Robert J Chaskin
Biographic Data
| ID | 245353 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert J Chaskin |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert J |
| FAMILY NAME | Chaskin |
| SIGNATURE | CHASKIN R J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Chicago |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 42 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 676 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 42 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Slum resettlement, built environment, and socio-spatial dynamics: Lived experiences in Mumbai’s resettlement colonies
The online portrayal of urban farmers: Professionals’ perspectives on their influence on constructing farming-career paths
Academic resilience of Chinese rural left-behind adolescents: A Multisystemic Perspective
How do urban agriculture initiatives communicate on farming across society? An exploration of awareness, responsibility, and pride messages on social media
Generational renewal problems in the farming sector highlight the urgent need to attract new farmers and address misconceptions about agricultural careers. This can be achieved by strengthening the connection between the farming community and society. Emphasizing the alternative food movement’s role in attracting new-generation farmers, we focus on the urban agriculture movement and its communication efforts to better understand the changing rela…
Formalization, Citizenship and the Challenges of Self‐Governance in Mumbai's Slum Relocation Colonies
The city of Mumbai is engaged in large‐scale urban restructuring efforts. Foundational to these is the demolition of many of the city's informal settlements and the relocation of residents to newly built housing complexes. Often discussed in terms of dispossession, this process is also one of formalization , with spatial, economic, cultural and sociopolitical implications. This article focuses on formalization's sociopolitical dimension, entailin…
Liminal Citizenship: Young People’s Perspectives on Civic and Political Engagement in Three European Cities
Concerns about young people’s disengagement from civic and political life, particularly disengagement of those from marginalized backgrounds, are prominent in contemporary discourse and increasingly serve as an impetus driving youth policy. Effectively engaging disadvantaged youth, however, can be difficult, and the factors that contribute to these challenges are complex. This is particularly true with regard to the engagement of young people as …
The potential for civic and political engagement practice in social work as a means of achieving greater rights and justice for marginalised youth
This paper argues that attention to theory and practice relating to civic and political engagement (CPE) can lead to a stronger value orientation among social workers towards human rights and social justice when working with marginalised young people. Based on findings of a study based on three European cities (Dublin, Belfast and London), we demonstrate the potential for social work to embrace a specific focus on CPE as a means of achieving grea…
Promoting civic and political engagement among marginalized urban youth in three cities: Strategies and challenges
Over the past decade and more, there has been a significant emphasis in western societies on policy processes to engage youth in civic and political life. Concerns about the extent to which marginalized urban young people in particular have become disengaged from civic and political life has been a common, and contested, theme in youth policy. Currently, there is a dearth of literature exploring how policy provisions have been translated into pra…
The organizational challenges of mixed-income development: Privatizing public housing through cross-sector collaboration
One of the largely undocumented dimensions of public housing transformation in the United States is the multi-sector, multi-organizational collaborations whose charge is to manage the local implementation of mixed-income developments. In Chicago, private real estate developers entered into partnerships with the Chicago Housing Authority to finance, design, build, and manage the new developments. Key topics considered in this paper include the str…
Poverty Policy, the Market, and the Metropolis
This essay focuses on three recent books that examine contemporary trends and policy responses to poverty and urban regeneration: Places in Need: The Changing Geography of Poverty, by Scott W. Allard; The Servant Class City: Urban Revitalization versus the Working Poor in San Diego, by David J. Karjanen; and Urban Policy in the Time of Obama, edited by James De Filippis. Each examines the issue with a substantially different focus—the increase an…
Building Community Capacity
This book focuses on a gap in current social work practice theory: community change. Much work in this area of macro practice, particularly around ""grassroots"" community organizing, has a somewhat dated feel to it, is highly ideological in orientation, or suffers from superficiality, particularly in the area of theory and practical application. Set against the context of an often narrowly constructed ""clinical"" emphasis on practice education,…
Between the Idea and the Reality: Public Housing Reform and the Further Marginalization of the Poor
Hot times, hot places. Youths’ risk perceptions and risk management in Chicago and Rotterdam
