Sara D Hodges
Biographic Data
| ID | 222003 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sara D Hodges |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sara D |
| FAMILY NAME | Hodges |
| SIGNATURE | HODGES S D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oregon |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6793-2633 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 46 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 15 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1993 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Hiking the Hypothetical Trail in Two Directions: How Reversing the Direction of Comparisons Can Advance Psychology
Comparisons in psychological research are often directional, with one entity (a group, situation, condition, or measurement) that is the "target" of the comparison being compared to a baseline or reference point (the "referent"). A particular unidirectional framing often gets entrenched in a research tradition. This can be problematic because people (including researchers) focus disproportionately on the target rather than on the referent of dire…
Gender and social belonging predict evaluation of ambiguous academic feedback
The importance of feeling above-average morally versus agentically
Which is more important for a positive self concept: feeling moral or feeling agentic? Research on self-superiority (better-than-average) beliefs, “self-superiority” for short, offers inconsistent evidence. Seemingly supporting the “morality hypothesis,” mean self-superiority is greater for morality. Seemingly supporting the “agency hypothesis,” individual differences in self-esteem correlate more strongly with self-superiority on agency. In thre…
When Polarization Triggers Out-Group “Counter-Projection” Across the Political Divide
Although projecting one’s own characteristics onto another person is pervasive, “counter-projection,” or seeing the opposite of oneself in others is also sometimes found, with implications for intergroup conflict. After a focused review of previous studies finding counter-projection (often unexpectedly), we map conditions for counter-projection to an individual out-group member. Counter-projection requires identified antagonistic groups, is moder…
No need to take what you already have: Perspective taking’s effect on empathic concern for low-need targets
Recent studies have (quite persuasively) challenged a previous body of work suggesting that taking the perspective of targets described as experiencing highly distressing plights would increase empathic concern for those targets. In the current study, we test whether perspective-taking might still increase empathic concern for targets in less negative predicaments. College participants (N = 303) were given either perspective-taking instructions, …
Reading Between the Lies: Empathic Accuracy and Deception Detection
The best way to understand what someone is thinking is usually to listen to what she is saying, but what if she is being dishonest? We examined how perceivers’ expectations of dishonesty moderated the relationships among deception, deception detection, and empathic accuracy. Ninety-five dyads engaged in an interaction in which targets were instructed to lie about or exaggerate their skills. In half of the dyads, perceivers were told to anticipate…
When Trying Hard Isn’t Natural: Women’s Belonging With and Motivation for Male-Dominated STEM Fields As a Function of Effort Expenditure Concerns
Feeling like one exerts more effort than others may influence women’s feelings of belonging with science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and impede their motivation. In Study 1, women STEM graduate students perceived they exerted more effort than peers to succeed. For women, but not men, this effort expenditure perception predicted a decreased sense of belonging, which in turn decreased motivation. Study 2 tested whether the male-domina…
The structure of self–other overlap and its relationship to perspective taking
Two studies tested whether “self–other overlap” is a multidimensional construct, with only some dimensions affected by perspective taking. In Study 1, participants ( n = 132) completed several previously used measures of self–other overlap for their best friend and acquaintance. Factor analyses revealed 2 distinct dimensions of self–other overlap— perceived closeness and overlapping representations . Perceived closeness but not overlapping repres…
Nearer My God to Thee: Self–God Overlap and Believers' Relationships with God
Three studies, using two community samples (ns = 39 and 78) and a university student sample of Christian believers in God (n = 76), found that more religious people report greater self–other overlap with God. Three measures of self–God overlap were used: the Inclusion of Other in Self (IOS) scale, a dynamic version of the IOS, and an adjective checklist that was used to compute the percentage of traits that were shared between self and God. Study…
Gender Roles and Empathic Accuracy: The Role of Communion in Reading Minds
Sex Differences in Self-reported Infidelity and its Correlates
Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When it Pays to Understand
Two studies of college students investigated the conditions under which women perform better than men on an empathic accuracy task (inferring the thoughts and feelings of a target person). The first study demonstrated that women’s advantage held only when women were given a task assessing their feelings of sympathy toward the target prior to performing the empathic accuracy task. The second study demonstrated that payments in exchange for accurac…
When matching up features messes up decisions: The role of feature matching in successive choices
Two studies examined feature matching in successive judgments. College students in both studies read about 2apartments with shared positive and unique negative f atures, and 1 less globally positive apartment with all unique features. In the feature-cancellation condition, participants first saw the shared-features apartments together and then saw the all-unique apartment. In the no-cancellation condition, participants first saw 1 shared-features…
Effects of introspecting about reasons: Inferring attitudes from accessible thoughts
Previous research has shown that analyzing reasons can change people's attitudes, but the exact mechanisms of this effect have not been entirely clear. It was hypothesized that introspecting about reasons focuses people's attention on thoughts that are accessible in memory and increases the extent to which people view their accessible thoughts as applicable to their current attitudes. In Study 1, college students formed initial impressions of a t…
Introspecting about Reasons can Reduce Post-Choice Satisfaction
This study tested the prediction that introspecting about the reasons for one's preferences would reduce satisfaction with a consumer choice. Subjects evaluated two types of posters and then chose one to take home. Those instructed to think about their reasons chose a different type of poster than control subjects and, when contacted 3 weeks later, were less satisfied with their choice. When people think about reasons, they appear to focus on att…
Sex Differences in Self-reported Infidelity and its Correlates
Effects of introspecting about reasons: Inferring attitudes from accessible thoughts
