Alexander L George
Biographic Data
| ID | 260762 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alexander L George |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alexander L |
| FAMILY NAME | George |
| SIGNATURE | GEORGE A L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Stanford University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 61 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 664 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 60 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1952 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Presidential Personality and Performance
Presidential Management Styles and Models
Every New President Faces the task of deciding how to structure and manage high-level foreign-policymaking in his administration. Periodically–indeed, at least once in each presidential administration–the foreign-policymaking system was reorganized. The president's basic choice is whether to give his secretary of state the primary role in the foreign-policymaking system or to centralize and manage that system from the White House itself. The pers…
Change in the International System
Domestic Constraints on Regime Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Need for Policy Legitimacy
This chapter focuses on the role of domestic constraints on the ability of governments to pursue goals of this kind in their foreign policy. Democratic control of foreign policy is of course indispensable in the United States (US) political system. The normative component establishes the desirability of the policy; the cognitive component its feasibility. Policy legitimacy is invaluable for the conduct of a long-range foreign policy. Foreign poli…
The ‘Operational Code’: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decisionmaking
Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison
On Foreign Policy: Unfinished Business
1 Ideology, National Interest, and National Values 2 The Need for Policy Legitimacy 3 Stable Peace and Democratic Peace 4 Analysis and Judgment 5 The Role of Counterfactuals in Missed Opportunities 6 Prevention of Genocide: The Warning-Response Problem
The Need for Influence Theory and Actor-Specific Behavioral Models of Adversaries
This article discusses problems of employing deterrence and coercive diplomacy in intra-state conflicts, drawing on those aspects of experience with these strategies during the Cold War relevant for dealing with intra-state conflicts, and adding some reflections on problems of employing these strategies in the post-Cold War environment. The special characteristics of intra-state conflicts, identified in this analysis, call attention to the need f…
Harnessing Conflict in Foreign Policy Making: From Devil's to Multiple Advocacy
When making (foreign)policy, presidents must navigate between twin dangers: excessive conformity and destructive conflict among the policy advocates. The notions of devil's and multiple advocacy are reexamined in light of three decades of research in political science and psychology as coping strategies for dealing with these dangers. Devil's advocacy is of some help in promoting diversisity and mitgating tendencirs toward conformity, despite ser…
Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Scholarship for Policymaking
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Knowledge for Statecraft Lecture Given by the Winner of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science, Uppsala, October 3, 1998
The occasion of receiving the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science is perhaps an appropriate occasion to recall the origins of my interest in developing knowledge for statecraft. During the course of my years as a member of the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, I became aware that much academic research on international relations was not providing the type of theory and knowledge needed for dealing with the challenges the United States was fac…
Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Scholarship for Policy-making
Every year, Uppsala University awards the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science to a scholar who has made a valuable contribution to political science. In 1998 the prize was awarded to Stanford Professor Emeritus Alexander George for his `pathbreaking analysis of statecraft, its possibilities and limits, performed with great sensitivity for the importance of judgment, reasoned argumentation and responsible leadership in foreign policy decision-…
Knowledge for Statecraft: The Challenge for Political Science and History
Metaphysical Myths, Mathematical Practice: The Ontology and Epistemology of the Exact Sciences
More a Chasm Than a Gap, but Do Scholars Want to Bridge It?