Many young people in low-income neighbourhoods are considered to be at risk of poor social outcomes and of becoming victims of violence and crime. This exploratory study focuses on how young people perceive risk and navigate their environment in two low-income, multi-ethnic neighbourhoods, one in Rotterdam and one in Chicago. We conducted in-depth interviews and mental mapping exercises with young people aged 14–19 in both sites. We found that ne…
Integrating the Inner City: The Promise and Perils of Mixed-Income Public Housing Transformation
The Enduring Significance of Race in Mixed-Income Developments
While public housing reforms seek to address poverty among what is a predominantly African-American population, there has been little explicit attention given to the signance of race in the formation of new mixed-income communities. Indeed, the policy framing of these efforts has focused on economic integration and has been essentially silent about racial integration. In this article, we examine whether and how race remains relevant to the everyd…
Contested Space: Design Principles and Regulatory Regimes in Mixed-Income Communities in Chicago
At the center of Chicago's large-scale public housing transformation is a stated emphasis on economic integration. Based on interviews, field observations, and documentary research in three new, mixed-income communities that were built on the footprint of former public housing developments in Chicago, this article examines how design choices and regulatory regimes militate against the effective integration of public housing residents in these con…
Youth in mixed-income communities replacing public housing complexes: Context, dynamics and response
Integration and Exclusion: Urban Poverty, Public Housing Reform, and the Dynamics of Neighborhood Restructuring
Much contemporary policy seeking to address the problems of urban poverty and the failures of public housing focuses on deconcentrating poverty through the relocation of public housing residents to less-poor neighborhoods or by replacing large public housing complexes with mixed-income developments. Lying behind these efforts is a set of generally integrationist goals, aiming to remove public housing residents from contexts of isolation and conce…
Positive' Gentrification, Social Control and the 'Right to the City' in Mixed-Income Communities: Uses and Expectations of Space and Place
Public policies supporting market-oriented strategies to develop mixed-income communities have become ascendant in the United States and a number of other countries around the world. Although framed as addressing both market goals of revitalization and social goals of poverty deconcentration and inclusion, these efforts at 'positive gentrification' also generate a set of fundamental tensions - between integration and exclusion, use value and exch…
The New Stigma of Relocated Public Housing Residents: Challenges to Social Identity in Mixed–Income Developments
Public housing residents have long experienced stigma as members of an urban “underclass.” One policy response is the creation of mixed–income developments; by deconcentrating poverty and integrating residents into communities in which their residences are indistinguishable from neighbors, such efforts might reduce stigma associated with residency in traditional public housing. Through in–depth interviews with 35 relocated public housing resident…
Participation, Deliberation, and Decision Making: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Mixed-Income Developments
This paper explores the mechanisms, processes, and dynamics of participation and deliberation in three newly created, mixed-income communities being built on the footprint of former public housing developments in Chicago. Our findings reflect enduring dilemmas about the challenge of democratic participation and representation for low-income citizens in the context of urban revitalization efforts. In the current case, a fundamental tension exists …
Social Interaction in Mixed-Income Developments: Relational Expectations and Emerging Reality
In many cities, public housing has come to exemplify concentrated urban poverty and the social problems associated with it. One major policy response to addressing these problems is the demolition and redevelopment of public housing complexes as mixed-income communities. Several theoretical propositions that lie behind this policy are based on assumptions about the ways in which living among higher-income residents can lead to relationships and i…
Investing in Democracy: Engaging Citizens in Collaborative Governance - By Carmen Sirianni
Living in a Mixed-Income Development: Resident Perceptions of the Benefits and Disadvantages of Two Developments in Chicago
Policy-makers in several countries are turning to income- and tenure-mixing strategies in an attempt to reverse decades of social and economic isolation in impoverished urban areas. In the US city of Chicago, all high-rise public housing developments across the city are being demolished, public housing residents are being dispersed throughout the metropolitan area and 10 new mixed-income developments are being created on the footprint of former p…
Blueprint for Disaster: The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing by D. Bradford Hunt
Building Community Capacity: A Definitional Framework and Case Studies from a Comprehensive Community Initiative
The notion of community capacity building is both explicit and pervasive in the rhetoric, missions, and activities of a broad range of contemporary community development efforts. However, there is limited clarity about the meaning of capacity and capacity building at the neighbor-hood level. The author suggests a definitional framework for understanding and promoting community capacity, explores the attempt to operationalize a capacity-building a…
