Barbara R Bergmann
Biographic Data
| ID | 270640 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Barbara R Bergmann |
| GIVEN NAMES | Barbara R |
| FAMILY NAME | Bergmann |
| SIGNATURE | BERGMANN B R |
| AFFILIATIONS | American University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5035-709X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 42 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 191 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 42 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1967 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
A Mixed-Methods Study on Out-Group Hostility and Religiosity Among Muslims in German Youth Prisons: The Role of Religious Discrimination and Opportunity Structure
This article addresses the perceived religious discrimination and lack of religious opportunity structure among imprisoned young Muslims and how these religion-related prison experiences affect their out-group hostility. Furthermore, it examines whether the link between these experiences and out-group hostility depends on religiosity. Building on general strain theory, religion-related prison experiences are conceptualized as events potentially l…
Sex Segregation in the Blue-collar Occupations: Women's Choices or Unremedied Discrimination
In discussing why women have failed to gain much of a foothold in certain male-dominated occupations, some commentators attribute the outcome to the characteristics of the women themselves—their lack of desire to enter or lack of ability to perform in those jobs. They do not put much emphasis on what those who might have been resisting women’s entry—employers, male coworkers, unions—have been up to, and they feel no need to talk about remedies th…
Live Wire: Women and Brotherhood in the Electrical Industry
Basic Income Grants or the Welfare State: Which Better Promotes Gender Equality?
The implications for gender equality of three regimes are compared: a low tax-low benefit regime, a regime of Basic Income Grants (BIG), and a welfare state offering a generous menu of in-kind and cash benefits concentrated on people with special needs, but not including lengthy paid parental leave. It is argued that the special needs of women, particularly lone mothers, make the welfare state regime superior in promoting gender equality to a reg…
Long Leaves, Child Well-Being, and Gender Equality
Of the measures for resolving work-family conflict proposed by Janet Gornick and Marcia Meyers, government programs that provide or pay for nonparental child care would advance gender equality. However, paid parental leaves of six months for both parents, and the encouragement of part-time work, would retard it, and possibly reverse some of the advances toward gender equality that have been made in the home and the workplace. Female jobholders wo…
Bad Trade
The Economic Emergence of Women
This new edition of a classic feminist book explains how one of the great historical revolutions - the ongoing movement toward equality between the sexes - has come about. Its origins are to be found
The Current State of Economics: Needs Lots of Work
The study of the economy has not developed as have other sciences, in which direct observation and data collection by the scientists themselves play a large part. Rather than evidence, which is mostly scarce and indirect, it is political ideology that determines which side of any controversy any economist is likely to take. Two methodological habits of the economics profession have contributed to the poor state of development of economics as a sc…
Lone Mothers: What is to be done
This Dialogue presents the views of four authors, from the US, the UK, and Norway, on the best policies to help lone mothers. Lone mothers face an inevitable dilemma in allocating their time between earning income and caring for their children. The low-earning capacity of women in an unequal labor market exacerbates the problem, causing material hardship for many lone mothers and their families. The policy solutions proposed lie along a spectrum,…
A Swedish-Style Welfare State or Basic Income: Which Should Have Priority
State provision of 'merit goods' and of narrowly targeted cash payments has higher priority than large universal cash grants. Analysis of the Swedish budget shows that advanced countries do not have the taxing capacity to do both at once. Other problems with cash payments schemes include the disincentive to work for pay, reducing taxpaying capacity, and retrograde effects on gender equality. After the achievement of a welfare state, rises over ti…
America's Childcare Problem: The Way out
Abbreviations Used in the Book List of Tables The Problem: What's Wrong with Child Care in America? The Question: Is There a Shortage of Affordable Quality Care? The Design: What Should a New Child Care System Look Like? The Yardstick: What Child Care Deserves to be Called 'Good?' The Report Card: How Much of America's Child Care is Good? The Regulations: How Much Quality Control in Child Care? The Marketplace: What is Peculiar About the Child Ca…
Subsidizing Child Care by Mothers at Home
Child care on a do-it-yourself basis by a parent would seem to be just as worthy of subsidization by government as nonparental care is. However, subsidies for care by a stay-at-home parent raise serious issues of equity between families with and without an adult at home full time. They also have the effect of reinforcing traditional gender roles, thus setting back the advances women have made in the workplace and society generally. Efficiency pro…
Saving Our Children from Poverty: What the United States Can Learn from France
Robert Eisner 1922-1998 In Memoriam
The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture, and Justice in America
Making Child Care "Affordable" in the United States
Two alternative federally financed plans are presented as models for a program that would make child care of acceptable quality "affordable" for millions of American families. Taking a cue from currently operating state programs, care is defined as "affordable" if it costs parents no more than 30 percent of the amount by which their income exceeds the poverty line. The first plan would cost the government $25 billion per year and would concentrat…
In Defense of Affirmative Action
Two Cheers for CSWEP
