Guido Alfani
Biographic Data
| ID | 248977 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Guido Alfani |
| GIVEN NAMES | Guido |
| FAMILY NAME | Alfani |
| SIGNATURE | ALFANI G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bocconi University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5534-8694 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 248 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Economic inequality and social mobility in preindustrial societies: What we know, what we don't (but should) know
In recent years economic inequality has become a major research topic in economic history. However, much remains to be done to complete our knowledge of long‐term distributive dynamics. This article highlights several promising avenues for future research, focusing on the preindustrial period. In particular, it identifies the main gaps that still need to be filled in reconstructions of wealth and income distributions; it argues for a closer inter…
Meritocracy in Historical Perspective
Meritocracy is often seen as a hallmark of modern societies, yet the belief that those best suited to the task should govern dates back to classical antiquity. This article provides a historical perspective on meritocracy by examining the long preindustrial era, exploring both continuities and differences between past and present understandings of the concept and its practical applications. I outline the intellectual origins of the idea that “the…
Long-term trends in income and wealth inequality in southern Italy. The Kingdom of Naples (Apulia), sixteenth to eighteenth centuries
This paper uses new archival sources to study the long-term tendencies in economic inequality in preindustrial southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples). The paper reconstructs long-term trends in wealth inequality for the period 1550–1800 for a sample of communities in the region Apulia and produces estimates of overall inequality levels across the region. These estimates are compared with those which have recently been published for other Italian and …
Poverty in Germany from the Black Death until the Beginning of Industrialization
Wealth inequality and epidemics in the Republic of Venice (1400-1800)
This article analyses wealth inequality in the Republic of Venice during 1400-1800. The availability of a large database of homogeneous inequality measurements allows us to produce the most in-depth study of the factors affecting inequality at the local level available thus far for any preindustrial society. Additionally, the occurrence of a major plague during 1629-30, an event that caused the death of 40 per cent of the inhabitants of the area,…
Pandemics and socio-economic status. Evidence from the plague of 1630 in northern Italy
This paper investigates the biological, socio-economic, and institutional factors shaping the individual risk of death during a major pre-industrial epidemic. We use a micro-demographic database for an Italian city (Carmagnola) during the 1630 plague to explore in detail the survival dynamics of the population admitted to the isolation hospital (lazzaretto). We develop a theoretical model of admissions to the lazzaretto, for better interpretation…
Income and inequality in the Aztec Empire on the eve of the Spanish conquest
Wealth inequality in pre-industrial England: A long-term view (late thirteenth to sixteenth centuries)
This article provides an overview of wealth inequality in England from the late thirteenth to the sixteenth century, based on a novel database of distributions of taxable household wealth across 17 counties plus London. To account for high thresholds of fiscal exemption, a new method is introduced to reconstruct complete distributions from left-censored observations. First, we analyse inequality at the county level, finding an impressive stabilit…
Economic Inequality in Preindustrial Times: Europe and Beyond
Recent literature has reconstructed estimates of wealth and income inequality for a range of preindustrial, mostly European, societies covering medieval and early modern times, occasionally reaching back to antiquity and even prehistory. These estimates have radically improved our knowledge of distributive dynamics in the past. It now seems clear that in the period circa 1300–1800, inequality of both income and wealth grew almost monotonically al…
The growing number of given names as a clue to the beginning of the demographic transition in Europe
Cultural factors are usually considered to have played a crucial role in the reduction in neonatal and infant mortality during the demographic transition; however, so far historical demographers have failed to produce precise measurements of their impact
Economic Inequality in Preindustrial Germany, ca. 1300 – 1850
This article provides an overview of wealth inequality in Germany during 1300–1850, introducing a novel database. We document four alternating phases of inequality decline and growth. The Black Death (1347–1352) led to inequality decline, until about 1450. Thereafter, inequality rose steadily. The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) and the 1627–1629 plague triggered a second phase of inequality reduction. This distinguishes Germany from other European…
