Reinout E De Vries
Biographic Data
| ID | 223672 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Reinout E De Vries |
| GIVEN NAMES | Reinout E |
| FAMILY NAME | De Vries |
| SIGNATURE | DE VRIES R E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4252-5839 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 245 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
The Dispositional Insight Test: Structure and Validity Across Cultures
The Dispositional Insight Test (DIT) is designed to assess a person’s knowledge representations of personality and behavior expressions in different situational contexts. Despite its usefulness for professionals who regularly assess people, the factor structure of the DIT and measurement properties in different national populations have yet to be tested. Here, we report on the dimensionality and cross-cultural equivalence of the full and short Di…
Overcoming challenges as part of maturation: Evidence for a personality “disruption” in adolescence from a two-cohort Hexaco study
INTRODUCTION: Mean-level increases on personality traits are broadly considered indicative of maturation, a process underpinned by self-regulation. However, self-regulation decreases in early to mid-adolescence, prompting expectations of personality declines - a trend termed the "disruption" hypothesis. This study examines a particularly vulnerable period in adolescence and assesses mean-level changes in the six HEXACO traits - Honesty-Humility, …
The effects of specific and common variance on test–retest and self-other correlations: Another perspective on personality nuances
Trait activation in daily life: Comparing two perspectives on person-situation interactions
Trait activation theory posits that personality traits are expressed when trait-relevant situational cues—affordances—are present. While prior work has primarily examined how situational affordances moderate trait–behavior associations (an affordance-gradient perspective), comparatively less attention has been given to how multiple traits are differentially activated within affordance-relevant situations (an affordance-configured perspective), es…
Self/spouse agreement, similarity, and assumed similarity in the Hexaco personality factors
We examined self/spouse agreement, similarity, and assumed (i.e., perceived) similarity in personality between spouses, using self- and spouse reports of the HEXACO personality variables from 451 Dutch heterosexual married couples ( N = 902; mean age 55 years; mean relationship duration 28 years). Self/spouse agreement correlations averaged about 0.70 for the factor-level scales and about 0.60 for the facet-level scales. Consistent with previous …
Basic dimensions of leader personality: A lexical study in Hebrew
Personality and multidimensional inequality: How the Hexaco model relates to different forms of capital, social class, and residence
Sociological theorizing has largely equated people’s personality with the social context in which they find themselves, neglecting a large body of work in psychology. This exploratory study examines how personality traits, as measured by the HEXACO model, are related to multidimensional inequality in the Netherlands. Using a large representative sample of the Dutch population (N = 6,773), we analyzed the relations between the six HEXACO traits an…
Nuanced Hexaco: A Meta-Analysis of Hexaco Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability
Most Five-Factor Model (FFM) questionnaire items contain unique variance that is partly heritable, stable, and consensually observable, demonstrates consistent associations with age and sex, and predicts life outcomes beyond higher order factors. Extending these findings to the HEXACO model, we meta-analyzed single-item cross-rater agreement, heritability, and 2-year stability using samples from six countries. We analyzed raw item scores and thei…
Developing and Improving Personality Inventories Using Generative Artificial Intelligence: The Psychometric Properties of a Short Hexaco Scale Developed Using ChatGPT 4.0
In the current study, we investigated the utility of generative AI for survey development and improvement. To do so, we generated a 24-item HEXACO personality inventory using ChatGPT 4.0, the ChatGPT HEXACO inventory (CHI), and investigated whether ChatGPT could modify the CHI to either improve its internal consistency or its content validity. Additionally, we compared the psychometric properties of the different versions of the CHI to a conceptu…
Structure, stability, and mean-level change in adolescent Hexaco personality traits using the Hexaco-SPI
We used a new English version of the HEXACO-Simplified Personality Inventory (HEXACO-SPI) to examine (1) its dimensional structure and (2) the developmental stability and mean-level changes in its personality traits among adolescents. Our results showed that the HEXACO-SPI factor scales were consistent with the a priori hypothesized six-factor structure of HEXACO personality and that the HEXACO-SPI domain scales demonstrated sufficiently high lev…
The Three Nonnormative Traits (TNT) and (Dis-)liking in work and nonwork settings