The achievements (or lack thereof) of the AEA's Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP) are compared to those of analogous committees in three of our sister disciplines. In psychology, sociology, and history, committees of women professionals advocated and facilitated radical changes in the disciplines' treatment of issues involving gender. They also fought effectively for a far bigger role for women professionals in …
Government Support for Families with Children in the United States and France
Child poverty is much lower in France than in the United States, although both countries have a similar proportion of births to unmarried mothers, and minority populations of comparable size. The differing poverty rates reflect differences in their programs of support for families with children, both in the amounts spent and in the contents of their programs. French program elements include government provision of child care, health insurance and…
Envisioning the Future Welfare State
In Defense of Affirmative Action
Thinking About Affirmative Action * Is Discrimination a Thing of the Past * How Exclusion Occurs * Goals: Splitting the Pie * Thinking about Fairness * Does Affirmative Action Hurt Its Intended Beneficiaries? * Opinions Pro and Con * Alternatives to Affirmative Action
Get real! Look to the future, not the past
In our response to the points raised by Linda Gordon, Robert Haveman, Betty Reid Mandell, and Gwendolyn Mink, we describe the Help for Working Parents Plan in greater detail, explaining the advantages of the HWP program over both the current welfare system and the proposed Republican welfare plans. We argue that the Help for Working Parents Plan would garner public support by encouraging work through nonpunitive measures, such as guaranteeing chi…
A welfare reform based on help for working parents
The Help for Working Parents Plan-developed by Dr. Heidi Hartmann and Dr. Barbara Bergmann in collaboration with the Economists' Policy Group for Women's Issues, which they co-chair – offers an innovative welfare reform program that encouragesjob holding, and sustains working parents and their children in decency. The HWP provides benefits to both single- and dual-parent households, to families who are under the poverty line and to those who wave…
Becker's theory of the family: Preposterous conclusions
Economic theory as applied to the family should increase our understanding of the phenomena we are studying, and allow us to implement fruitful intervention in cases where we are not satisfied with what is occurring. Much if not all of the theory of the family fails to achieve these aims. Examples are given from the most recent edition of Gary Becker's Theory of the Family, where the analysis leads to conclusions that are, on their face, preposte…
Probing the Opposition to Affirmative Action
People's attitudes toward affirmative action are explored by means of a survey instrument that presents respondents with a scenario of a firm that has several hundred well‐paying jobs that only require skills learned on the job. The instrument comes in two versions: one that explores people's reaction to a history of the complete exclusion of blacks, and the other to the complete exclusion of women. Respondents are given a menu of possible action…
The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination in Employment
Discrimination concentrates Negroes into certain occupations while virtually excluding them from others. In the occupations to which Negroes are relegated, marginal productivity may be lowered by the enforced abundance of supply. A model embodying this "crowding" hypothesis is used to estimate the effects on white incomes of a reduction in discrimination. Whites with only an elementary education might have a once-for-all loss on the order of 10 p…
Long Leaves, Child Well-Being, and Gender Equality
Of the measures for resolving work-family conflict proposed by Janet Gornick and Marcia Meyers, government programs that provide or pay for nonparental child care would advance gender equality. However, paid parental leaves of six months for both parents, and the encouragement of part-time work, would retard it, and possibly reverse some of the advances toward gender equality that have been made in the home and the workplace. Female jobholders wo…
Becker's theory of the family: Preposterous conclusions
Economic theory as applied to the family should increase our understanding of the phenomena we are studying, and allow us to implement fruitful intervention in cases where we are not satisfied with what is occurring. Much if not all of the theory of the family fails to achieve these aims. Examples are given from the most recent edition of Gary Becker's Theory of the Family, where the analysis leads to conclusions that are, on their face, preposte…
A Swedish-Style Welfare State or Basic Income: Which Should Have Priority
State provision of 'merit goods' and of narrowly targeted cash payments has higher priority than large universal cash grants. Analysis of the Swedish budget shows that advanced countries do not have the taxing capacity to do both at once. Other problems with cash payments schemes include the disincentive to work for pay, reducing taxpaying capacity, and retrograde effects on gender equality. After the achievement of a welfare state, rises over ti…
Does the Market for Women's Labor Need Fixing
I will start by reviewing the evidence that discrimination against women is currently serious and has important consequences for their pay and status. Some of this evidence is of a variety that economists do not commonly examine or take account of. On the assumption that at least some readers will agree that some remedies might be called for, I go on to look at the virtues and defects of the remedies most commonly proposed-affirmative action and …
Sex Segregation in the Blue-collar Occupations: Women's Choices or Unremedied Discrimination
In discussing why women have failed to gain much of a foothold in certain male-dominated occupations, some commentators attribute the outcome to the characteristics of the women themselves—their lack of desire to enter or lack of ability to perform in those jobs. They do not put much emphasis on what those who might have been resisting women’s entry—employers, male coworkers, unions—have been up to, and they feel no need to talk about remedies th…
The vegetable ivory industry: Surviving and doing well in Ecuador
The Current State of Economics: Needs Lots of Work