More a Chasm Than a Gap, But Do Scholars Want to Bridge It? Get access Joseph Kruzel Joseph Kruzel European and NATO Policy, U.S. Department of Defense On leave from the Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mershon International Studies Review, Volume 38, Issue Supplement_1, April 1994, Pages 179–181, https://doi.org/10.2307/222637 Published: 01 April 1…
Cold War Stories
The Two Cultures of Academia and Policy-Making: Bridging the Gap
Different approaches to foreign policy taken by academic scholars and practitioners of foreign policy are identified. The gulf between these two cultures can be bridged by focusing on the relationship of knowledge to action in the conduct of foreign policy. Thus, in order to select viable strategies in dealing with other countries, policymakers need three types of knowledge that academic scholars can help to produce. These three types of knowledg…
Bridging the gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy
How Not to Refute Realism
Forceful persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War
The Transition in U.S.-Soviet Relations, 1985-1990: An Interpretation from the Perspective of International Relations Theory and Political Psychology
My assignment is to discuss the transition in U.S.-Soviet relations during the period beginning in 1985 to mid-1990 from the standpoint of theories of international relations and political psychology. In considering whether to accept this daunting task I recalled the remark made in early 1990 by one of my colleagues who is, as I am not, a specialist on the Soviet Union. He said, If you asked me five years ago whether such remarkable developments …
Who Died for Whose Way of Life: Reflections on the Burdens of Race
President Bush, in justifying his polices in the Persian Gulf, said we must go to war to preserve our way of life. With the war in the Gulf officially concluded, it behooves us to ask who faced injury and death, and for what way of life their own lives were risked. An honest look will reveal that blacks bore a disproportionately heavy burden of the fighting in a war to sustain a society whose ills fall disproportionately on them. There are lesson…
Whose Language is it Anyway? Some Notes on Idiolects
Journal Article Whose Language is it Anyway? Some Notes on Idiolects1 Get access Alexander George Alexander George Amherst College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 40, Issue 160, July 1990, Pages 275–298, https://doi.org/10.2307/2219723 Published: 01 July 1990
Deterrence and Foreign Policy
Achen and Snidal's deductive theory of deterrence contributes very little to an understanding of the uses and limitations of deterrence strategy as an instrument of foreign policy. Lacking operationalization, their “rational deterrence theory” is incapable of predicting the outcome of individual cases. Furthermore, it has not yet addressed the need (i) to reconceptualize the problem of deterrence for different levels of conflict; (2) to refine th…
Language, Mind and Logic
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Language, Mind and Logic. Edited By Jeremy Butterfield. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. ix + 232. Price £22.50) Alexander George Alexander George Wolfson College, Oxford. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 38, Issue 150, January 1988, Pages 117–122, https://doi.org/10.2307/2220274 Published: 01 January 1988
"The "Operational Code: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making
Journal Article The “Operational Code”: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making Get access Alexander L. George Alexander L. George Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Quarterly, Volume 13, Issue 2, June 1969, Pages 190–222, https://doi.org/10.2307/3013944 Published: 01 June 1969
The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy
The system of multiple advocacy attempts to convert intraorganizational conflicts over policy into a balanced system of policy analysis and debate. This requires the executive to (1) structure and manage the policy-making system to ensure that there are advocates to cover the range of interesting policy options on a given issue; (2) equalize or compensate for disparities among the actors in the resources needed for effective advocacy; (3) identif…
Presidential decisionmaking in foreign policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice
Bridging the gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy
Forceful persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War
Deterrence and Foreign Policy
Achen and Snidal's deductive theory of deterrence contributes very little to an understanding of the uses and limitations of deterrence strategy as an instrument of foreign policy. Lacking operationalization, their “rational deterrence theory” is incapable of predicting the outcome of individual cases. Furthermore, it has not yet addressed the need (i) to reconceptualize the problem of deterrence for different levels of conflict; (2) to refine th…
Assessing Presidential Character
Shortly after James Forrestal resigned as Secretary of Defense in late March 1949, the nation was shocked to learn that he was under treatment for a severe mental illness. Within a few months Forrestal committed suicide. This tragic occurrence, coming after Forrestal's highly successful career in government, directly challenged the long-standing mental-health mythology prevalent in Washington. The essence of the myth, as noted by Albert Deutsch a…
