Jo Mhairi Hale
Biographic Data
| ID | 240507 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jo Mhairi Hale |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jo Mhairi |
| FAMILY NAME | Hale |
| SIGNATURE | HALE J M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of St Andrews |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1343-3879 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 69 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 27 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2016 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Engaging communities in addressing antimicrobial resistance: Co-producing locally relevant public health messages
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge that weakens the effective treatment of common infections and threatens health system functioning, particularly in settings where access to affordable healthcare and regulated medicines is limited. This study explores whether grassroots, community-driven approaches can improve the reception of AMR communication materials. Using Arts-Based Participatory Action research methods, 3…
Educational and gender gaps in cognitive health expectancy across Europe: A prevalence-based analysis using SHARE
Memory trajectories by migration status and gender: A life-course intersectional perspective
This study explores the relationships between migration, gender, and memory trajectories over the life-course within an intersectional framework. Memory is an important dimension of cognitive decline, a critical concern in aging populations, and varies significantly across different demographic groups. In this paper we address the understudied influence that the intersection of gender and migration status has on memory trajectories and evaluate t…
The Changing Geographies of Ageing and Age Mixing Across Urban–Rural Areas in Scotland, 2011–2022
Like other high‐income countries, Scotland is experiencing rapid population ageing, with evidence of spatial polarisation of age groups. This study uses the Scottish Censuses of 2011 and 2022 to understand patterns and trends in the geographies of ageing and age mixing. With attention to urban‐rural differences, we examined, at the Data Zone (neighbourhood) level, spatial age segregation and age mixing using the Dissimilarity Index, cumulative pr…
Public-targeted interventions addressing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review
INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiencing the heaviest health burden and the highest AMR-related mortality. Most interventions in the region focus on hospital settings and provider behaviour, with few empirical papers discussing how theories inform those interventions specifically, community-centred interventions often lack a theoretical framework. However, using behavioural…
Loneliness and social isolation of ethnic minority/immigrant older adults: A scoping review
Loneliness and social isolation among older adults are emerging public health concerns. Older adults from ethnic minority communities or with immigration backgrounds may be particularly vulnerable when encountering loneliness and social isolation due to the double jeopardy of their old age and minority status. The goal of this study is to conduct a scoping review of published journal articles on ethnic minority/immigrant older adults’ loneliness …
Disentangling social isolation, loneliness, and later-life cognitive function for older adults in the United States: Evidence from causal inference modeling
Our results suggest that addressing social isolation-and, by extension, its effects on health-requires both a broad understanding of its heterogeneous impacts on the general population and a nuanced approach to targeting public health interventions where they can be most effective
Disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, and education in trends in the disability burden in the United States, 1996-2018
Research remains inconclusive on whether increased longevity is resulting in disability compression. Using the Health and Retirement Study and multistate models, this study is the first to examine trends (between 1996-2006 and 2008-18) across multiple key aspects of disability burden: namely, lifetime risk and age at onset of disability; recovery and mortality of the disabled; and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) at age 50 in the United Sta…
Ethical loneliness and the undermining of social capital: How racism shapes loneliness in three UK Asian communities - a mixed methods study
Funding: This study is part of a PhD research grant [Reference number: ES/P000681/1], funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, United Kingdom
Cognitive impairment and partnership status in the United States, 1998–2016, by sex, race/ethnicity, and education
Cognitively impaired adults without a partner are highly disadvantaged, as partners constitute an important source of caregiving and emotional support. With the application of innovative multistate models to the Health and Retirement Study, this paper is the first to estimate joint expectancies of cognitive and partnership status at age 50 by sex, race/ethnicity, and education in the United States. We find that women live a decade longer unpartne…
Racial, Ethnic, Nativity, and Educational Disparities in Cognitive Impairment and Activity Limitations in the United States, 1998–2016
Despite extensive research on cognitive impairment and limitations in basic activities of daily living, no study has investigated the burden of their co-occurrence (co-impairment). Using the Health and Retirement Study data and incidence-based multistate models, we study the population burden of co-impairment using three key indicators: mean age at onset, lifetime risk, and health expectancy. We examine patterns by gender, race, ethnicity, nativi…
A longitudinal analysis of PM2.5 exposure and multimorbidity clusters and accumulation among adults aged 45-85 in China