A survival analysis of the last great European plagues: The case of Nonantola (Northern Italy) in 1630
This paper develops the first survival analysis of a large-scale mortality crisis caused by plague. For the time-to-event analyses we used the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Our case study is the town of Nonantola during the 1630 plague, which was probably the worst to affect Italy since the Black Death. Individual risk of death did not depend on sex, grew with age (peaking at ages 40-60 and then declining), was not affected by socio-…
Plague and long-term development: The lasting effects of the 1629-30 epidemic on the Italian cities
This article aims to analyse the effects of plague on the long-term development of Italian cities, with particular attention to the 1629-30 epidemic. By using a new dataset on plague mortality rates in 56 cities covering the period c. 1575-1700, an economic geography model verifying the existence of multiple equilibria is estimated. It is found that cities severely affected by the 1629-30 plague were displaced to a lower growth path. It is also f…
La peste: Bref état des connaissances actuelles
Archined est l’archive ouverte institutionnelle et la base patrimoniale des publications, communications et autres travaux scientifiques produits par les chercheur.e.s, y compris les chercheur.e.s associé.e.s, et ingénieur.e.s de l’Ined
The timing and causes of famines in Europe
Famine in European History
This is the first systematic study of famine in all parts of Europe from the Middle Ages until the present. In case studies ranging from Scandinavia and Italy to Ireland and Russia, leading scholars compare the characteristics, consequences and causes of famine. The famines they describe differ greatly in size, duration and context; in many cases the damage wrought by poor harvests was confounded by war. The roles of human action, malfunctioning …
The rich in historical perspective: Evidence for preindustrial Europe (ca. 1300–1800)
Plague and Lethal Epidemics in the Pre-Industrial World
This article provides an overview of recent literature on plagues and other lethal epidemics, covering the period from late Antiquity to ca. 1800. We analyze the main environmental and institutional factors that shaped both the way in which a plague originated and spread and its overall demographic and socioeconomic consequences. We clarify how the same pathogen shows historically different epidemiological characteristics, and how apparently simi…
Long-term trends in economic inequality: The case of the Florentine state, c. 1300-1800
This article provides an overview of economic inequality, particularly of wealth, in the Florentine state (Tuscany) from the early fourteenth to the late eighteenth century. Regional studies of this kind are rare, and this is only the second-ever attempt at covering such a long period. Consistent with recent research conducted on other European areas, during the early modern period we find clear indications of a tendency for economic inequality t…
First signs of transition: The parallel decline of early baptism and early mortality in the province of Padua (northeast Italy), 1816-1870
The aim of this article is to investigate the parallel decline of early baptism and early mortality at the beginning of the demographic transition in a European high-neonatal mortality context
Le parrainage en Europe et en Amérique
In this article the history of godparenthood in Danish rural society is analyzed on the basis of 11,554 instances of godparenthood at the baptisms 1750-1830 in a local community. A variety of information about the lives of the individual inhabitants, retrieved from numerous types of historical sources, has been combined with the godparent lists, providing through the identification of the single godparents the basis for different types of analyze…
Growing apart in early modern Europe? A comparison of inequality trends in Italy and the Low Countries, 1500–1800
La mesure du lien familial: Développement Et Diversification d'Un Champ De Recherches
L'étude du lien familial a connu un fort développement, ces dernières décennies, en démographie historique et en histoire de la famille, grâce à la prise en compte de la diversité des relations au sein de la famille et à sa périphérie, et à une réflexion sur les enjeux de la mesure du lien familial. Cet article rend ainsi compte de ces questionnements méthodologiques et historiographiques en s'attachant, tout d'abord, à l'étude de la relation pri…
Parrainage en Europe et en Amérique: Pratiques de Longue Durée
Closing a network: A tale of not-so-common lands (Nonantola, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries)
Plague and Lethal Epidemics in the Pre-Industrial World
This article provides an overview of recent literature on plagues and other lethal epidemics, covering the period from late Antiquity to ca. 1800. We analyze the main environmental and institutional factors that shaped both the way in which a plague originated and spread and its overall demographic and socioeconomic consequences. We clarify how the same pathogen shows historically different epidemiological characteristics, and how apparently simi…
