Liana Christin Landivar
Biographic Data
| ID | 217747 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Liana Christin Landivar |
| GIVEN NAMES | Liana Christin |
| FAMILY NAME | Landivar |
| SIGNATURE | LANDIVAR L C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Maryland Population Research Center |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5141-9344 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 16 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 488 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 16 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
The Caregiving Gap
Mothers still do more childcare per week than fathers. We call this the caregiving gap, a persistent source of gender inequality. Meanwhile, men's involvement in care boasts wide-ranging benefits for women, men, and children. Here, we focus on one important, understudied cultural dimension that shapes men's time spent in care: confidence. We apply unique data from The American Social Survey ( n = 1061) to weigh two theoretical arguments-gender so…
Covid ‐19 and the role of gender, earnings, and telecommuting in parents' employment
Objective To understand how married mothers' and fathers' earnings and ability to telecommute structured their employment throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic. Background We weigh two competing explanations—rational choice and gendered resources—to evaluate the association between married parents' financial and workplace resources and sustained employment throughout the pandemic. Method We use hierarchical logistic regression models to analyze rotati…
Remote Schooling and Mothers’ Employment During the Covid-19 Pandemic by Race, Education, and Marital Status
Public schools in the United States saw unprecedented reductions to in-person instruction during the 2020–2021 school year. Using the Elementary School Operating Status database, the American Community Survey, and the Current Population Survey, we show remote instruction was associated with reduced employment among mothers compared with fathers and women without children. The gender gap in employment between mothers and fathers grew as much as 5 …
Research Note
In the fall of 2020, school districts across the country reopened under a variety of instructional modes. Some districts returned to in-person instruction and some operated remotely. Others reopened under hybrid models, wherein students alternated times, days, or weeks of in-person instruction. To capture this variation, we developed the Elementary School Operating Status (ESOS) database. ESOS provides data on elementary school districts' primary…
Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis
Head Start and Families' Recovery From Economic Recession
Objective This article examines whether the availability of Head Start during the Great Recession mitigated the impact of this crisis on poverty rates among families with young children. Background The first 2 decades of the 21st century have witnessed two major economic crises: the Great Recession and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Poverty rates among families with young children grew substantially during the Great Recession. Families with young childre…
Are States Created Equal? Moving to a State With More Expensive Childcare Reduces Mothers' Odds of Employment
Married mothers who relocate are less likely to be employed after an interstate move than married childless women and nonmobile mothers. Here, we ask whether moving to a state with more expensive childcare is associated with lower odds of maternal employment among mothers who had been employed prior to relocation. We use hierarchical binomial logistic regression models, combining data from the 2015 American Community Survey five-year sample and s…
Shifting Inequalities? Parents' Sleep, Anxiety, and Calm during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Australia and the United States
This article examines traditional gender roles during the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout as an opportunity to evaluate shifting gender dynamics amidst rapid changes in employment and domestic demands for heterosexual couples with children in Australia and the United States. The authors argue that traditional gender roles were reinforced for U.S. parents but eroded for Australian parents
How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States
In this article, we investigate how state-to-state differences in U.S. childcare costs and gender norms are associated with maternal employment. Although an abundance of research has examined factors that influence mothers' employment, few studies explore the interrelationship between maternal employment and culture, policy, and individual resources across U.S. states. Using a representative sample of women in the 2017 American Community Survey a…
The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents-especially mothers-depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data-the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)-to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for element…
Covid‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
School and day care closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers' and fathers' work hours from February through April 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak in the United States and thr…
Early Signs Indicate That Covid-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force
In this data visualization, the authors examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in the United States has affected labor force participation, unemployment, and work hours across gender and parental status. Using data from the Current Population Survey, the authors compare estimates between February and April 2020 to examine the period of time before the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States to the height of the first wave, when…
First-Birth Timing and the Motherhood Wage Gap in 140 Occupations
Is delayed fertility associated with a reduced motherhood wage gap in all occupations? Using multilevel models and data from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey, O*NET, and the Current Population Survey, I examine whether delayed fertility is associated with a reduced motherhood wage gap in 140 occupations. Delayed childbearing is one strategy women use to mitigate the motherhood wage penalty. Findings indicate that mothers in high-earning pr…
Mothers at Work
Though a majority of mothers of young children are employed outside the home, countless articles have been devoted to anecdotes about highly educated women in high-status occupations "opting out" of the labor force. Are mothers in these occupations in fact the most likely to opt out or reduce their work hours? Do race, ethnicity, or age of children play a role? Addressing these questions in a wide-ranging study, Liana Christin Landivar sheds impo…
The gender gap in employment hours