While previous studies have emphasised the role of individual factors in understanding multimorbidity disparities, few have investigated contextual factors such as air pollution (AP). We first use cross-sectional latent class analysis (LCA) to assess the associations between PM 2.5 exposure and multimorbidity disease clusters, and then estimate the associations between PM 2.5 exposure and the development of multimorbidity longitudinally using gro…
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Cognitive Function Among Adults Aged 45 and Older in China
Our findings are mixed and suggest that some categories of higher and longer exposure to PM2.5 are associated with poorer cognitive function, while that exposures do not hasten cognitive decline. However, more work is necessary to disentangle PM2.5 exposure from individuals' background characteristics, particularly those jointly associated with cognitive function and urban living
Cumulative Disparities in the Dynamics of Working Poverty for Later Career U.S. Workers (2002–2012)
Many more Americans experience working poverty than unemployed poverty, a situation that was only exacerbated by the Great Recession. The consequences of working poverty for later career workers, who should be at their highest earning ages, are particularly dire. The authors expect that later career workers are especially vulnerable in terms of the risk and duration of working poverty and that those who have accumulated disadvantages over their l…
Does postponing retirement affect cognitive function? A counterfactual experiment to disentangle life course risk factors
Evidence suggests that contemporaneous labor force participation affects cognitive function; however, it is unclear whether it is employment itself or endogenous factors related to individuals’ likelihood of employment that protects against cognitive decline. We exploit innovations in counterfactual causal inference to disentangle the effect of postponing retirement on later-life cognitive function from the effects of other life-course factors. W…
Immigration Status and Farmwork: Understanding the Wage and Income Gap Across U.S. Policy and Economic Eras, 1989–2016
Paths to Mobility: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Earnings Among Latino/a Daca Recipients in California
Undocumented immigration status is a structural barrier to socioeconomic mobility. The regularization of legal status may therefore promote the socioeconomic mobility of formerly undocumented immigrants. The 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program provided protection against deportation and access to work authorization for eligible undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as children. While studies using cross-sect…
Cognitive impairment in the U.S: Lifetime risk, age at onset, and years impaired
Prior studies have analyzed the burden of cognitive impairment, but often use potentially biased prevalence-based methods or measure only years lived with impairment, without estimating other relevant metrics. We use the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2014; n = 29,304) and the preferred incidence-based Markov-chain models to assess three key measures of the burden of cognitive impairment: lifetime risk, mean age at onset, and number of years l…
The association between city-level air pollution and frailty among the elderly population in China
Working and disability expectancies at older ages: The role of childhood circumstances and education
The ability to work at older ages depends on health and education. Both accumulate starting very early in life. We assess how childhood disadvantages combine with education to affect working and health trajectories. Applying multistate period life tables to data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for the period 2008-2014, we estimate how the residual life expectancy at age 50 is distributed in number of years of work and disability, by nu…
Growing up Without Status: The Integration of Children in Mixed‐Status Families
Over the past three decades, a central new challenge confronting millions of children of immigrants has emerged: growing up in a mixed‐status family in which at least one member lacks legal authorization to live and work in the United States. A body of recent research argues that unauthorized immigrant status is the fundamental determinant of integration for unauthorized immigrants, with intergenerational consequences for their U.S.‐born children…
Immigrant Legal Status and Health: Legal Status Disparities in Chronic Conditions and Musculoskeletal Pain Among Mexican-Born Farm Workers in the United States
Immigrant legal status determines access to the rights and privileges of U.S. society. Legal status may be conceived of as a fundamental cause of health, producing a health disparity whereby unauthorized immigrants are disadvantaged relative to authorized immigrants, a perspective that is supported by research on legal status disparities in self-rated health and mental health. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on legal status dis…
Migrant health convergence and the role of material deprivation
Cross-national research shows that although immigrants initially have better health than their native-born counterparts, their health deteriorates over time in their destination countries, converging to nativesâ health (health convergence). Explanations in
Working 9 to 5? Union Membership and Work Hours and Schedules
Millions of workers in the United States experience volatile weekly working hours and nonstandard shift work, particularly following the Great Recession. These aspects of work schedules bring greater economic insecurity and work-life conflict, particularly for low-wage workers. In the absence of strong and widespread policies regulating work hours in the United States, labor unions may significantly limit varying hours and nonstandard shifts. How…
Cognitive Disparities: The Impact of the Great Depression and Cumulative Inequality on Later-Life Cognitive Function