Previous research has shown that analyzing reasons can change people's attitudes, but the exact mechanisms of this effect have not been entirely clear. It was hypothesized that introspecting about reasons focuses people's attention on thoughts that are accessible in memory and increases the extent to which people view their accessible thoughts as applicable to their current attitudes. In Study 1, college students formed initial impressions of a t…
Gender Roles and Empathic Accuracy: The Role of Communion in Reading Minds
Introspecting about Reasons can Reduce Post-Choice Satisfaction
This study tested the prediction that introspecting about the reasons for one's preferences would reduce satisfaction with a consumer choice. Subjects evaluated two types of posters and then chose one to take home. Those instructed to think about their reasons chose a different type of poster than control subjects and, when contacted 3 weeks later, were less satisfied with their choice. When people think about reasons, they appear to focus on att…
Effects of introspecting about reasons: Inferring attitudes from accessible thoughts
Previous research has shown that analyzing reasons can change people's attitudes, but the exact mechanisms of this effect have not been entirely clear. It was hypothesized that introspecting about reasons focuses people's attention on thoughts that are accessible in memory and increases the extent to which people view their accessible thoughts as applicable to their current attitudes. In Study 1, college students formed initial impressions of a t…
When matching up features messes up decisions: The role of feature matching in successive choices
Two studies examined feature matching in successive judgments. College students in both studies read about 2apartments with shared positive and unique negative f atures, and 1 less globally positive apartment with all unique features. In the feature-cancellation condition, participants first saw the shared-features apartments together and then saw the all-unique apartment. In the no-cancellation condition, participants first saw 1 shared-features…
Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When it Pays to Understand
Two studies of college students investigated the conditions under which women perform better than men on an empathic accuracy task (inferring the thoughts and feelings of a target person). The first study demonstrated that women’s advantage held only when women were given a task assessing their feelings of sympathy toward the target prior to performing the empathic accuracy task. The second study demonstrated that payments in exchange for accurac…
Sex Differences in Self-reported Infidelity and its Correlates
Gender Roles and Empathic Accuracy: The Role of Communion in Reading Minds
The structure of self–other overlap and its relationship to perspective taking
Two studies tested whether “self–other overlap” is a multidimensional construct, with only some dimensions affected by perspective taking. In Study 1, participants ( n = 132) completed several previously used measures of self–other overlap for their best friend and acquaintance. Factor analyses revealed 2 distinct dimensions of self–other overlap— perceived closeness and overlapping representations . Perceived closeness but not overlapping repres…
Nearer My God to Thee: Self–God Overlap and Believers' Relationships with God
Three studies, using two community samples (ns = 39 and 78) and a university student sample of Christian believers in God (n = 76), found that more religious people report greater self–other overlap with God. Three measures of self–God overlap were used: the Inclusion of Other in Self (IOS) scale, a dynamic version of the IOS, and an adjective checklist that was used to compute the percentage of traits that were shared between self and God. Study…
When Trying Hard Isn’t Natural: Women’s Belonging With and Motivation for Male-Dominated STEM Fields As a Function of Effort Expenditure Concerns
Feeling like one exerts more effort than others may influence women’s feelings of belonging with science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and impede their motivation. In Study 1, women STEM graduate students perceived they exerted more effort than peers to succeed. For women, but not men, this effort expenditure perception predicted a decreased sense of belonging, which in turn decreased motivation. Study 2 tested whether the male-domina…
Reading Between the Lies: Empathic Accuracy and Deception Detection
The best way to understand what someone is thinking is usually to listen to what she is saying, but what if she is being dishonest? We examined how perceivers’ expectations of dishonesty moderated the relationships among deception, deception detection, and empathic accuracy. Ninety-five dyads engaged in an interaction in which targets were instructed to lie about or exaggerate their skills. In half of the dyads, perceivers were told to anticipate…
When Polarization Triggers Out-Group “Counter-Projection” Across the Political Divide
Although projecting one’s own characteristics onto another person is pervasive, “counter-projection,” or seeing the opposite of oneself in others is also sometimes found, with implications for intergroup conflict. After a focused review of previous studies finding counter-projection (often unexpectedly), we map conditions for counter-projection to an individual out-group member. Counter-projection requires identified antagonistic groups, is moder…
No need to take what you already have: Perspective taking’s effect on empathic concern for low-need targets
Recent studies have (quite persuasively) challenged a previous body of work suggesting that taking the perspective of targets described as experiencing highly distressing plights would increase empathic concern for those targets. In the current study, we test whether perspective-taking might still increase empathic concern for targets in less negative predicaments. College participants (N = 303) were given either perspective-taking instructions, …
Gender and social belonging predict evaluation of ambiguous academic feedback
The importance of feeling above-average morally versus agentically
Which is more important for a positive self concept: feeling moral or feeling agentic? Research on self-superiority (better-than-average) beliefs, “self-superiority” for short, offers inconsistent evidence. Seemingly supporting the “morality hypothesis,” mean self-superiority is greater for morality. Seemingly supporting the “agency hypothesis,” individual differences in self-esteem correlate more strongly with self-superiority on agency. In thre…
Hiking the Hypothetical Trail in Two Directions: How Reversing the Direction of Comparisons Can Advance Psychology
Comparisons in psychological research are often directional, with one entity (a group, situation, condition, or measurement) that is the "target" of the comparison being compared to a baseline or reference point (the "referent"). A particular unidirectional framing often gets entrenched in a research tradition. This can be problematic because people (including researchers) focus disproportionately on the target rather than on the referent of dire…
Psychology (14 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Social Psychology (7 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (6 works) · Cognitive psychology (5 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (5 works) · Empathy (4 works) · Computer Science (3 works) · Empathic concern (3 works) · Mathematics (3 works)