Economic Inequality in Northwestern Italy: A Long-Term View (Fourteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
This article provides a picture of economic inequality in northwestern Italy (Piedmont), 1300-1800. Regional studies of this kind are rare, and none has as long a timescale. The new data proposed illuminate little-known aspects of wealth distribution and general economic inequality in preindustrial times, supporting the idea that during the Early Modern period, inequality grew everywhere, independently from whether the economy was growing or stag…
Long-term trends in economic inequality: The case of the Florentine state, c. 1300-1800
This article provides an overview of economic inequality, particularly of wealth, in the Florentine state (Tuscany) from the early fourteenth to the late eighteenth century. Regional studies of this kind are rare, and this is only the second-ever attempt at covering such a long period. Consistent with recent research conducted on other European areas, during the early modern period we find clear indications of a tendency for economic inequality t…
Growing apart in early modern Europe? A comparison of inequality trends in Italy and the Low Countries, 1500–1800
The effects of plague on the distribution of property: Ivrea, Northern Italy 1630
The demographic effects of the epidemics of plague in Early Modern Europe and their economic consequences illuminate the evolution of property structures and of wealth distribution during and after a mortality crisis. An analysis of the high-quality data available for the Italian city of Ivrea at the time of the 1630 plague shows the exceptional resilience of property structures. Like the social structures of the period, property structures were …
Wealth Inequalities and Population Dynamics in Early Modern Northern Italy
An analysis of the wealth and population of early modern Ivrea-based on the estimi, or property tax, records; the correzioni degli estimi, a continuous series of tax records rarely found elsewhere and hardly ever used before; the census of 1613, another unique and informative source; and other archival records-finds that the city's concentration and distribution of wealth was resilient even in face of acute demographical shocks (such as the plagu…
Households and Plague in Early Modern Italy
The remarkable Books of the Dead from early modern Milan and the parish and tax records of Nonantola during the plague of 1630 allow historians to reconstitute the patterns of family and household deaths caused by pestilence. Not only did deaths caused by this highly contagious disease cluster tightly within households; the intervals between household deaths were also extremely short. As much as one-quarter of all plague deaths were multiple hous…
Plague and long-term development: The lasting effects of the 1629-30 epidemic on the Italian cities
This article aims to analyse the effects of plague on the long-term development of Italian cities, with particular attention to the 1629-30 epidemic. By using a new dataset on plague mortality rates in 56 cities covering the period c. 1575-1700, an economic geography model verifying the existence of multiple equilibria is estimated. It is found that cities severely affected by the 1629-30 plague were displaced to a lower growth path. It is also f…
Economic Inequality in Preindustrial Germany, ca. 1300 – 1850
This article provides an overview of wealth inequality in Germany during 1300–1850, introducing a novel database. We document four alternating phases of inequality decline and growth. The Black Death (1347–1352) led to inequality decline, until about 1450. Thereafter, inequality rose steadily. The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) and the 1627–1629 plague triggered a second phase of inequality reduction. This distinguishes Germany from other European…
The timing and causes of famines in Europe
The Famine of the 1590s in Northern Italy. An Analysis of the Greatest “System Shock” of Sixteenth Century
Italy, triggered by several consecutive years of bad weather at a time of particularly acute population pressure on the available resources. Their failure fuelled a general "system shock" for the social, economic and demographic structures of Northern Italy, leading to protest, violence and general social and economic disorder. The article recurs to a large database of demographic time series to identify the areas struck worst by the famine. It t…
A survival analysis of the last great European plagues: The case of Nonantola (Northern Italy) in 1630
This paper develops the first survival analysis of a large-scale mortality crisis caused by plague. For the time-to-event analyses we used the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Our case study is the town of Nonantola during the 1630 plague, which was probably the worst to affect Italy since the Black Death. Individual risk of death did not depend on sex, grew with age (peaking at ages 40-60 and then declining), was not affected by socio-…
Entrepreneurs, formalization of social ties, and trustbuilding in Europe (fourteenth to twentieth centuries) 1