Population aging has driven a spate of recent research on later-life cognitive function. Greater longevity increases the lifetime risk of memory diseases that compromise the cognitive abilities vital to well-being. Alzheimer’s disease, thought to be the most common underlying pathology for elders’ cognitive dysfunction (Willis and Hakim 2013), is already the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Alzheimer’s Association 2016). Underst…
Immigrant Legal Status and Health: Legal Status Disparities in Chronic Conditions and Musculoskeletal Pain Among Mexican-Born Farm Workers in the United States
Immigrant legal status determines access to the rights and privileges of U.S. society. Legal status may be conceived of as a fundamental cause of health, producing a health disparity whereby unauthorized immigrants are disadvantaged relative to authorized immigrants, a perspective that is supported by research on legal status disparities in self-rated health and mental health. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on legal status dis…
Paths to Mobility: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Earnings Among Latino/a Daca Recipients in California
Undocumented immigration status is a structural barrier to socioeconomic mobility. The regularization of legal status may therefore promote the socioeconomic mobility of formerly undocumented immigrants. The 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program provided protection against deportation and access to work authorization for eligible undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as children. While studies using cross-sect…
Growing up Without Status: The Integration of Children in Mixed‐Status Families
Over the past three decades, a central new challenge confronting millions of children of immigrants has emerged: growing up in a mixed‐status family in which at least one member lacks legal authorization to live and work in the United States. A body of recent research argues that unauthorized immigrant status is the fundamental determinant of integration for unauthorized immigrants, with intergenerational consequences for their U.S.‐born children…
Migrant health convergence and the role of material deprivation
Cross-national research shows that although immigrants initially have better health than their native-born counterparts, their health deteriorates over time in their destination countries, converging to nativesâ health (health convergence). Explanations in
Changes in the Transnational Family Structures of Mexican Farm Workers in the Era of Border Militarization
Historically, undocumented Mexican farm workers migrated circularly, leaving family behind in Mexico on short trips to the United States. Scholars have argued that border militarization has disrupted circular migration as the costs of crossing the border lead to longer stays, increased settlement, and changing transnational family practices. Yet, no study has explored changes in the transnational family structures of Mexico-U.S. migrants that spa…
Working and disability expectancies at older ages: The role of childhood circumstances and education
The ability to work at older ages depends on health and education. Both accumulate starting very early in life. We assess how childhood disadvantages combine with education to affect working and health trajectories. Applying multistate period life tables to data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for the period 2008-2014, we estimate how the residual life expectancy at age 50 is distributed in number of years of work and disability, by nu…
Immigration Status and Farmwork: Understanding the Wage and Income Gap Across U.S. Policy and Economic Eras, 1989–2016
Cognitive Disparities: The Impact of the Great Depression and Cumulative Inequality on Later-Life Cognitive Function
Population aging has driven a spate of recent research on later-life cognitive function. Greater longevity increases the lifetime risk of memory diseases that compromise the cognitive abilities vital to well-being. Alzheimer’s disease, thought to be the most common underlying pathology for elders’ cognitive dysfunction (Willis and Hakim 2013), is already the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Alzheimer’s Association 2016). Underst…
You Just Don't Understand Me!” Determinants of Second Generation Asian and Latino Youth Self‐Esteem
To understand the integration of second‐generation Asians and Latinos, we study the association between acculturation and self‐esteem, an aspect of psychological wellbeing and belongingness. Using data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study ( CILS ), we find that Asians have lower self‐esteem than Latinos. Females, youth who are from lower socioeconomic status families, have been in the US for less than five years, have lower grade po…
The association between city-level air pollution and frailty among the elderly population in China
Ethical loneliness and the undermining of social capital: How racism shapes loneliness in three UK Asian communities - a mixed methods study
Funding: This study is part of a PhD research grant [Reference number: ES/P000681/1], funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, United Kingdom
Racial, Ethnic, Nativity, and Educational Disparities in Cognitive Impairment and Activity Limitations in the United States, 1998–2016
Despite extensive research on cognitive impairment and limitations in basic activities of daily living, no study has investigated the burden of their co-occurrence (co-impairment). Using the Health and Retirement Study data and incidence-based multistate models, we study the population burden of co-impairment using three key indicators: mean age at onset, lifetime risk, and health expectancy. We examine patterns by gender, race, ethnicity, nativi…
Changes in the Transnational Family Structures of Mexican Farm Workers in the Era of Border Militarization