Past research on the Three Nonnormative Traits (TNT) has shown that high versus low levels of HEXACO honesty-humility, agreeableness, and conscientiousness – but not emotionality, openness to experience, and extraversion – distinguish who we like from who we dislike in free-text descriptions. This study of 297 participants extends this work by comparing descriptions of liked and disliked targets from work settings to those from nonwork settings. …
Who likes the grotesque? Mapping individual differences in liking of grotesque artworks
Preregistration for Study 2, data, scripts, and materials for 'Who likes the grotesque? Mapping individual differences in liking of grotesque artworks'
Beyond traditional interviews: Psychometric analysis of asynchronous video interviews for personality and interview performance evaluation using machine learning
With the advent of new technology, traditional job interviews have been supplemented by asynchronous video interviews (AVIs). However, research on psychometric properties of AVIs is limited. In this study, 710 participants completed a mock AVI responding to eight personality questions (Extraversion, Conscientiousness). We collected self- and observer reports of personality, interview performance ratings, attractiveness, and AVI meta-information (…
Self/observer agreement in personality assessment by observers’ relationship types
We examined two forms of self/observer agreement (correlational and mean-level) in personality using a Dutch university student sample ( N =5,405) with self-reports and observer (informant) reports from parents, siblings, friends, and partners/spouses. Correlational self/observer agreement was strong across all HEXACO-PI-R scales and across relationship types ( r ̄ ≥ 0.59, but highest for partners). Regarding mean-level self/observer agreement, a…
Elusive specific variance: A marginal effect on the accuracy of personality judgment
Revisiting situational strength: Do strong situations restrict variance in behaviors
The idea that strong situations restrict variance in behaviors has been treated as a maxim in psychology. Prior work has, however, offered inconclusive support for this proposition. We aimed to overcome the limitations of prior research to conclusively test the restricted variance hypothesis derived from the situational strength framework. Specifically, we conducted a preregistered meta-analysis ( k = 301, N = 25,670) in the context of cooperativ…
Is there a cybercriminal personality? Comparing cyber offenders and offline offenders on Hexaco personality domains and their underlying facets
Cyberspace creates opportunities for new forms of crime that may be related to specific personality characteristics of offenders. Few studies have investigated the personality characteristics of cyber offenders. We address this gap by comparing a judicial sample of 261 suspects of cyber-dependent crime, 260 suspects of offline crime, and a community sample of 512 participants on the HEXACO personality domains and their underlying facets. This pro…
Interrelated psychological predictors of mate preferences among Iranian male and female emerging adults
Various psychological predictors of mate preference have been identified in prior research that when accounted for simultaneously could reveal the unique contributions of each. This study aimed to explore the extent to which perceived attractiveness, personality characteristics, and attachment styles are associated with young Iranian adults' mate preferences, attending to group differences based on biological sex. A total of 644 Iranian young adu…
Three nightmare traits (TNT) and the similarity effect determine which personality traits we like and dislike
Measuring honesty-humility with an implicit association test (IAT): Construct and criterion validity
Personality pathways to aggression: Testing a trait‐state model using immersive technology
Trait‐state models aim to provide an encompassing view of offender decision‐making processes by linking individual dispositions to proximal factors. In an experiment using an immersive virtual reality bar fight scenario, we propose and test a trait‐state model that identifies the pathways through which robust personality correlates of aggressive behavior, that is, agreeableness, emotionality, and honesty‐humility, result in intentions to aggress.…
The kernel of truth in text-based personality assessment: A meta-analysis of the relations between the Big Five and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (Liwc)
The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) is a popular closed-vocabulary text analysis software program that is used to understand whether individuals’ use of linguistic categories (i.e., word categories, such as negative affect) depends on their personality traits. Here, we present the first meta-analysis of the relations between the Big Five personality traits and 52 linguistic categories of the English language. Across 31 eligible samples (…
The disgust traits: Self–other agreement in pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity and their independence from Hexaco personality