The establishment of trust is a key component of economic activity and social ties can make business dealings work better. However, we do not know much about how economic actors created new social ties deliberately in order to pursue their objectives. This article analyses the way in which merchants and entrepreneurs used specific rituals to establish formal social ties, with the intent of protecting their business relationships. It focuses on re…
First signs of transition: The parallel decline of early baptism and early mortality in the province of Padua (northeast Italy), 1816-1870
The aim of this article is to investigate the parallel decline of early baptism and early mortality at the beginning of the demographic transition in a European high-neonatal mortality context
Wealth inequality in pre-industrial England: A long-term view (late thirteenth to sixteenth centuries)
This article provides an overview of wealth inequality in England from the late thirteenth to the sixteenth century, based on a novel database of distributions of taxable household wealth across 17 counties plus London. To account for high thresholds of fiscal exemption, a new method is introduced to reconstruct complete distributions from left-censored observations. First, we analyse inequality at the county level, finding an impressive stabilit…
Population and environment in Northern Italy during the sixteenth century
Il n’y a pas de consensus, jusqu’a present, sur la maniere d’interpreter la dynamique demographique italienne du XVIe siecle. Les divergences tiennent a la diversite des opinions sur la relation entre population et ressources. A partir de 164 series de baptemes celebres dans des paroisses d’Italie du Nord, et en adoptant une perspective comparative, cet article evalue pas a pas l’impact demographique des facteurs environnementaux (localisation en…
Back to the Peasants: New Insights into the Economic, Social, and Demographic History of Northern Italian Rural Populations During the Early Modern Period
The peasants and rural societies in general are not among the preferred research topics of historians currently working on Early Modern Italy. This has not always been the case, as after World War II, important research traditions developed, involving many prominent Italian social and economic historians, some of them influenced by Marxism or by the ‘democratic’ conviction that peasants had to be studied extensively simply because the vast majori…
Income and inequality in the Aztec Empire on the eve of the Spanish conquest
I padrini: Patroni o parenti? Tendenze di fondo nella selezione dei parenti spirituali in Europa (XV-XX secolo)
Before the Council of Trent (1545-1563), in Italy as in the most of Europe godparenthood connected social groups in a complex way, with a mix of horizontal and vertical ties. The Council, forbidding social customs based on the selection of many godfathers per baptism, caused an unvoluntary verticalization. At the beginning of 17th Century godparenthood acquired a clientelar character which did not disappear until when a second crucial transformat…
Poverty in Germany from the Black Death until the Beginning of Industrialization
The growing number of given names as a clue to the beginning of the demographic transition in Europe
Cultural factors are usually considered to have played a crucial role in the reduction in neonatal and infant mortality during the demographic transition; however, so far historical demographers have failed to produce precise measurements of their impact
Social Customs and Demographic Change: The Case of Godparenthood in Catholic Europe
This article analyzes social norms regulating the selection of godparents in Italy and France. Based on Vatican statistics and European Values Study responses, the vast majority of children in Catholic Europe are baptized and birth rituals are considered important even by nonbelievers. Moreover, the dominant custom of selecting godparents from among kinsmen is a recent development, based on historical data. A new survey about the selection of god…
Population et environnement en Italie du Nord au XVIe siècle
Il n'y a pas de consensus, jusqu'à présent, sur la manière d'interpréter la dynamique démographique italienne du XVI e siècle. Les divergences tiennent à la diversité des opinions sur la relation entre population et ressources. À partir de 164 séries de baptêmes célébrés dans des paroisses d'Italie du Nord, et en adoptant une perspective comparative, cet article évalue pas à pas l'impact démographique des facteurs environnementaux (localisation e…
Godparenthood and the Council of Trent: Crisis and transformation of a social institution (Italy, XV-XVIIth centuries)
En las sociedades europeas de la época moderna, a través del bautismo se establecía un particular tipo de parentesco, el parentesco espiritual, que involucraba a los padrinos, las madrinas, los recién nacidos y los progenitores. Los lazos nacidos de este tipo de parentesco eran sobre todo de naturaleza horizontal y tenían una gran importancia, al ser utilizados por los padres de los menores para establecer redes de alianza social. Hasta el Concil…
