"The "Operational Code
A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6274214 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Alexander L George (Stanford University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1969 |
| Volume | 13 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 190 |
| Publication date | 1969-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Studies Quarterly (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0020-8833 • E-ISSN: 1468-2478 |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press (OUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.2307/3013944 |
| OpenAlex | W4246576670 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 236 |
Journal Article The “Operational Code”: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making Get access Alexander L. George Alexander L. George Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Quarterly, Volume 13, Issue 2, June 1969, Pages 190–222, https://doi.org/10.2307/3013944 Published: 01 June 1969
Art history · Code (set theory · George (robot · Library science · Operations research · Political science · Politics · Programming language · Sociology · Communism, Protests, Social Movements · Computer Science · Engineering · Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics · History · Law
Bureaucratic Influence in International Politics
Individual Psychology and Grand StrategyRomancing the State
Discourse, Language, and Grand Strategy
The Third Way and beyond
Methods of Foreign Policy Analysis
Historical Legacies and Leaders’ Worldviews
Critiques of the Rational Actor Model and Foreign Policy Decision Making
Cognitive Approaches to Foreign Policy Analysis
Role Identities and the Operational Codes of Political Leaders
On Chinese Pragmatism in the 1980s
The operational code approach to profiling political leaders
Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China, 1961–1974
Reasoning of State
Moderni̇zmi̇n Türk Devlet Algisina Etki̇si̇nde Bi̇r Köken Tasavvuru Olarak Ni̇zam-I Âlem Ülküsü
Neoclassical Realism, Nationalism and the Evolution of China’s Revisionism in Maritime East Asia
From Pariah Image to Partner and Back Again
Prabowo and the shifts in Indonesia’s contemporary foreign policy
The geopolitical vision of Chinese leaders
The role of operational code and the Cyprus negotiations
The 2017 incidents in the Aegean and Turkish foreign policy
The Polythink Syndrome and Elite Group Decision‐Making
Hot Contention, Cool Abstention
‘I Too Am a Human’
Introduction
Labour’s ‘Ming Vase Strategy’
Tracing strategic preferences in cyberspace
Explaining US unilateral military intervention in civil conflicts
Political psychology of emotion(al) norms in European Union foreign policy
Leadership Styles and War and Peace Policies in the Spanish–Basque Conflict
Public and private beliefs of political leaders
An operational code of terrorism
It takes all types
Threats won’t work
Anticipating attacks from the operational codes of terrorist groups
Failure after 1441
Leadership Style and International Norm Violation
Facial Metrics, Aggression, and the Use of Military Force
A Pragmatic Response to an Unexpected Constraint
Germans as Venutians
Why Talk Tough? Explaining Japanese Prime Ministers’ Proactiveness in National Defense Rhetoric
The Impact of Institutionalized Ideas in Coalition Foreign Policy Making
Linking Foreign Policy and Systemic Transformation in Global Politics
Individuals in Securitization
Foreign Policy Analysis
Eisenhower's Scientists
Bombing to Bargain? The Air War for Kosovo
U.S. Presidential Decisions on Ozone Depletion and Climate Change
Integrating Strategic Culture and the Operational Code in Foreign Policy Analysis
Psychological Characteristics of Leaders (PsyCL)
The Operational Codes of Pacific Island Countries’ Leaders
When Conviction Trumps Domestic Politics
A Rogue Doctrine
Women, Men, Boys, and Girls”
Simple vs. Complex Learning Revisited
Ideas and Change in U.S. Foreign Aid
Negotiating the European Defence Community
Constitutional moments in Eastern Europe and subjectivist political economy
The Shape of Elite Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1992 to 2004
Public Opinion and Nuclear Zero
Nuclear Technology and Norm Stewardship
Political Leadership Changes and the Withdrawal from Military Coalition Operations, 1946-2001
Cold War Adviser
Overcoming uncertainty in cyberspace
Turkey’s Erdoğan
Research Methods in Political Psychology
Foreign Policy Analysis and Globalization
Science, Empiricism, and Tolerance in the Study of Foreign Policymaking
Foreign Policy Change from an Advocacy Coalition Framework Perspective
Setting Boundaries
Dealing or Dueling with the United States? Explaining and Predicting Iranian Behavior during the Nuclear Crisis
Forum
Foreign Policy Analysis in the Twenty-First Century
Foreign Policymaking and Group Dynamics
Crisis Studies and Foreign Policy Analysis
Foreign Policy Analysis and Globalization
The significance of political leaders for social policy expansion in Brazil, China, India and South Africa
The politics of social policy
Understanding National Administrative Styles and Their Impact Upon Administrative Reform
Patterns of strategic culture and the Italian case
Overlapping and Evolving European Discourses on Market Liberalization
A foreign policy analysis perspective on After Victory
Racial and imperial thinking in international theory and politics
Introduction
Introduction
The Psychological Dimension of Russian Foreign Policy
Two states – one lesson
Beyond deterrence
German security policy after unification
Scripting war-entry to make it appear unavoidable
Lincoln, Mandela, and qualities of reconciliation-oriented leadership
Acquisition and transmission of pacifist mentalities in Sweden
Leadership Style and War and Peace Policies in the Context of Armed Conflict
The Taiwan issue
China and its major power relations
A New Perspective on the Foreign Policy Views of American Opinion Leaders in the Cold War and Post-Cold War Eras
Predicting Interstate Conflict Outcomes Using a Bootstrapped ID3 Algorithm
Australian and People's Republic of China government conceptions of the international order
The Adaptation of Ex-Communist Parties to Post-Communist East Central Europe
Malaysia and the cold war
No future for Libya with Gaddafi”
| Unique citing works | 236 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4,29 |
| Citation span | 1971 - 2026 (56) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 236 |