Gorge
Maya Coastal Subsistence and Craft—Production at San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize: The Lithic Use-Wear Evidence
Use-wear analysis of the chipped chert and chalcedony tools excavated from San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize, has provided substantial insight into the activities performed by the Maya living at the site from the Classic through Historic periods. The determination of tool action and the materials that were worked by the ancient inhabitants reveals that most activities concentrated on basic subsistence in a coastal environment, with the possibilit…
Coastal Maya Obsidian Tool Use and Socio-Economy in the Late Postclassic-Early Spanish Colonial Period at San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize
Microscopic use-wear analysis of the obsidian artifacts recovered from Late Postclassic-Early Spanish Colonial occupations at the site of San Pedro yields useful information for interpreting Maya socio-economic activities. Obsidian traded into the community was used for a variety of tasks with emphasis placed on subsistence and domestic manufacture associated with marine resources, including intermittent and contingent crafting. Trade in obsidian…
Expedient lithic technology in complex sedentary societies: Use-wear, flake size, and edge angle on debitage from two ancient Maya sites
Testing imaging confocal microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and focus variation microscopy for microscale measurement of edge cross-sections and calculation of edge curvature on stone too…
Possible Variation in Late Archaic Period Bifaces in Belize: New Finds from the Cayo District of Western Belize
Six additional barbed bifaces have been recovered from the Cayo District of Western Belize, bringing the total number of known Late Archaic Lowe and Sawmill points from this part of the country to 12. Not only do these six points provide more evidence for a greater Late Archaic hunter-gatherer presence in this part of the country, but differences in their stems suggest the possibility of more variation in point styles than previously known. Based…
Coastal Maya Obsidian Trade in the Late Postclassic to Early Colonial Period: The View From San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize
Although substantial work has been done to reconstruct ancient Maya coastal trade from the Late Preclassic through the Early Postclassic periods (400 BC–AD 1200), relatively little is known about trade activity along the Caribbean Coast in Late Postclassic and Early Colonial times (ca. AD 1400 to 1700). By focusing on obsidian artifacts from the site of San Pedro on Ambergris Caye, Belize, one of the few coastal sites for which data are available…
Lowland Maya Genesis: The Late Archaic to Late Early Formative Transition in the Upper Belize River Valley
The transition from the Late Archaic to the Late Early Formative period witnessed profound changes in the Maya lowlands. In addition to the establishment of the first settlements and agrarian communities, this critical phase of cultural development heralded the introduction of ceramics, saw changes in lithic technology, gave rise to inter-regional trade and exchange, and witnessed the introduction of a complex symbolic system expressed on portabl…
Applying Regional, Contextual, Ethnohistoric, and Ethnographic Approaches for Understanding the Significance of Peri-Abandonment Deposits in Western Belize
The discovery of cultural remains on or above the floors of rooms and courtyards at several Maya sites has been interpreted by some archaeologists as problematic deposits, squatter's refuse, as evidence for feasting, termination rituals,de factorefuse, or rapid abandonment as a result of warfare. Investigations by the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project have recorded similar deposits at several surface and subterranean sites in We…
Pre-Maya Lithic Technology in the Wetlands of Belize: The Chipped Stone from Crawford Bank
Excavations at Crawford Bank in Crooked Tree, Belize, exposed a lithic deposit with no associated ceramics. The deposit primarily consists of chipped chert and chalcedony tools and debitage, as well as a small number of worked slate fragments. Most of the chert likely sources to the Northern Belize Chert-bearing Zone (NBCZ). The recovery of two Archaic period formal tools – a Lowe point and a constricted uniface/trimmed macroblade – suggests a pr…
An ancient Maya ritual cache at Pook's Hill, Belize: Technological and functional analyses of the obsidian blades
The Preceramic and Early Ceramic Periods in Belize and the Central Maya Lowlands