La famille spirituelle des prêtres en Italie septentrionale avant et après le Concile de Trente: Caractéristiques et transformations d'un instrument d'intégration sociale
Avant le Concile de Trente, dans de nombreuses localités d’Italie, il était coutumier que les enfants fussent présentés au baptême par de nombreux parrains et marraines. Là où l’on pouvait choisir de nombreux parrains, il était courant qu’un ecclésiastique en fît partie. Le Concile de Trente, cependant, a décidé que seuls un parrain et une marraine pouvaient désormais participer à la cérémonie. En conséquence, dans les années qui suivirent, l’app…
Die Alpen! Les Alpes! Zur europäischen Wahrnehmungsgeschichte seit der Renaissance/Pour une histoire de la perception européenne depuis la Renaissance
Population and environment in Northern Italy during the sixteenth century
Il n’y a pas de consensus, jusqu’a present, sur la maniere d’interpreter la dynamique demographique italienne du XVIe siecle. Les divergences tiennent a la diversite des opinions sur la relation entre population et ressources. A partir de 164 series de baptemes celebres dans des paroisses d’Italie du Nord, et en adoptant une perspective comparative, cet article evalue pas a pas l’impact demographique des facteurs environnementaux (localisation en…
Households and Plague in Early Modern Italy
The remarkable Books of the Dead from early modern Milan and the parish and tax records of Nonantola during the plague of 1630 allow historians to reconstitute the patterns of family and household deaths caused by pestilence. Not only did deaths caused by this highly contagious disease cluster tightly within households; the intervals between household deaths were also extremely short. As much as one-quarter of all plague deaths were multiple hous…
Silvana Seidel MENCHI, Diego Quaglioni (dirigé par), I tribunali del matrimonio (secoli XV-XVIII) , Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006, 848 p
I padrini: Patroni o parenti? Tendenze di fondo nella selezione dei parenti spirituali in Europa (XV-XX secolo)
Before the Council of Trent (1545-1563), in Italy as in the most of Europe godparenthood connected social groups in a complex way, with a mix of horizontal and vertical ties. The Council, forbidding social customs based on the selection of many godfathers per baptism, caused an unvoluntary verticalization. At the beginning of 17th Century godparenthood acquired a clientelar character which did not disappear until when a second crucial transformat…
Population et environnement en Italie du Nord au XVIe siècle
Il n'y a pas de consensus, jusqu'à présent, sur la manière d'interpréter la dynamique démographique italienne du XVI e siècle. Les divergences tiennent à la diversité des opinions sur la relation entre population et ressources. À partir de 164 séries de baptêmes célébrés dans des paroisses d'Italie du Nord, et en adoptant une perspective comparative, cet article évalue pas à pas l'impact démographique des facteurs environnementaux (localisation e…
Odile Caylux, Arles et la peste de 1720-1721 , Aix-en-Provence, Publications de l’université de Provence, 2009, 284 p
Article disponible en ligne l'adresse https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-de-demographie-historique-2010-1-page-259?lang=fr Dcouvrir le sommaire de ce numro, suivre la revue par email, s'abonner... Scannez ce QR Code pour accder la page de ce numro sur Cairn.info. Distribution lectronique Cairn.info pour Belin.Vous avez l'autorisation de reproduire cet article dans les limites des conditions d'utilisation de Cairn.infoou, le cas chant, des condi…
Alessandra Tessari, Trasferimenti patrimoniali e cultura materiale nella Puglia del primo Settecento. Monopoli 1721-1740 , Bari, Cacucci, 2007, 230 p
Fêtes du baptême et publicité des réseaux sociaux en Europe occidentale: Grandes tendances de la fin du Moyen âge au XXe siècle
Les festivités du baptême ont connu une histoire complexe. Largement intégrées dans la pratique religieuse normale au cours du Moyen Âge, elles manifestaient publiquement et bien au-delà du cercle de la parenté, avec des variantes sociales extrêmes, les réseaux sociaux créés à l’occasion du rite religieux ou déjà existants. Ce faisant, elles rendaient effectives et efficaces (pour les parties mais aussi vis-à-vis des tiers) les relations qui vena…
Trade and industry in early modern Italy
Trade and industry in early modern Italy, by Domenico Sella, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2009, xiv + 298 pp., maps, £70.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-7546-5993-8 Our current understanding of the economic histo
The effects of plague on the distribution of property: Ivrea, Northern Italy 1630
The demographic effects of the epidemics of plague in Early Modern Europe and their economic consequences illuminate the evolution of property structures and of wealth distribution during and after a mortality crisis. An analysis of the high-quality data available for the Italian city of Ivrea at the time of the 1630 plague shows the exceptional resilience of property structures. Like the social structures of the period, property structures were …