Propaganda Analysis: A Study of Inferences Made from Nazi Propaganda in World War II
Harnessing Conflict in Foreign Policy Making: From Devil's to Multiple Advocacy
When making (foreign)policy, presidents must navigate between twin dangers: excessive conformity and destructive conflict among the policy advocates. The notions of devil's and multiple advocacy are reexamined in light of three decades of research in political science and psychology as coping strategies for dealing with these dangers. Devil's advocacy is of some help in promoting diversisity and mitgating tendencirs toward conformity, despite ser…
The Two Cultures of Academia and Policy-Making: Bridging the Gap
Different approaches to foreign policy taken by academic scholars and practitioners of foreign policy are identified. The gulf between these two cultures can be bridged by focusing on the relationship of knowledge to action in the conduct of foreign policy. Thus, in order to select viable strategies in dealing with other countries, policymakers need three types of knowledge that academic scholars can help to produce. These three types of knowledg…
Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems of Our Time
American Policy-making and the North Korean Aggression
The Korean War represented the first American experience with the problem of meeting local Communist aggression by means of limited, if costly, warfare. But despite the revulsion with that experience, and the “new look” at military strategy and foreign policy, it may not be the last. The character of recent weapons developments and the passing of our thermonuclear monopoly make it probable that in the future, as in the past, American policy-maker…
U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation
Prediction of Political Action by Means of Propaganda Analysis
Journal Article Prediction of Political Action By Means of Propaganda Analysis Get access ALEXANDER L. GEORGE ALEXANDER L. GEORGE *The author has been a member of the Social Science Division of the RAND Corporation since 1948. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 20, Issue 1, SPRING 1956, Pages 334–345, https://doi.org/10.1086/266623 Published: 01 January 1956
Crisis management: The interaction of political and military considerations
(1984). Crisis management: The interaction of political and military considerations. Survival: Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 223-234
Theory for policy in international affairs
On Foreign Policy: Unfinished Business
1 Ideology, National Interest, and National Values 2 The Need for Policy Legitimacy 3 Stable Peace and Democratic Peace 4 Analysis and Judgment 5 The Role of Counterfactuals in Missed Opportunities 6 Prevention of Genocide: The Warning-Response Problem
Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Scholarship for Policy-making
Every year, Uppsala University awards the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science to a scholar who has made a valuable contribution to political science. In 1998 the prize was awarded to Stanford Professor Emeritus Alexander George for his `pathbreaking analysis of statecraft, its possibilities and limits, performed with great sensitivity for the importance of judgment, reasoned argumentation and responsible leadership in foreign policy decision-…
Knowledge for Statecraft: The Challenge for Political Science and History
Whose Language is it Anyway? Some Notes on Idiolects
Journal Article Whose Language is it Anyway? Some Notes on Idiolects1 Get access Alexander George Alexander George Amherst College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 40, Issue 160, July 1990, Pages 275–298, https://doi.org/10.2307/2219723 Published: 01 July 1990
US-Soviet Global Rivalry: Norms of Competition
This paper examines alternative approaches for developing norms of competition that might help to avoid war-threatening confrontations between the superpowers. Analysis of the abortive Nixon-Brezh nev experiment with 'general principles' and of subsequent efforts to devise general 'codes of conduct' to regulate the US-Soviet global competition suggests that such approaches are not workable. The paper argues that more attention should be given by …
Rejoinder to “Comment” by I. M. Destler
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Chinese Communist Army in Action: The Korean War and Its Aftermath
"Comment on "Opinions, Personality, and Political Behavior
The type of comprehensive conceptual scheme presented by Professor Smith in the foregoing paper is, in the writer's opinion, the most useful framework currently available for studying the relationship between opinions and personality. The paper draws upon a major work by Smith and his colleagues, Opinions and Personality, which has not only been greeted as a "pattern-setter for a new phase of attitude research" but is already having an important …
Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Scholarship for Policymaking
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
An Outline for the Study of International Political Communications
Journal Article An Outline for the Study of International Political Communications Get access W. PHILLIPS DAVISON, W. PHILLIPS DAVISON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ALEXANDER L. GEORGE ALEXANDER L. GEORGE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 4, WINTER 1952, Pages 501–511, https://doi.org/10.1086/266413 Published: 01 January 19…
American Policy-making and the North Korean Aggression