The study of the economy has not developed as have other sciences, in which direct observation and data collection by the scientists themselves play a large part. Rather than evidence, which is mostly scarce and indirect, it is political ideology that determines which side of any controversy any economist is likely to take. Two methodological habits of the economics profession have contributed to the poor state of development of economics as a sc…
Making Child Care "Affordable" in the United States
Two alternative federally financed plans are presented as models for a program that would make child care of acceptable quality "affordable" for millions of American families. Taking a cue from currently operating state programs, care is defined as "affordable" if it costs parents no more than 30 percent of the amount by which their income exceeds the poverty line. The first plan would cost the government $25 billion per year and would concentrat…
A welfare reform based on help for working parents
The Help for Working Parents Plan-developed by Dr. Heidi Hartmann and Dr. Barbara Bergmann in collaboration with the Economists' Policy Group for Women's Issues, which they co-chair – offers an innovative welfare reform program that encouragesjob holding, and sustains working parents and their children in decency. The HWP provides benefits to both single- and dual-parent households, to families who are under the poverty line and to those who wave…
Lone Mothers: What is to be done
This Dialogue presents the views of four authors, from the US, the UK, and Norway, on the best policies to help lone mothers. Lone mothers face an inevitable dilemma in allocating their time between earning income and caring for their children. The low-earning capacity of women in an unequal labor market exacerbates the problem, causing material hardship for many lone mothers and their families. The policy solutions proposed lie along a spectrum,…
Subsidizing Child Care by Mothers at Home
Child care on a do-it-yourself basis by a parent would seem to be just as worthy of subsidization by government as nonparental care is. However, subsidies for care by a stay-at-home parent raise serious issues of equity between families with and without an adult at home full time. They also have the effect of reinforcing traditional gender roles, thus setting back the advances women have made in the workplace and society generally. Efficiency pro…
Two Cheers for CSWEP
The achievements (or lack thereof) of the AEA's Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP) are compared to those of analogous committees in three of our sister disciplines. In psychology, sociology, and history, committees of women professionals advocated and facilitated radical changes in the disciplines' treatment of issues involving gender. They also fought effectively for a far bigger role for women professionals in …
Probing the Opposition to Affirmative Action
People's attitudes toward affirmative action are explored by means of a survey instrument that presents respondents with a scenario of a firm that has several hundred well‐paying jobs that only require skills learned on the job. The instrument comes in two versions: one that explores people's reaction to a history of the complete exclusion of blacks, and the other to the complete exclusion of women. Respondents are given a menu of possible action…
Micro-to-Macro Simulation: A Primer With a Labor Market Example
Simulation models, now widely used in the physical sciences, can also help economists in depicting the actions and interactions of individuals and firms through time. This article provides an introduction to microsimulation: how it works, how to do it, its potential, and its drawbacks. It then allows readers, even those with no experience in computer programming, to work through the details of a simple microsimulation model. Readers can put this …
Live Wire: Women and Brotherhood in the Electrical Industry
The Economic Emergence of Women
This new edition of a classic feminist book explains how one of the great historical revolutions - the ongoing movement toward equality between the sexes - has come about. Its origins are to be found
Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Frauen in den Vereinigten Staaten im Jahre 1990
What the Common Economic Arguments Against Comparable Worth are Worth
Most economists believe the free market results in wage rates that are efficient and fair. Consequently, they oppose comparable worth proposals, which would require wage rates different from those the market has ordained. These views derive from economic models that ignore or deny the importance of social and psychological factors that lead to discrimination against women, and hence to a market that produces an unfair and distorted result. Compar…
The Share of Women and Men in the Economic Support of Children
In all of the developed countries of the world, and many of the developing ones, the entry of women into the paid work force is gradually transforming national economies. This development is also broadly transforming the social and economic relations among women, men, and children.1 In the course of these transformations shifts are taking place in the economic burden of caring for children: shifts of this burden towards the mother and the state a…
The Impact of Highway Investment on Development
Transport and the Economic Integration of South America
The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination in Employment
Discrimination concentrates Negroes into certain occupations while virtually excluding them from others. In the occupations to which Negroes are relegated, marginal productivity may be lowered by the enforced abundance of supply. A model embodying this "crowding" hypothesis is used to estimate the effects on white incomes of a reduction in discrimination. Whites with only an elementary education might have a once-for-all loss on the order of 10 p…
Evaluating and Forecasting Progress in Racial Integration of Employment
Develops a model of the integration process and implemented it for broad occupational groups within manufacturing industries, using data from the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on the racial composition of employment. Simple mathematics of the integration process; Establishment of targets for racial integration; Projection of job vacancies. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