The Theoretical Basis for Addressing Poverty Through Mixed-Income Development
This article examines the theoretical foundations upon which the rationale for mixed-income development as a strategy to confront urban poverty is built. The authors focus on four propositions that draw from theories on social networks, social control, culture and behavior, and the political economy of place. They assess available evidence about the relative importance of the four theoretical propositions. They conclude that the most compelling p…
Building “Community” in Mixed-Income Developments: Assumptions, Approaches, and Early Experiences
As an urban-redevelopment strategy, the goals of mixed-income development are often talked about in terms of building “community”—the shaping of environments, opportunities, and social arrangements that promote healthy neighborhood life, particularly for the low-income people who live there. This article explores the strategies engaged, expectations for, and early responses to efforts to build “community” in three mixed-income developments being …
Participation, Deliberation, and Decision Making: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Mixed-Income Developments
This paper explores the mechanisms, processes, and dynamics of participation and deliberation in three newly created, mixed-income communities being built on the footprint of former public housing developments in Chicago. Our findings reflect enduring dilemmas about the challenge of democratic participation and representation for low-income citizens in the context of urban revitalization efforts. In the current case, a fundamental tension exists …
Social Interaction in Mixed-Income Developments: Relational Expectations and Emerging Reality
In many cities, public housing has come to exemplify concentrated urban poverty and the social problems associated with it. One major policy response to addressing these problems is the demolition and redevelopment of public housing complexes as mixed-income communities. Several theoretical propositions that lie behind this policy are based on assumptions about the ways in which living among higher-income residents can lead to relationships and i…
The Issue of Governance in Neighborhood-Based Initiatives
The authors of this issue-mapping article explore the rationale behind, and issues bearing on, the governance of community-based initiatives. They examine three issues relevant to the formation of local governance structures: the relationship between neighborhood-based governance structures and local government; issues of representation, legitimacy, and connection; and long-term viability. They suggest an agenda for further exploration that inclu…
Positive' Gentrification, Social Control and the 'Right to the City' in Mixed-Income Communities: Uses and Expectations of Space and Place
Public policies supporting market-oriented strategies to develop mixed-income communities have become ascendant in the United States and a number of other countries around the world. Although framed as addressing both market goals of revitalization and social goals of poverty deconcentration and inclusion, these efforts at 'positive gentrification' also generate a set of fundamental tensions - between integration and exclusion, use value and exch…
The New Stigma of Relocated Public Housing Residents: Challenges to Social Identity in Mixed–Income Developments
Public housing residents have long experienced stigma as members of an urban “underclass.” One policy response is the creation of mixed–income developments; by deconcentrating poverty and integrating residents into communities in which their residences are indistinguishable from neighbors, such efforts might reduce stigma associated with residency in traditional public housing. Through in–depth interviews with 35 relocated public housing resident…
Living in a Mixed-Income Development: Resident Perceptions of the Benefits and Disadvantages of Two Developments in Chicago
Policy-makers in several countries are turning to income- and tenure-mixing strategies in an attempt to reverse decades of social and economic isolation in impoverished urban areas. In the US city of Chicago, all high-rise public housing developments across the city are being demolished, public housing residents are being dispersed throughout the metropolitan area and 10 new mixed-income developments are being created on the footprint of former p…
The Enduring Significance of Race in Mixed-Income Developments
While public housing reforms seek to address poverty among what is a predominantly African-American population, there has been little explicit attention given to the signance of race in the formation of new mixed-income communities. Indeed, the policy framing of these efforts has focused on economic integration and has been essentially silent about racial integration. In this article, we examine whether and how race remains relevant to the everyd…
Reframing Community Practice for the 21 St Century: Multiple Traditions, Multiple Challenges
“Community” in the twenty-first century seems to be everywhere and nowhere. On the one hand, the rhetoric of community is omnipresent, as nonprofit organizations, civic associations, government agencies, and even multinational corporate entities routinely describe their activities to be community-oriented. On the other hand, community in the broader sense of shared interests or solidarities appears to be under unrelenting attack, challenged by so…