This introduction to the Special Section provides a summary of our current understanding of the first humans and the first Maya in these regions and presents seven articles that examine these critical periods from varied, intersecting perspectives. The Introduction begins with a brief history of early preceramic research (primarily in northern Belize) and provides a current chronology for the Paleoindian, Archaic, and Early Preclassic periods. Th…
UBM Laser Profilometry and Lithic Use-Wear Analysis: A Variable Length Scale Investigation of Surface Topography
Documenting Stages of Polish Development on Experimental Stone Tools: Surface Characterization by Fractal Geometry Using UBM Laser Profilometry
Documenting Stages of Polish Development on Experimental Stone Tools: Surface Characterization by Fractal Geometry Using UBM Laser Profilometry
Maya Coastal Subsistence and Craft—Production at San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize: The Lithic Use-Wear Evidence
Use-wear analysis of the chipped chert and chalcedony tools excavated from San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize, has provided substantial insight into the activities performed by the Maya living at the site from the Classic through Historic periods. The determination of tool action and the materials that were worked by the ancient inhabitants reveals that most activities concentrated on basic subsistence in a coastal environment, with the possibilit…
Ancient Maya Procurement and Use of Chipped Chert and Chalcedony Tools at Marco Gonzalez, Ambergris Caye, Belize
Archaeological investigations at the site of Marco Gonzalez on Ambergris Caye, Belize have revealed a long continuous occupation sequence extendingfrom at least the Late Preclassic into the Late Postclassic periods. This location, so rich in many marine-based resources and well placed to serve as a trading seaport, was completely lacking in suitable lithic raw material for chipped stone tool manufacture. Consequently, the Marco Gonzalez Maya deve…
The Quantification of Microwear on Chipped Stone Tools: Assessing the Effectiveness of Root Mean Square Roughness (Rq)
Although considerable progress has been made by archaeologists and materials scientists toward the development of a method to quantitatively document use-wear on stone tool surfaces, experimentation and refinement of methods continue. The experimental program tests root mean square roughness (rms or Rq) of measured profiles for their ability to quantitatively discriminate the surface textures, or roughness, of experimental stone tools used on fiv…
Quantification and Discrimination of Lithic Use‐wear: Surface Profile Measurements and Length‐scale Fractal Analysis
This experimental programme employs length‐scale analysis of measured profiles to quantitatively discriminate the surface textures of stone flakes manufactured from East Anglian chalk flint used on four contact materials (shell, wood, dry hide and soaked antler). It presents a method for evaluating texture characterization parameters based on their ability to discriminate wear types, and to determine a level of confidence to the discrimination, u…
Evidence for Maya Household Subsistence and Domestic Activities: Use-Wear Analysis of the Chipped Chert Assemblage from Pook’s Hill, Belize
From 1999–2005, the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project excavated Pook's Hill (PKH-1), a single plazuela group located in the Roaring Creek Valley, Cayo District, Belize. Artifacts recovered at Pook's Hill date predominantly to the Late and Terminal Classic (A.D. 700–950) and can be stratigraphically segregated into two distinct occupation phases, namely a Late Classic (A.D. 700–830) and a Terminal Classic-Early Postclassic (A.D. …
Coastal Maya Obsidian Trade in the Late Postclassic to Early Colonial Period: The View From San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize
Although substantial work has been done to reconstruct ancient Maya coastal trade from the Late Preclassic through the Early Postclassic periods (400 BC–AD 1200), relatively little is known about trade activity along the Caribbean Coast in Late Postclassic and Early Colonial times (ca. AD 1400 to 1700). By focusing on obsidian artifacts from the site of San Pedro on Ambergris Caye, Belize, one of the few coastal sites for which data are available…
Reaping the rewards: The potential of well designed methodology, a comment on Vardi et al. (Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 1716–1724) and Goodale et al. (Journal of Archaeological Science…
Possible Functions of Grooved Ground Stones from Baking Pot, Belize
Over the course of the last century, Maya archaeologists have recovered artifacts that have been variously classified as ‘grooved stones’, ‘grooved spheres’, ‘grooved ground spheres’, and ‘grooved ground stones’. Typically, they were made of granite, basalt or limestone, and adhere to a basic template in terms of morphology. In general, most grooved ground stones from Maya sites are spherical or oblong in form, between 5-15 cm in diameter, weigh …