In all developed countries, women, especially mothers, work fewer paid hours than their spouses. However, the magnitude of the gender gap varies significantly by country, ranging from 2 to 20 hours per week in this study. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, this article investigates whether work-hour regulations have a significant effect on household allocation of paid labour and gender work-hour inequality. Two main t…
Opting Out, Scaling Back, or Business‐as‐Usual? An Occupational Assessment of Women's Employment
After decades of growth, women's labor force participation stagnated in the 2000s, prompting widespread interest in work–family balance and opting out. However, much of the research and media attention is limited to small samples of women in managerial and professional occupations. Using data from the 2009 American Community Survey, this article examines mothers' labor force participation and work hours across 92 occupations to assess whether mot…
Covid‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
School and day care closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers' and fathers' work hours from February through April 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak in the United States and thr…
Early Signs Indicate That Covid-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force
In this data visualization, the authors examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in the United States has affected labor force participation, unemployment, and work hours across gender and parental status. Using data from the Current Population Survey, the authors compare estimates between February and April 2020 to examine the period of time before the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States to the height of the first wave, when…
The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents-especially mothers-depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data-the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)-to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for element…
Shifting Inequalities? Parents' Sleep, Anxiety, and Calm during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Australia and the United States
This article examines traditional gender roles during the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout as an opportunity to evaluate shifting gender dynamics amidst rapid changes in employment and domestic demands for heterosexual couples with children in Australia and the United States. The authors argue that traditional gender roles were reinforced for U.S. parents but eroded for Australian parents
How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States
In this article, we investigate how state-to-state differences in U.S. childcare costs and gender norms are associated with maternal employment. Although an abundance of research has examined factors that influence mothers' employment, few studies explore the interrelationship between maternal employment and culture, policy, and individual resources across U.S. states. Using a representative sample of women in the 2017 American Community Survey a…
The gender gap in employment hours
In all developed countries, women, especially mothers, work fewer paid hours than their spouses. However, the magnitude of the gender gap varies significantly by country, ranging from 2 to 20 hours per week in this study. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, this article investigates whether work-hour regulations have a significant effect on household allocation of paid labour and gender work-hour inequality. Two main t…
Opting Out, Scaling Back, or Business‐as‐Usual? An Occupational Assessment of Women's Employment
After decades of growth, women's labor force participation stagnated in the 2000s, prompting widespread interest in work–family balance and opting out. However, much of the research and media attention is limited to small samples of women in managerial and professional occupations. Using data from the 2009 American Community Survey, this article examines mothers' labor force participation and work hours across 92 occupations to assess whether mot…
Research Note
In the fall of 2020, school districts across the country reopened under a variety of instructional modes. Some districts returned to in-person instruction and some operated remotely. Others reopened under hybrid models, wherein students alternated times, days, or weeks of in-person instruction. To capture this variation, we developed the Elementary School Operating Status (ESOS) database. ESOS provides data on elementary school districts' primary…
Are States Created Equal? Moving to a State With More Expensive Childcare Reduces Mothers' Odds of Employment
Married mothers who relocate are less likely to be employed after an interstate move than married childless women and nonmobile mothers. Here, we ask whether moving to a state with more expensive childcare is associated with lower odds of maternal employment among mothers who had been employed prior to relocation. We use hierarchical binomial logistic regression models, combining data from the 2015 American Community Survey five-year sample and s…
Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis
First-Birth Timing and the Motherhood Wage Gap in 140 Occupations
Is delayed fertility associated with a reduced motherhood wage gap in all occupations? Using multilevel models and data from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey, O*NET, and the Current Population Survey, I examine whether delayed fertility is associated with a reduced motherhood wage gap in 140 occupations. Delayed childbearing is one strategy women use to mitigate the motherhood wage penalty. Findings indicate that mothers in high-earning pr…
Remote Schooling and Mothers’ Employment During the Covid-19 Pandemic by Race, Education, and Marital Status
Public schools in the United States saw unprecedented reductions to in-person instruction during the 2020–2021 school year. Using the Elementary School Operating Status database, the American Community Survey, and the Current Population Survey, we show remote instruction was associated with reduced employment among mothers compared with fathers and women without children. The gender gap in employment between mothers and fathers grew as much as 5 …
Opting Out, Scaling Back, or Business‐as‐Usual? An Occupational Assessment of Women's Employment
After decades of growth, women's labor force participation stagnated in the 2000s, prompting widespread interest in work–family balance and opting out. However, much of the research and media attention is limited to small samples of women in managerial and professional occupations. Using data from the 2009 American Community Survey, this article examines mothers' labor force participation and work hours across 92 occupations to assess whether mot…
The gender gap in employment hours