The Share of Women and Men in the Economic Support of Children
In all of the developed countries of the world, and many of the developing ones, the entry of women into the paid work force is gradually transforming national economies. This development is also broadly transforming the social and economic relations among women, men, and children.1 In the course of these transformations shifts are taking place in the economic burden of caring for children: shifts of this burden towards the mother and the state a…
Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States
Slipping Through the Cracks: The Status of Black Women
The problems and special needs of black women are still given inadequate attention in social science anaylses. Too often black women are subsumed under the category of blacks or with little consideration for their unique nneds. This volume focuses on black women as a special group. It includes papers given at a symposium on the economic status of black women, co-sponsored by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation and The Review of Black Politi…
"Comment on Higgins's "Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: "Legal, Social, and Ideological Changes"
Comparable Worth
The Economic Emergence of Women
What the Common Economic Arguments Against Comparable Worth are Worth
Most economists believe the free market results in wage rates that are efficient and fair. Consequently, they oppose comparable worth proposals, which would require wage rates different from those the market has ordained. These views derive from economic models that ignore or deny the importance of social and psychological factors that lead to discrimination against women, and hence to a market that produces an unfair and distorted result. Compar…
Does the Market for Women's Labor Need Fixing
I will start by reviewing the evidence that discrimination against women is currently serious and has important consequences for their pay and status. Some of this evidence is of a variety that economists do not commonly examine or take account of. On the assumption that at least some readers will agree that some remedies might be called for, I go on to look at the virtues and defects of the remedies most commonly proposed-affirmative action and …
The vegetable ivory industry: Surviving and doing well in Ecuador
Micro-to-Macro Simulation: A Primer With a Labor Market Example
Simulation models, now widely used in the physical sciences, can also help economists in depicting the actions and interactions of individuals and firms through time. This article provides an introduction to microsimulation: how it works, how to do it, its potential, and its drawbacks. It then allows readers, even those with no experience in computer programming, to work through the details of a simple microsimulation model. Readers can put this …
Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Frauen in den Vereinigten Staaten im Jahre 1990
Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action
Demonstrates the fairness and necessity of affirmative action for women and minorities in the workplace
Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal and Infant Policy in the United States and France, 1890-1920.Alisa Klaus
Get real! Look to the future, not the past
In our response to the points raised by Linda Gordon, Robert Haveman, Betty Reid Mandell, and Gwendolyn Mink, we describe the Help for Working Parents Plan in greater detail, explaining the advantages of the HWP program over both the current welfare system and the proposed Republican welfare plans. We argue that the Help for Working Parents Plan would garner public support by encouraging work through nonpunitive measures, such as guaranteeing chi…
A welfare reform based on help for working parents
The Help for Working Parents Plan-developed by Dr. Heidi Hartmann and Dr. Barbara Bergmann in collaboration with the Economists' Policy Group for Women's Issues, which they co-chair – offers an innovative welfare reform program that encouragesjob holding, and sustains working parents and their children in decency. The HWP provides benefits to both single- and dual-parent households, to families who are under the poverty line and to those who wave…
Becker's theory of the family: Preposterous conclusions
Economic theory as applied to the family should increase our understanding of the phenomena we are studying, and allow us to implement fruitful intervention in cases where we are not satisfied with what is occurring. Much if not all of the theory of the family fails to achieve these aims. Examples are given from the most recent edition of Gary Becker's Theory of the Family, where the analysis leads to conclusions that are, on their face, preposte…
Probing the Opposition to Affirmative Action
People's attitudes toward affirmative action are explored by means of a survey instrument that presents respondents with a scenario of a firm that has several hundred well‐paying jobs that only require skills learned on the job. The instrument comes in two versions: one that explores people's reaction to a history of the complete exclusion of blacks, and the other to the complete exclusion of women. Respondents are given a menu of possible action…
Government Support for Families with Children in the United States and France
Child poverty is much lower in France than in the United States, although both countries have a similar proportion of births to unmarried mothers, and minority populations of comparable size. The differing poverty rates reflect differences in their programs of support for families with children, both in the amounts spent and in the contents of their programs. French program elements include government provision of child care, health insurance and…
Envisioning the Future Welfare State
In Defense of Affirmative Action
Thinking About Affirmative Action * Is Discrimination a Thing of the Past * How Exclusion Occurs * Goals: Splitting the Pie * Thinking about Fairness * Does Affirmative Action Hurt Its Intended Beneficiaries? * Opinions Pro and Con * Alternatives to Affirmative Action
In Defense of Affirmative Action
Political science (27 works) · Economics (26 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (17 works) · Law (14 works) · Labour economics (12 works) · Psychology (10 works) · Business (8 works) · Demographic economics (8 works) · Law (8 works)