The Korean War represented the first American experience with the problem of meeting local Communist aggression by means of limited, if costly, warfare. But despite the revulsion with that experience, and the “new look” at military strategy and foreign policy, it may not be the last. The character of recent weapons developments and the passing of our thermonuclear monopoly make it probable that in the future, as in the past, American policy-maker…
Prediction of Political Action by Means of Propaganda Analysis
Journal Article Prediction of Political Action By Means of Propaganda Analysis Get access ALEXANDER L. GEORGE ALEXANDER L. GEORGE *The author has been a member of the Social Science Division of the RAND Corporation since 1948. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 20, Issue 1, SPRING 1956, Pages 334–345, https://doi.org/10.1086/266623 Published: 01 January 1956
Research on Public Reactions to New Advances in Science
Journal Article RESEARCH ON PUBLIC REACTIONS TO NEW ADVANCES IN SCIENCE Get access Lebaron R. Foster, Lebaron R. Foster Opinion Research Corporation Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Alexander L. George, Alexander L. George The Rand Corporation Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sidney Hollander, Jr., Sidney Hollander, Jr. Sidney Hollander Associates Search for other wor…
"Comment on "Opinions, Personality, and Political Behavior
The type of comprehensive conceptual scheme presented by Professor Smith in the foregoing paper is, in the writer's opinion, the most useful framework currently available for studying the relationship between opinions and personality. The paper draws upon a major work by Smith and his colleagues, Opinions and Personality, which has not only been greeted as a "pattern-setter for a new phase of attitude research" but is already having an important …
Propaganda Analysis
Propaganda Analysis: A Study of Inferences Made from Nazi Propaganda in World War II
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study
The Chinese Communist Army in Action: The Korean War and Its Aftermath
The Chinese Communist Army in Action: The Korean War and Its Aftermath
Power As a Compensatory Value for Political Leaders
The Chinese Communist Army in Action: The Korean War and Its Aftermath
"The "Operational Code: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making
Journal Article The “Operational Code”: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making Get access Alexander L. George Alexander L. George Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Quarterly, Volume 13, Issue 2, June 1969, Pages 190–222, https://doi.org/10.2307/3013944 Published: 01 June 1969
Rejoinder to “Comment” by I. M. Destler
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy
The system of multiple advocacy attempts to convert intraorganizational conflicts over policy into a balanced system of policy analysis and debate. This requires the executive to (1) structure and manage the policy-making system to ensure that there are advocates to cover the range of interesting policy options on a given issue; (2) equalize or compensate for disparities among the actors in the resources needed for effective advocacy; (3) identif…
Theory for policy in international affairs
Assessing Presidential Character
Shortly after James Forrestal resigned as Secretary of Defense in late March 1949, the nation was shocked to learn that he was under treatment for a severe mental illness. Within a few months Forrestal committed suicide. This tragic occurrence, coming after Forrestal's highly successful career in government, directly challenged the long-standing mental-health mythology prevalent in Washington. The essence of the myth, as noted by Albert Deutsch a…
Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice
A Reply to James David Barber
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Presidential decisionmaking in foreign policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice
No Easy Solutions
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Reply to Weinstein, Anderson, and Link
Arthur S. Link of Princeton University has been studying and writing about Woodrow Wilson for some foity years, and he is the editor of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. The thirty-six volumes thus far published in this series are a tribute to his prodigious scholarship. By common consent, Professor Link is the preeminent Wilson scholar of our time. If Link finds serious fault with an interpretation of Wilson, it behooves those who advanced it to ree…
Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis: A Case Study in U.S. Decision Making
Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems of Our Time
The international system from the seventeenth century to the present: The emergence of the great powers Eighteenth-century diplomacy Balance of power, 1815-1914: three experiments System-building, 1919-1939 Public opinion and foreign policy Economics and foreign policy Totalitarian and democratic diplomacy, 1919-1939 A post-war system of security: great-power directorate or United Nations The cold war as international system Detente and its probl…
Managing U.S.-Soviet Rivalry: Problems of Crisis Prevention
Political science (46 works) · Law (37 works) · Politics (36 works) · Law (29 works) · Sociology (25 works) · Economics (19 works) · Computer Science (18 works) · International Relations and Foreign Policy (18 works) · History (17 works) · Political economy (14 works)