A View from the City: Local Government Perspectives on Neighborhood-Based Governance in Community-Building Initiatives
This article explores the perspective of local governments on the neighborhood-based governance entities being developed by community-building initiatives within their jurisdictions. In general, the governance entities created by these initiatives are seen within a pluralist framework in which they are treated as one of a number of organizations operating on behalf of a neighborhood with which government can choose to work in a number of ways. Pu…
Integration and Exclusion: Urban Poverty, Public Housing Reform, and the Dynamics of Neighborhood Restructuring
Much contemporary policy seeking to address the problems of urban poverty and the failures of public housing focuses on deconcentrating poverty through the relocation of public housing residents to less-poor neighborhoods or by replacing large public housing complexes with mixed-income developments. Lying behind these efforts is a set of generally integrationist goals, aiming to remove public housing residents from contexts of isolation and conce…
Democracy And Bureaucracy in a Community Planning Process
The implementation of efforts to revitalize poor communities through participatory, collaborative planning efforts is often problematic. In part, this is because the organization of these efforts embodies an inherent tension between an ideology of associational action and local democracy on the one hand and an adherence to essentially rational-bureaucratic approaches to planning and implementation on the other. This article conceptualizes this te…
Implementing Comprehensive Community Development: Possibilities and Limitations
Journal Article Implementing Comprehensive Community Development: Possibilities and Limitations Get access Robert J. Chaskin, PhD, Robert J. Chaskin, PhD research fellow Chapin Hall Center for Children, University of Chicago, 1313 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637; e-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mark L. Joseph, MA, Mark L. Joseph, MA research associa…
Measuring social capital: An exploration in community–research partnership
Large numbers of social policy initiatives and community organizations are currently engaged in “community building” efforts that seek, in part, to strengthen informal relationships and the organizational infrastructure of communities and to build the capacity of communities to manage and foster community change. One critical requirement for improving such practice is for communities to have greater access and capacity to use information for plan…
Youth in mixed-income communities replacing public housing complexes: Context, dynamics and response
Concerns about School-Linked Services: Institution-Based versus Community-Based Models
Robert J. Chaskin, Harold A. Richman, Concerns about School-Linked Services: Institution-Based versus Community-Based Models, The Future of Children, Vol. 2, No. 1, School Linked Services (Spring, 1992), pp. 107-117
Contested Space: Design Principles and Regulatory Regimes in Mixed-Income Communities in Chicago
At the center of Chicago's large-scale public housing transformation is a stated emphasis on economic integration. Based on interviews, field observations, and documentary research in three new, mixed-income communities that were built on the footprint of former public housing developments in Chicago, this article examines how design choices and regulatory regimes militate against the effective integration of public housing residents in these con…
Embedded Philanthropy and the Pursuit of Civic Engagement
This article examines a range of civic engagement strategies pursued by embedded funders conducting community-change work in chronically disadvantaged communities
Promoting civic and political engagement among marginalized urban youth in three cities: Strategies and challenges
Over the past decade and more, there has been a significant emphasis in western societies on policy processes to engage youth in civic and political life. Concerns about the extent to which marginalized urban young people in particular have become disengaged from civic and political life has been a common, and contested, theme in youth policy. Currently, there is a dearth of literature exploring how policy provisions have been translated into pra…
Hot times, hot places. Youths’ risk perceptions and risk management in Chicago and Rotterdam
Many young people in low-income neighbourhoods are considered to be at risk of poor social outcomes and of becoming victims of violence and crime. This exploratory study focuses on how young people perceive risk and navigate their environment in two low-income, multi-ethnic neighbourhoods, one in Rotterdam and one in Chicago. We conducted in-depth interviews and mental mapping exercises with young people aged 14–19 in both sites. We found that ne…
Building Community Capacity
This book focuses on a gap in current social work practice theory: community change. Much work in this area of macro practice, particularly around ""grassroots"" community organizing, has a somewhat dated feel to it, is highly ideological in orientation, or suffers from superficiality, particularly in the area of theory and practical application. Set against the context of an often narrowly constructed ""clinical"" emphasis on practice education,…