Quantifying Microwear on Experimental Mistassini Quartzite Scrapers: Preliminary Results of Exploratory Research Using LSCM and Scale‐Sensitive Fractal Analysis
Although previous use‐wear studies involving quartz and quartzite have been undertaken by archaeologists, these are comparatively few in number. Moreover, there has been relatively little effort to quantify use‐wear on stone tools made from quartzite. The purpose of this article is to determine the effectiveness of a measurement system, laser scanning confocal microscopy ( LSCM ), to document the surface roughness or texture of experimental M ist…
Possible Variation in Late Archaic Period Bifaces in Belize: New Finds from the Cayo District of Western Belize
Six additional barbed bifaces have been recovered from the Cayo District of Western Belize, bringing the total number of known Late Archaic Lowe and Sawmill points from this part of the country to 12. Not only do these six points provide more evidence for a greater Late Archaic hunter-gatherer presence in this part of the country, but differences in their stems suggest the possibility of more variation in point styles than previously known. Based…
A review of quantification of lithic use-wear using laser profilometry: A method based on metrology and fractal analysis
Is Loading a Significantly Influential Factor in the Development of Lithic Microwear? An Experimental Test Using LSCM on Basalt from Olduvai Gorge
Standardization, calibration and innovation: A special issue on lithic microwear method
Surface analysis of stone and bone tools
Microwear (use-wear) analysis is a powerful method for identifying tool use that archaeologists and anthropologists employ to determine the activities undertaken by both humans and their hominin ancestors. Knowledge of tool use allows for more accurate and detailed reconstructions of past behavior, particularly in relation to subsistence practices, economic activities, conflict and ritual. It can also be used to document changes in these activiti…
Experiments in ancient Maya bloodletting: Quantification of Surface Wear on Obsidian Blades
Explorations in ancient Maya blood-letting: Experimentation and microscopic use-wear analysis of obsidian blades
A Possible Paleoindian/Early Archaic Point from Ladyville, Belize, Central America
A biface fragment (JuaD/98/12/1) was recovered in 1998 as a surface find near Ladyville in northern Belize, Central America. Based on morphological and technological criteria, this biface is most likely preceramic and might date to the Late Paleoindian/Early Archaic period (ca. 10,000–8,000 cal yr BP). To distinguish this point fragment from the two lanceolate, Clovis-style bifaces from Ladyville, we have tentatively designated it Ladyville Wide …
Coastal Maya Obsidian Tool Use and Socio-Economy in the Late Postclassic-Early Spanish Colonial Period at San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize
Microscopic use-wear analysis of the obsidian artifacts recovered from Late Postclassic-Early Spanish Colonial occupations at the site of San Pedro yields useful information for interpreting Maya socio-economic activities. Obsidian traded into the community was used for a variety of tasks with emphasis placed on subsistence and domestic manufacture associated with marine resources, including intermittent and contingent crafting. Trade in obsidian…
Twist and shout: Experiments in ancient Maya blood-letting by piercing with obsidian blades and splinters
Design and Function of Lowe and Sawmill Points from the Preceramic Period of Belize
To date, 81 stemmed and barbed preceramic (Archaic) points (8000-900 B.C.) have been identified in Belize. Fifty-four are Lowe points; 21 are Sawmill points. Four more are provisionally classified as Allspice and two as Ya'axche' points. These stemmed bifaces are frequently beveled on alternate-opposite edges and demonstrate variable degrees of resharpening and reworking, which affects blade shape and tool size. Numerous functions have been attri…
An ancient Maya ritual cache at Pook's Hill, Belize: Technological and functional analyses of the obsidian blades
Four Preceramic Points Newly Discovered in Belize: A Comment on Stemp Et Al. (2016:279–299)
Stemp et al. (2016) published data on 81 preceramic (Archaic) points from Belize, Central America. In this comment, we report four more chipped chert bifaces recently recovered in Belize (Figure 1). Based on metrics (Table 1), technology, and style, three are classified as Lowe and one as a Sawmill point (Kelly 1993; Lohse et al. 2006; Stemp et al. 2016)
Archaeology (37 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (36 works) · Geography (32 works) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (28 works) · Geology (24 works) · Maya (24 works) · Computer Science (18 works) · History (16 works) · Materials Science (14 works) · Mathematics (13 works)