In all developed countries, women, especially mothers, work fewer paid hours than their spouses. However, the magnitude of the gender gap varies significantly by country, ranging from 2 to 20 hours per week in this study. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, this article investigates whether work-hour regulations have a significant effect on household allocation of paid labour and gender work-hour inequality. Two main t…
Mothers at Work
Though a majority of mothers of young children are employed outside the home, countless articles have been devoted to anecdotes about highly educated women in high-status occupations "opting out" of the labor force. Are mothers in these occupations in fact the most likely to opt out or reduce their work hours? Do race, ethnicity, or age of children play a role? Addressing these questions in a wide-ranging study, Liana Christin Landivar sheds impo…
Covid‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
School and day care closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers' and fathers' work hours from February through April 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak in the United States and thr…
Early Signs Indicate That Covid-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force
In this data visualization, the authors examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in the United States has affected labor force participation, unemployment, and work hours across gender and parental status. Using data from the Current Population Survey, the authors compare estimates between February and April 2020 to examine the period of time before the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States to the height of the first wave, when…
First-Birth Timing and the Motherhood Wage Gap in 140 Occupations
Is delayed fertility associated with a reduced motherhood wage gap in all occupations? Using multilevel models and data from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey, O*NET, and the Current Population Survey, I examine whether delayed fertility is associated with a reduced motherhood wage gap in 140 occupations. Delayed childbearing is one strategy women use to mitigate the motherhood wage penalty. Findings indicate that mothers in high-earning pr…
Head Start and Families' Recovery From Economic Recession
Objective This article examines whether the availability of Head Start during the Great Recession mitigated the impact of this crisis on poverty rates among families with young children. Background The first 2 decades of the 21st century have witnessed two major economic crises: the Great Recession and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Poverty rates among families with young children grew substantially during the Great Recession. Families with young childre…
Are States Created Equal? Moving to a State With More Expensive Childcare Reduces Mothers' Odds of Employment
Married mothers who relocate are less likely to be employed after an interstate move than married childless women and nonmobile mothers. Here, we ask whether moving to a state with more expensive childcare is associated with lower odds of maternal employment among mothers who had been employed prior to relocation. We use hierarchical binomial logistic regression models, combining data from the 2015 American Community Survey five-year sample and s…
Shifting Inequalities? Parents' Sleep, Anxiety, and Calm during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Australia and the United States
This article examines traditional gender roles during the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout as an opportunity to evaluate shifting gender dynamics amidst rapid changes in employment and domestic demands for heterosexual couples with children in Australia and the United States. The authors argue that traditional gender roles were reinforced for U.S. parents but eroded for Australian parents
How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States
In this article, we investigate how state-to-state differences in U.S. childcare costs and gender norms are associated with maternal employment. Although an abundance of research has examined factors that influence mothers' employment, few studies explore the interrelationship between maternal employment and culture, policy, and individual resources across U.S. states. Using a representative sample of women in the 2017 American Community Survey a…
The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents-especially mothers-depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data-the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)-to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for element…
Research Note
In the fall of 2020, school districts across the country reopened under a variety of instructional modes. Some districts returned to in-person instruction and some operated remotely. Others reopened under hybrid models, wherein students alternated times, days, or weeks of in-person instruction. To capture this variation, we developed the Elementary School Operating Status (ESOS) database. ESOS provides data on elementary school districts' primary…
Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis
Covid ‐19 and the role of gender, earnings, and telecommuting in parents' employment
Objective To understand how married mothers' and fathers' earnings and ability to telecommute structured their employment throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic. Background We weigh two competing explanations—rational choice and gendered resources—to evaluate the association between married parents' financial and workplace resources and sustained employment throughout the pandemic. Method We use hierarchical logistic regression models to analyze rotati…
Remote Schooling and Mothers’ Employment During the Covid-19 Pandemic by Race, Education, and Marital Status
Public schools in the United States saw unprecedented reductions to in-person instruction during the 2020–2021 school year. Using the Elementary School Operating Status database, the American Community Survey, and the Current Population Survey, we show remote instruction was associated with reduced employment among mothers compared with fathers and women without children. The gender gap in employment between mothers and fathers grew as much as 5 …
The Caregiving Gap
Mothers still do more childcare per week than fathers. We call this the caregiving gap, a persistent source of gender inequality. Meanwhile, men's involvement in care boasts wide-ranging benefits for women, men, and children. Here, we focus on one important, understudied cultural dimension that shapes men's time spent in care: confidence. We apply unique data from The American Social Survey ( n = 1061) to weigh two theoretical arguments-gender so…
Economics (15 works) · Demographic economics (14 works) · Psychology (12 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (10 works) · Medicine (9 works) · Sociology (9 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (8 works) · Labour economics (8 works) · Political science (8 works) · Pandemic (7 works)