Between the Idea and the Reality: Public Housing Reform and the Further Marginalization of the Poor
Toward a theory of change in community-based practice with youth: A case-study exploration
Concerns about School-Linked Services: Institution-Based versus Community-Based Models
Robert J. Chaskin, Harold A. Richman, Concerns about School-Linked Services: Institution-Based versus Community-Based Models, The Future of Children, Vol. 2, No. 1, School Linked Services (Spring, 1992), pp. 107-117
Concerns about School-Linked Services: Institution-Based Versus Community-Based Models
The systems that serve families and children should address the basic developmental needs of children. Those needs can best be met within a broadly defined service system that offers both services to promote general development as well as services to respond to the specific problems of individual children in trouble. The question the authors address is whether the model of school-linked, integrated services that places the school in the central p…
Urban Enclaves: Identity and Place in America . Mark Abrahamson
Perspectives on Neighborhood and Community: A Review of the Literature
This article provides a historical-theoretical review of perspectives on neighborhood and community as a social unit, an exploration of the neighborhood as a spatial unit and the problems of boundary construction, and a review of empirical findings on the different experiences of neighborhood by different populations in different contexts. Neighborhoods are recognizable and definable, and they provide at least potential units of identity and acti…
Implementing Comprehensive Community Development: Possibilities and Limitations
Journal Article Implementing Comprehensive Community Development: Possibilities and Limitations Get access Robert J. Chaskin, PhD, Robert J. Chaskin, PhD research fellow Chapin Hall Center for Children, University of Chicago, 1313 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637; e-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mark L. Joseph, MA, Mark L. Joseph, MA research associa…
The Issue of Governance in Neighborhood-Based Initiatives
The authors of this issue-mapping article explore the rationale behind, and issues bearing on, the governance of community-based initiatives. They examine three issues relevant to the formation of local governance structures: the relationship between neighborhood-based governance structures and local government; issues of representation, legitimacy, and connection; and long-term viability. They suggest an agenda for further exploration that inclu…
A View from the City: Local Government Perspectives on Neighborhood-Based Governance in Community-Building Initiatives
This article explores the perspective of local governments on the neighborhood-based governance entities being developed by community-building initiatives within their jurisdictions. In general, the governance entities created by these initiatives are seen within a pluralist framework in which they are treated as one of a number of organizations operating on behalf of a neighborhood with which government can choose to work in a number of ways. Pu…
Building Community Capacity: A Definitional Framework and Case Studies from a Comprehensive Community Initiative
The notion of community capacity building is both explicit and pervasive in the rhetoric, missions, and activities of a broad range of contemporary community development efforts. However, there is limited clarity about the meaning of capacity and capacity building at the neighbor-hood level. The author suggests a definitional framework for understanding and promoting community capacity, explores the attempt to operationalize a capacity-building a…
The Challenge of Two-Tiered Evaluation in Community Initiatives
Evaluations of community initiatives have often been problematic, caught between performing a variety of different roles that are sometimes at odds with one another, struggling to speak to a range of different audiences simultaneously, and often falling short of providing either sound evidence of impact or sufficiently timely feedback. These challenges can be particularly complex in multi-site initiatives, where the requirements for local learnin…
Democracy And Bureaucracy in a Community Planning Process
The implementation of efforts to revitalize poor communities through participatory, collaborative planning efforts is often problematic. In part, this is because the organization of these efforts embodies an inherent tension between an ideology of associational action and local democracy on the one hand and an adherence to essentially rational-bureaucratic approaches to planning and implementation on the other. This article conceptualizes this te…
Measuring social capital: An exploration in community–research partnership
Large numbers of social policy initiatives and community organizations are currently engaged in “community building” efforts that seek, in part, to strengthen informal relationships and the organizational infrastructure of communities and to build the capacity of communities to manage and foster community change. One critical requirement for improving such practice is for communities to have greater access and capacity to use information for plan…
Reframing Community Practice for the 21 St Century: Multiple Traditions, Multiple Challenges