Historically, undocumented Mexican farm workers migrated circularly, leaving family behind in Mexico on short trips to the United States. Scholars have argued that border militarization has disrupted circular migration as the costs of crossing the border lead to longer stays, increased settlement, and changing transnational family practices. Yet, no study has explored changes in the transnational family structures of Mexico-U.S. migrants that spa…
Cognitive Disparities: The Impact of the Great Depression and Cumulative Inequality on Later-Life Cognitive Function
Population aging has driven a spate of recent research on later-life cognitive function. Greater longevity increases the lifetime risk of memory diseases that compromise the cognitive abilities vital to well-being. Alzheimer’s disease, thought to be the most common underlying pathology for elders’ cognitive dysfunction (Willis and Hakim 2013), is already the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Alzheimer’s Association 2016). Underst…
You Just Don't Understand Me!” Determinants of Second Generation Asian and Latino Youth Self‐Esteem
To understand the integration of second‐generation Asians and Latinos, we study the association between acculturation and self‐esteem, an aspect of psychological wellbeing and belongingness. Using data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study ( CILS ), we find that Asians have lower self‐esteem than Latinos. Females, youth who are from lower socioeconomic status families, have been in the US for less than five years, have lower grade po…
Working 9 to 5? Union Membership and Work Hours and Schedules
Millions of workers in the United States experience volatile weekly working hours and nonstandard shift work, particularly following the Great Recession. These aspects of work schedules bring greater economic insecurity and work-life conflict, particularly for low-wage workers. In the absence of strong and widespread policies regulating work hours in the United States, labor unions may significantly limit varying hours and nonstandard shifts. How…
Growing up Without Status: The Integration of Children in Mixed‐Status Families
Over the past three decades, a central new challenge confronting millions of children of immigrants has emerged: growing up in a mixed‐status family in which at least one member lacks legal authorization to live and work in the United States. A body of recent research argues that unauthorized immigrant status is the fundamental determinant of integration for unauthorized immigrants, with intergenerational consequences for their U.S.‐born children…
Immigrant Legal Status and Health: Legal Status Disparities in Chronic Conditions and Musculoskeletal Pain Among Mexican-Born Farm Workers in the United States
Immigrant legal status determines access to the rights and privileges of U.S. society. Legal status may be conceived of as a fundamental cause of health, producing a health disparity whereby unauthorized immigrants are disadvantaged relative to authorized immigrants, a perspective that is supported by research on legal status disparities in self-rated health and mental health. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on legal status dis…
Migrant health convergence and the role of material deprivation
Cross-national research shows that although immigrants initially have better health than their native-born counterparts, their health deteriorates over time in their destination countries, converging to nativesâ health (health convergence). Explanations in
Cognitive impairment in the U.S: Lifetime risk, age at onset, and years impaired
Prior studies have analyzed the burden of cognitive impairment, but often use potentially biased prevalence-based methods or measure only years lived with impairment, without estimating other relevant metrics. We use the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2014; n = 29,304) and the preferred incidence-based Markov-chain models to assess three key measures of the burden of cognitive impairment: lifetime risk, mean age at onset, and number of years l…
The association between city-level air pollution and frailty among the elderly population in China
Working and disability expectancies at older ages: The role of childhood circumstances and education
The ability to work at older ages depends on health and education. Both accumulate starting very early in life. We assess how childhood disadvantages combine with education to affect working and health trajectories. Applying multistate period life tables to data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for the period 2008-2014, we estimate how the residual life expectancy at age 50 is distributed in number of years of work and disability, by nu…
Cumulative Disparities in the Dynamics of Working Poverty for Later Career U.S. Workers (2002–2012)
Many more Americans experience working poverty than unemployed poverty, a situation that was only exacerbated by the Great Recession. The consequences of working poverty for later career workers, who should be at their highest earning ages, are particularly dire. The authors expect that later career workers are especially vulnerable in terms of the risk and duration of working poverty and that those who have accumulated disadvantages over their l…
Does postponing retirement affect cognitive function? A counterfactual experiment to disentangle life course risk factors
Evidence suggests that contemporaneous labor force participation affects cognitive function; however, it is unclear whether it is employment itself or endogenous factors related to individuals’ likelihood of employment that protects against cognitive decline. We exploit innovations in counterfactual causal inference to disentangle the effect of postponing retirement on later-life cognitive function from the effects of other life-course factors. W…
Immigration Status and Farmwork: Understanding the Wage and Income Gap Across U.S. Policy and Economic Eras, 1989–2016
Paths to Mobility: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Earnings Among Latino/a Daca Recipients in California