A broad literature indicates that pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity relate to, among other things, political attitudes, moral condemnation, and symptoms of psychopathology. Consequently, disgust sensitivity has been widely assessed across subfields of psychology. Yet, no work has examined whether self-reports in disgust sensitivity reflect systematic trait variation that is detectable by others, and the extent to which such variatio…
Hexaco personality correlates of adolescents' involvement in bullying situations
Adolescents' involvement in bullying situations is—at least partially—personality trait‐activated. Although some studies investigated personality correlates of bullying and being victimized, little is known about personality correlates of bystander responses (i.e., reinforcing, outsider behavior, indirect defending, and direct defending). The present study investigated whether Dutch adolescents' self‐reported HEXACO personality traits could expla…
How genetic and environmental variance in personality traits shift across the life span: Evidence from a cross-national twin study
Decades of research have shown that about half of individual differences in personality traits is heritable. Recent studies have reported that heritability is not fixed, but instead decreases across the life span. However, findings are inconsistent and it is yet unclear whether these trends are because of a waning importance of heritable tendencies, attributable to cumulative experiential influences with age, or because of nonlinear patterns sugg…
A Six-Factor Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions From Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages
Standard psycholexical studies of personality structure have produced a similar 6-factor solution in 7 languages (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish). The authors report the content of these personality dimensions and interpret them as follows: (a) a variant of Extraversion, defined by sociability and liveliness (though not by bravery and toughness); (b) a variant of Agreeableness, defined by gentleness, patience, and agree…
Traits and States: Integrating Personality and Affect Into a Model of Criminal Decision Making
We propose and test a model of criminal decision making that integrates the individual differences perspective with research and theorizing on proximal factors. The individual differences perspective is operationalized using the recent HEXACO personality structure. This structure incorporates the main personality traits, but it carries the advantage of also incorporating Self‐Control within its personality sphere, and an additional trait termed H…
The 24-item Brief Hexaco Inventory (BHI)
How do people think about interdependence? A multidimensional model of subjective outcome interdependence
Interdependence is a fundamental characteristic of social interactions. Interdependence Theory states that 6 dimensions describe differences between social situations. Here we examine if these 6 dimensions describe how people think about their interdependence with others in a situation. We find that people (in situ and ex situ) can reliably differentiate situations according to 5, but not 6, dimensions of interdependence: (a) mutual dependence, (…
Why are moderators of self-other agreement difficult to establish
Agreement between the self and other rated personality profiles was studied in two samples involving 11,096 speakers of two languages, Dutch and Estonian, who completed two different personality questionnaires, the NEO-PI-3 and HEXACO-PI-R. An outstanding agreement was achieved in the most occasions: in only 4–6% of dyadic pairs was the correlation between two randomly paired profiles higher than the actually observed correlation between true pai…
Evaluating a dual‐process model of risk: Affect and cognition as determinants of risky choice
In three studies we addressed the impact of perceived risk and negative affect on risky choice. In Study 1, we tested a model that included both perceived risk and negative affect as predictors of risky choice. Study 2 and Study 3 replicated these findings and examined the impact of affective versus cognitive processing modes. In all the three studies, both perceived risk and negative affect were shown to be significant predictors of risky choice…
The Hexaco model of personality structure and indigenous lexical personality dimensions in Italian, Dutch, and English
Personality pathways to aggression: Testing a trait‐state model using immersive technology
Trait‐state models aim to provide an encompassing view of offender decision‐making processes by linking individual dispositions to proximal factors. In an experiment using an immersive virtual reality bar fight scenario, we propose and test a trait‐state model that identifies the pathways through which robust personality correlates of aggressive behavior, that is, agreeableness, emotionality, and honesty‐humility, result in intentions to aggress.…
Seeing is Believing? Comparing Negative Affect, Realism and Presence in Visual Versus Written Guardianship Scenarios