Wealth Inequalities and Population Dynamics in Early Modern Northern Italy
An analysis of the wealth and population of early modern Ivrea-based on the estimi, or property tax, records; the correzioni degli estimi, a continuous series of tax records rarely found elsewhere and hardly ever used before; the census of 1613, another unique and informative source; and other archival records-finds that the city's concentration and distribution of wealth was resilient even in face of acute demographical shocks (such as the plagu…
Climate, population and famine in Northern Italy: General Tendencies and Malthusian Crisis, ca. 1450-1800
Cet article propose une reconstruction, sur le long terme, des relations entre population et ressources en Italie du Nord, qui prend aussi pleinement en compte la question du climat. L’analyse concerne soit le lent changement des conditions climatiques (dans le cadre théorique du « petit âge glaciaire »), soit les conséquences des périodes transitoires d’intense instabilité climatique. On montre que les famines les plus sévères sont dues à des fa…
Entrepreneurs, formalization of social ties, and trustbuilding in Europe (fourteenth to twentieth centuries) 1
The establishment of trust is a key component of economic activity and social ties can make business dealings work better. However, we do not know much about how economic actors created new social ties deliberately in order to pursue their objectives. This article analyses the way in which merchants and entrepreneurs used specific rituals to establish formal social ties, with the intent of protecting their business relationships. It focuses on re…
The Famine of the 1590s in Northern Italy. An Analysis of the Greatest “System Shock” of Sixteenth Century
Italy, triggered by several consecutive years of bad weather at a time of particularly acute population pressure on the available resources. Their failure fuelled a general "system shock" for the social, economic and demographic structures of Northern Italy, leading to protest, violence and general social and economic disorder. The article recurs to a large database of demographic time series to identify the areas struck worst by the famine. It t…
Spiritual Kinship in Europe, 1500–1900
The authors in this volume analyze spiritual kinship in Europe from the end of the Middle Ages to the Industrial Age. Uniquely comparing Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox views and practices, the chap
Social Customs and Demographic Change: The Case of Godparenthood in Catholic Europe
This article analyzes social norms regulating the selection of godparents in Italy and France. Based on Vatican statistics and European Values Study responses, the vast majority of children in Catholic Europe are baptized and birth rituals are considered important even by nonbelievers. Moreover, the dominant custom of selecting godparents from among kinsmen is a recent development, based on historical data. A new survey about the selection of god…
Back to the Peasants: New Insights into the Economic, Social, and Demographic History of Northern Italian Rural Populations During the Early Modern Period
The peasants and rural societies in general are not among the preferred research topics of historians currently working on Early Modern Italy. This has not always been the case, as after World War II, important research traditions developed, involving many prominent Italian social and economic historians, some of them influenced by Marxism or by the ‘democratic’ conviction that peasants had to be studied extensively simply because the vast majori…
Parrainage en Europe et en Amérique: Pratiques de Longue Durée
Closing a network: A tale of not-so-common lands (Nonantola, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries)
Economic Inequality in Northwestern Italy: A Long-Term View (Fourteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
This article provides a picture of economic inequality in northwestern Italy (Piedmont), 1300-1800. Regional studies of this kind are rare, and none has as long a timescale. The new data proposed illuminate little-known aspects of wealth distribution and general economic inequality in preindustrial times, supporting the idea that during the Early Modern period, inequality grew everywhere, independently from whether the economy was growing or stag…
Le parrainage en Europe et en Amérique
In this article the history of godparenthood in Danish rural society is analyzed on the basis of 11,554 instances of godparenthood at the baptisms 1750-1830 in a local community. A variety of information about the lives of the individual inhabitants, retrieved from numerous types of historical sources, has been combined with the godparent lists, providing through the identification of the single godparents the basis for different types of analyze…
Growing apart in early modern Europe? A comparison of inequality trends in Italy and the Low Countries, 1500–1800
Historical Economic and Social Studies (23 works) · Political science (22 works) · Geography (21 works) · Economics (20 works) · Sociology (20 works) · Demography (16 works) · History (16 works) · Development economics (13 works) · Inequality (12 works) · Population (12 works)