“Community” in the twenty-first century seems to be everywhere and nowhere. On the one hand, the rhetoric of community is omnipresent, as nonprofit organizations, civic associations, government agencies, and even multinational corporate entities routinely describe their activities to be community-oriented. On the other hand, community in the broader sense of shared interests or solidarities appears to be under unrelenting attack, challenged by so…
The Theoretical Basis for Addressing Poverty Through Mixed-Income Development
This article examines the theoretical foundations upon which the rationale for mixed-income development as a strategy to confront urban poverty is built. The authors focus on four propositions that draw from theories on social networks, social control, culture and behavior, and the political economy of place. They assess available evidence about the relative importance of the four theoretical propositions. They conclude that the most compelling p…
Resilience, Community, and Resilient Communities: Conditioning Contexts and Collective Action
This article explores the idea of community as it relates to the concept of resilience. It focuses on community both as context (local environments providing a set of risk and protective factors that have an influence on the well-being of community members) and as collective actors that can exhibit resilience in themselves by organizing and acting in response to adversity. Finally, it teases out some implications—both possibilities and limitation…
Toward a theory of change in community-based practice with youth: A case-study exploration
Embedded Philanthropy and the Pursuit of Civic Engagement
This article examines a range of civic engagement strategies pursued by embedded funders conducting community-change work in chronically disadvantaged communities
Living in a Mixed-Income Development: Resident Perceptions of the Benefits and Disadvantages of Two Developments in Chicago
Policy-makers in several countries are turning to income- and tenure-mixing strategies in an attempt to reverse decades of social and economic isolation in impoverished urban areas. In the US city of Chicago, all high-rise public housing developments across the city are being demolished, public housing residents are being dispersed throughout the metropolitan area and 10 new mixed-income developments are being created on the footprint of former p…
Blueprint for Disaster: The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing by D. Bradford Hunt
Building “Community” in Mixed-Income Developments: Assumptions, Approaches, and Early Experiences
As an urban-redevelopment strategy, the goals of mixed-income development are often talked about in terms of building “community”—the shaping of environments, opportunities, and social arrangements that promote healthy neighborhood life, particularly for the low-income people who live there. This article explores the strategies engaged, expectations for, and early responses to efforts to build “community” in three mixed-income developments being …
Social Interaction in Mixed-Income Developments: Relational Expectations and Emerging Reality
In many cities, public housing has come to exemplify concentrated urban poverty and the social problems associated with it. One major policy response to addressing these problems is the demolition and redevelopment of public housing complexes as mixed-income communities. Several theoretical propositions that lie behind this policy are based on assumptions about the ways in which living among higher-income residents can lead to relationships and i…
Investing in Democracy: Engaging Citizens in Collaborative Governance - By Carmen Sirianni
The New Stigma of Relocated Public Housing Residents: Challenges to Social Identity in Mixed–Income Developments
Public housing residents have long experienced stigma as members of an urban “underclass.” One policy response is the creation of mixed–income developments; by deconcentrating poverty and integrating residents into communities in which their residences are indistinguishable from neighbors, such efforts might reduce stigma associated with residency in traditional public housing. Through in–depth interviews with 35 relocated public housing resident…
Participation, Deliberation, and Decision Making: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Mixed-Income Developments
This paper explores the mechanisms, processes, and dynamics of participation and deliberation in three newly created, mixed-income communities being built on the footprint of former public housing developments in Chicago. Our findings reflect enduring dilemmas about the challenge of democratic participation and representation for low-income citizens in the context of urban revitalization efforts. In the current case, a fundamental tension exists …
Youth in mixed-income communities replacing public housing complexes: Context, dynamics and response
Integration and Exclusion: Urban Poverty, Public Housing Reform, and the Dynamics of Neighborhood Restructuring
Much contemporary policy seeking to address the problems of urban poverty and the failures of public housing focuses on deconcentrating poverty through the relocation of public housing residents to less-poor neighborhoods or by replacing large public housing complexes with mixed-income developments. Lying behind these efforts is a set of generally integrationist goals, aiming to remove public housing residents from contexts of isolation and conce…
Sociology (34 works) · Political science (33 works) · Homelessness and Social Issues (20 works) · Public relations (20 works) · Economics (19 works) · Economic growth (16 works) · Law (16 works) · Law (14 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (14 works) · Business (13 works)