We compared participant responses on three written guardianship scenarios versus visualized versions of the same scenarios in terms of realism, presence, negative affect elicited by the situation, perceived risk, and the choice to intervene. We find that people who received the visual scenarios report higher presence, but not realism, than those who received the written version. Furthermore, visual scenarios elicited stronger negative affect and …
The kernel of truth in text-based personality assessment: A meta-analysis of the relations between the Big Five and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (Liwc)
The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) is a popular closed-vocabulary text analysis software program that is used to understand whether individuals’ use of linguistic categories (i.e., word categories, such as negative affect) depends on their personality traits. Here, we present the first meta-analysis of the relations between the Big Five personality traits and 52 linguistic categories of the English language. Across 31 eligible samples (…
Who wants to change and how? On the trait-specificity of personality change goals
The study of volitional personality change has received increasing attention in recent years, suggesting that individuals want to change for the better particularly on those socially desirable characteristics that they lack. However, individuals do not want to change for the better on all (even socially desirable) traits alike. In a meta-analytic summary of evidence on the Big Five, we demonstrate that individuals' trait levels are only negativel…
Self, in‐group, and out‐group evaluation: Bond or breach
A number of studies have looked at causes of in‐group bias, but few studies have actually investigated whether the two components of in‐group bias, i.e. in‐group and out‐group evaluation, are related to each other and whether they have similar or different predictors. In the Fiji Islands, self‐, in‐group, and out‐group evaluations were obtained using within‐subject correlations from a sample of 336 indigenous and Indian Fijians. Self‐evaluation w…
Power influences the expression of Honesty-Humility: The power-exploitation affordances hypothesis
Openness to (reporting) experiences that one never had: Overclaiming as an outcome of the knowledge accumulated through a proclivity for cognitive and aesthetic exploration
Overclaiming-in which individuals overstate their level of familiarity with items-has been proposed as a potential indicator of positive self-presentation. However, the precise nature and determinants of overclaiming are not well understood. Herein, we provide novel insights into overclaiming through 4 primary studies (comprising 6 samples) and a meta-analysis. Based on past empirical work and theoretical discussions suggesting that overclaiming …
No evidence for a General Factor of Personality in the Hexaco Personality Inventory
The role of communication content in an ethnically diverse organization
Self/observer agreement in personality assessment by observers’ relationship types
We examined two forms of self/observer agreement (correlational and mean-level) in personality using a Dutch university student sample ( N =5,405) with self-reports and observer (informant) reports from parents, siblings, friends, and partners/spouses. Correlational self/observer agreement was strong across all HEXACO-PI-R scales and across relationship types ( r ̄ ≥ 0.59, but highest for partners). Regarding mean-level self/observer agreement, a…
Three nightmare traits (TNT) and the similarity effect determine which personality traits we like and dislike
Ethnic tension in paradise: Explaining ethnic supremacy aspirations in Fiji
Elusive specific variance: A marginal effect on the accuracy of personality judgment
Revisiting situational strength: Do strong situations restrict variance in behaviors
The idea that strong situations restrict variance in behaviors has been treated as a maxim in psychology. Prior work has, however, offered inconclusive support for this proposition. We aimed to overcome the limitations of prior research to conclusively test the restricted variance hypothesis derived from the situational strength framework. Specifically, we conducted a preregistered meta-analysis ( k = 301, N = 25,670) in the context of cooperativ…
Hexaco personality correlates of adolescents' involvement in bullying situations
Adolescents' involvement in bullying situations is—at least partially—personality trait‐activated. Although some studies investigated personality correlates of bullying and being victimized, little is known about personality correlates of bystander responses (i.e., reinforcing, outsider behavior, indirect defending, and direct defending). The present study investigated whether Dutch adolescents' self‐reported HEXACO personality traits could expla…
How genetic and environmental variance in personality traits shift across the life span: Evidence from a cross-national twin study
Decades of research have shown that about half of individual differences in personality traits is heritable. Recent studies have reported that heritability is not fixed, but instead decreases across the life span. However, findings are inconsistent and it is yet unclear whether these trends are because of a waning importance of heritable tendencies, attributable to cumulative experiential influences with age, or because of nonlinear patterns sugg…