Undocumented immigration status is a structural barrier to socioeconomic mobility. The regularization of legal status may therefore promote the socioeconomic mobility of formerly undocumented immigrants. The 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program provided protection against deportation and access to work authorization for eligible undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as children. While studies using cross-sect…
A longitudinal analysis of PM2.5 exposure and multimorbidity clusters and accumulation among adults aged 45-85 in China
While previous studies have emphasised the role of individual factors in understanding multimorbidity disparities, few have investigated contextual factors such as air pollution (AP). We first use cross-sectional latent class analysis (LCA) to assess the associations between PM 2.5 exposure and multimorbidity disease clusters, and then estimate the associations between PM 2.5 exposure and the development of multimorbidity longitudinally using gro…
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Cognitive Function Among Adults Aged 45 and Older in China
Our findings are mixed and suggest that some categories of higher and longer exposure to PM2.5 are associated with poorer cognitive function, while that exposures do not hasten cognitive decline. However, more work is necessary to disentangle PM2.5 exposure from individuals' background characteristics, particularly those jointly associated with cognitive function and urban living
Racial, Ethnic, Nativity, and Educational Disparities in Cognitive Impairment and Activity Limitations in the United States, 1998–2016
Despite extensive research on cognitive impairment and limitations in basic activities of daily living, no study has investigated the burden of their co-occurrence (co-impairment). Using the Health and Retirement Study data and incidence-based multistate models, we study the population burden of co-impairment using three key indicators: mean age at onset, lifetime risk, and health expectancy. We examine patterns by gender, race, ethnicity, nativi…
Cognitive impairment and partnership status in the United States, 1998–2016, by sex, race/ethnicity, and education
Cognitively impaired adults without a partner are highly disadvantaged, as partners constitute an important source of caregiving and emotional support. With the application of innovative multistate models to the Health and Retirement Study, this paper is the first to estimate joint expectancies of cognitive and partnership status at age 50 by sex, race/ethnicity, and education in the United States. We find that women live a decade longer unpartne…
Public-targeted interventions addressing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review
INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiencing the heaviest health burden and the highest AMR-related mortality. Most interventions in the region focus on hospital settings and provider behaviour, with few empirical papers discussing how theories inform those interventions specifically, community-centred interventions often lack a theoretical framework. However, using behavioural…
Loneliness and social isolation of ethnic minority/immigrant older adults: A scoping review
Loneliness and social isolation among older adults are emerging public health concerns. Older adults from ethnic minority communities or with immigration backgrounds may be particularly vulnerable when encountering loneliness and social isolation due to the double jeopardy of their old age and minority status. The goal of this study is to conduct a scoping review of published journal articles on ethnic minority/immigrant older adults’ loneliness …
Disentangling social isolation, loneliness, and later-life cognitive function for older adults in the United States: Evidence from causal inference modeling
Our results suggest that addressing social isolation-and, by extension, its effects on health-requires both a broad understanding of its heterogeneous impacts on the general population and a nuanced approach to targeting public health interventions where they can be most effective
Disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, and education in trends in the disability burden in the United States, 1996-2018
Research remains inconclusive on whether increased longevity is resulting in disability compression. Using the Health and Retirement Study and multistate models, this study is the first to examine trends (between 1996-2006 and 2008-18) across multiple key aspects of disability burden: namely, lifetime risk and age at onset of disability; recovery and mortality of the disabled; and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) at age 50 in the United Sta…
Ethical loneliness and the undermining of social capital: How racism shapes loneliness in three UK Asian communities - a mixed methods study
Funding: This study is part of a PhD research grant [Reference number: ES/P000681/1], funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, United Kingdom
Engaging communities in addressing antimicrobial resistance: Co-producing locally relevant public health messages
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge that weakens the effective treatment of common infections and threatens health system functioning, particularly in settings where access to affordable healthcare and regulated medicines is limited. This study explores whether grassroots, community-driven approaches can improve the reception of AMR communication materials. Using Arts-Based Participatory Action research methods, 3…
Educational and gender gaps in cognitive health expectancy across Europe: A prevalence-based analysis using SHARE
Sociology (15 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (14 works) · Medicine (14 works) · Political science (13 works) · Population (13 works) · Demography (12 works) · Psychology (11 works) · Gerontology (10 works) · Cognition (9 works) · Ethnic group (9 works)