Ethnic tension in paradise: Explaining ethnic supremacy aspirations in Fiji
Self, in‐group, and out‐group evaluation: Bond or breach
A number of studies have looked at causes of in‐group bias, but few studies have actually investigated whether the two components of in‐group bias, i.e. in‐group and out‐group evaluation, are related to each other and whether they have similar or different predictors. In the Fiji Islands, self‐, in‐group, and out‐group evaluations were obtained using within‐subject correlations from a sample of 336 indigenous and Indian Fijians. Self‐evaluation w…
A Six-Factor Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions From Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages
Standard psycholexical studies of personality structure have produced a similar 6-factor solution in 7 languages (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish). The authors report the content of these personality dimensions and interpret them as follows: (a) a variant of Extraversion, defined by sociability and liveliness (though not by bravery and toughness); (b) a variant of Agreeableness, defined by gentleness, patience, and agree…
Context in Selection of Men and Women in Hiring Decisions: Gender Composition of the Applicant Pool
The hypothesis that the sex composition of an applicant pool affects the hiring probabilities of individual job applicants was tested using gender-distinctive information on accepted and rejected job applicants in The Netherlands. The evidence supports this hypothesis, although the effect sizes are moderate. Both men and women have a lower probability of being hired when the applicant pool contains fewer applicants from their own sex
The Hexaco model of personality structure and indigenous lexical personality dimensions in Italian, Dutch, and English
The role of communication content in an ethnically diverse organization
What Are We Measuring? Convergence of Leadership with Interpersonal and Non-interpersonal Personality
Since leadership styles have been most commonly defined in terms of interpersonal influence, one would assume that they have their main projections on the interpersonal circumplex. In this study, the relations between leadership styles from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire and both interpersonal and HEXACO personality scales are investigated. As expected, charismatic leadership and leader's c…
Evaluating a dual‐process model of risk: Affect and cognition as determinants of risky choice
In three studies we addressed the impact of perceived risk and negative affect on risky choice. In Study 1, we tested a model that included both perceived risk and negative affect as predictors of risky choice. Study 2 and Study 3 replicated these findings and examined the impact of affective versus cognitive processing modes. In all the three studies, both perceived risk and negative affect were shown to be significant predictors of risky choice…
No evidence for a General Factor of Personality in the Hexaco Personality Inventory
Traits and States: Integrating Personality and Affect Into a Model of Criminal Decision Making
We propose and test a model of criminal decision making that integrates the individual differences perspective with research and theorizing on proximal factors. The individual differences perspective is operationalized using the recent HEXACO personality structure. This structure incorporates the main personality traits, but it carries the advantage of also incorporating Self‐Control within its personality sphere, and an additional trait termed H…
The 24-item Brief Hexaco Inventory (BHI)
The Hexaco Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality Factors: A Review of Research and Theory
We review research and theory on the HEXACO personality dimensions of Honesty-Humility (H), Agreeableness (A), and Emotionality (E), with particular attention to the following topics: (1) the origins of the HEXACO model in lexical studies of personality structure, and the content of the H, A, and E factors in those studies; (2) the operationalization of the H, A, and E factors in the HEXACO Personality Inventory–Revised; (3) the construct validit…
Evolution, situational affordances, and the Hexaco model of personality
What Is Engagement? Proactivity as the Missing Link in the Hexaco Model of Personality
We tested the hypothesis that proactivity represents the engagement vector in the HEXACO model of personality. Questionnaire data were obtained in five studies, three of which consisted (mostly) of students: Study 1 ( N = 188, M age = 20.0, 89.4% women), Study 3 ( N = 315, M age = 20.4, 80.6% women), and Study 4 ( N = 309 self‐ratings, M age = 20.0, 78.3% women; N = 307 other‐ratings, M age = 24.5, 62.2% women). Participants in the other two stud…
Why are moderators of self-other agreement difficult to establish
Agreement between the self and other rated personality profiles was studied in two samples involving 11,096 speakers of two languages, Dutch and Estonian, who completed two different personality questionnaires, the NEO-PI-3 and HEXACO-PI-R. An outstanding agreement was achieved in the most occasions: in only 4–6% of dyadic pairs was the correlation between two randomly paired profiles higher than the actually observed correlation between true pai…
Openness to (reporting) experiences that one never had: Overclaiming as an outcome of the knowledge accumulated through a proclivity for cognitive and aesthetic exploration
Overclaiming-in which individuals overstate their level of familiarity with items-has been proposed as a potential indicator of positive self-presentation. However, the precise nature and determinants of overclaiming are not well understood. Herein, we provide novel insights into overclaiming through 4 primary studies (comprising 6 samples) and a meta-analysis. Based on past empirical work and theoretical discussions suggesting that overclaiming …
Honest People Tend to Use Less—Not More—Profanity: Comment on Feldman et al.’s (2017) Study 1
This article shows that the conclusion of Feldman et al.’s (2017) Study 1 that profane individuals tend to be honest is most likely incorrect. We argue that Feldman et al.’s conclusion is based on a commonly held but erroneous assumption that higher scores on Impression Management Scales, such as the Lie Scale, are associated with trait dishonesty. Based on evidence from studies that have investigated (1) self-other agreement on Impression Manage…
How do people think about interdependence? A multidimensional model of subjective outcome interdependence
Interdependence is a fundamental characteristic of social interactions. Interdependence Theory states that 6 dimensions describe differences between social situations. Here we examine if these 6 dimensions describe how people think about their interdependence with others in a situation. We find that people (in situ and ex situ) can reliably differentiate situations according to 5, but not 6, dimensions of interdependence: (a) mutual dependence, (…
Seeing is Believing? Comparing Negative Affect, Realism and Presence in Visual Versus Written Guardianship Scenarios
We compared participant responses on three written guardianship scenarios versus visualized versions of the same scenarios in terms of realism, presence, negative affect elicited by the situation, perceived risk, and the choice to intervene. We find that people who received the visual scenarios report higher presence, but not realism, than those who received the written version. Furthermore, visual scenarios elicited stronger negative affect and …
Power influences the expression of Honesty-Humility: The power-exploitation affordances hypothesis
The disgust traits: Self–other agreement in pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity and their independence from Hexaco personality
A broad literature indicates that pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity relate to, among other things, political attitudes, moral condemnation, and symptoms of psychopathology. Consequently, disgust sensitivity has been widely assessed across subfields of psychology. Yet, no work has examined whether self-reports in disgust sensitivity reflect systematic trait variation that is detectable by others, and the extent to which such variatio…
Hexaco personality correlates of adolescents' involvement in bullying situations
Adolescents' involvement in bullying situations is—at least partially—personality trait‐activated. Although some studies investigated personality correlates of bullying and being victimized, little is known about personality correlates of bystander responses (i.e., reinforcing, outsider behavior, indirect defending, and direct defending). The present study investigated whether Dutch adolescents' self‐reported HEXACO personality traits could expla…
How genetic and environmental variance in personality traits shift across the life span: Evidence from a cross-national twin study
Decades of research have shown that about half of individual differences in personality traits is heritable. Recent studies have reported that heritability is not fixed, but instead decreases across the life span. However, findings are inconsistent and it is yet unclear whether these trends are because of a waning importance of heritable tendencies, attributable to cumulative experiential influences with age, or because of nonlinear patterns sugg…
Who wants to change and how? On the trait-specificity of personality change goals
The study of volitional personality change has received increasing attention in recent years, suggesting that individuals want to change for the better particularly on those socially desirable characteristics that they lack. However, individuals do not want to change for the better on all (even socially desirable) traits alike. In a meta-analytic summary of evidence on the Big Five, we demonstrate that individuals' trait levels are only negativel…
Measuring honesty-humility with an implicit association test (IAT): Construct and criterion validity
Psychology (41 works) · Social Psychology (40 works) · Personality (33 works) · Personality Traits and Psychology (28 works) · Big Five personality traits (24 works) · Personality Disorders and Psychopathology (12 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (11 works) · Extraversion and introversion (10 works)