Jean K Chalaby
Biographic Data
| ID | 282158 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jean K Chalaby |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jean K |
| FAMILY NAME | Chalaby |
| SIGNATURE | CHALABY J K |
| AFFILIATIONS | City, University of London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8250-0361 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 55 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 381 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 54 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Streaming sport: Platform power and the reconfiguration of the media-sport nexus
This article examines the growing involvement of global streaming platforms – Amazon Prime Video, Apple TV+, Netflix and YouTube – in the sports media landscape. While these actors have made significant inroads into live sport since 2022, the article argues that it is unlikely to become central to their business model in the way it was for pay-television providers. Drawing on platform theory, the study situates streaming services within the broad…
In pursuit of authenticity: Netflix’s algorithmic cosmopolitanism
Netflix’s competitive edge lies in its capacity to make its programmes travel. Its digital architecture and content strategy are aligned to achieve this objective. While Netflix has expanded its commissioning footprint to seek out local narratives, this pursuit of cultural specificity is shaped by commercial imperatives. Cultural specificity is no longer self-contained but reconstructed and performed as authenticity for an algorithmic infrastruct…
Streaming giants and the global shift: Building value chains and remapping trade flows
This article analyses the global dominance of three U.S.-based platforms (Amazon Prime Video, Disney+, and Netflix) on the streaming market. It investigates their reconfiguring of the TV industry around a global value chain, akin to other highly globalized industries, and characterized by the presence of a few lead firms operating in multiple markets and leveraging hundreds of suppliers worldwide. These streaming platforms benefit from transnatio…
The rise and fall of European media: EU policy in the streaming era
This article argues that a European media industry has failed to materialize despite sustained policy efforts by the European Union. Apart from film and TV production groups, European broadcasters/streamers are more nation-centric and less regionally integrated than in the late 20th century. The first section charts the international expansion of European broadcasters and documents how their regional integration began to unravel in the 2010s. Loo…
Ordinary lives – Extraordinary journeys: Television entertainment from game shows to reality TV
This article defends the thesis that game shows were a key influence in the development of reality TV, and understanding the latter depends on our knowledge of the former. The first section addresses the knowledge gap about game shows and asks the following questions: What are they made of, and what are the core elements that distinguish them from any other genre? The second part examines the relationship between game shows and reality programmin…
The streaming industry and the platform economy: An analysis
As television is embracing a new set of internet-related technologies, the medium is transitioning from broadcasting to streaming. With it, a new mode of distribution has emerged: the streaming platform. This research makes a three-pronged effort to assess their impact on the TV industry: it analyses the way platforms monetize content; it distinguishes types of streaming platforms based on a set of criteria that includes supply-chain arrangements…
Television in the Streaming Era: The Global Shift
This ground-breaking study explores transformations in the TV industry under the impact of globalizing forces and digital technologies. Chalaby investigates the making of a digital value chain and the distinct value-adding segments which form the new video ecosystem. He provides a full account of the industry's global shift from the development of TV formats and transnational networks to the emergence of tech giants and streaming platforms. The a…
Global streamers: Placing the transnational at the heart of TV culture
As media globalization has progressed, transnational media have evolved, and this article contends that a new generation has emerged. The first that developed in the latter part of the twentieth century consists of cross-border TV networks and formats. The second is the rise of streaming platforms. During the first generation, the transnational remained a professional practice out of viewers’ reach. With the arrival of the second generation, the …
Standing on the shoulders of tech giants: Media delivery, streaming television and the rise of global suppliers
This article uses the case study of Internet Protocol (IP) delivery for streaming television to demonstrate how technology and globalization combine to change what media firms do, how they create value and with whom. Media delivery – the sum of the value-adding tasks necessary to transfer content from source to audience – has become a mosaic of technologies that sustain a complex and fast-evolving video ecosystem. Broadcasters had been in charge …
Hedging against disaster: Risk and mitigation in the media and entertainment industries
The objective of this article is twofold. First, it seeks to identify and classify the most likely sources of potential loss for media and entertainment businesses. Adopting the World Bank’s definition of risk as a ‘possibility of loss’ and opportunity as the ‘upside of risk’, this article constructs a typology of risks that are categorized in seven types: catastrophic, financial, regulatory, technological, intellectual property (IP) related, val…
Can a GVC-oriented policy mitigate the inequalities of the world media system? Strategies for economic upgrading in the TV format global value chain
The TV format business has evolved rapidly since the formation of a global format trading system at the millennium, with one notable exception: the UK remains the world’s leading exporter. Considering the UK was once a net importer of (US) TV formats, it is a remarkable turn of fortune that poses two questions: what lies behind it and can the recipe be applied elsewhere? This article argues that British broadcasting regulation helped build a loca…
The TV format trade and the world media system: Change and continuity
Television and Globalization: The TV Content Global Value Chain
This study uses the global value chain (GVC) framework to analyze the globalization of television and argues that it has been driven by the dynamics of a newly formed TV content value chain. Distinct segments emerged as the chain globalized and firms sought a competitive advantage by expanding internationally within their sector. This article focuses on four dimensions of the TV content value chain and, documenting the growth of transnational TV …
Drama without Drama: The Late Rise of Scripted TV Formats
This article revisits the history of television (TV) formats—concepts of TV shows that are licensed for local adaptations—focusing on scripted entertainment. While the TV format revolution of the 1990s bypassed scripted formats, they have been catching up in recent years. This article analyzes both the reasons for this late rise and the factors behind the recent growth. It argues that the adaptation of scripted formats is more complex, and risks …
The advent of the transnational TV format trading system: A global commodity chain analysis
This article argues that the format business transformed into a trading system in the 2000s, system being defined as a singular transnational space structured by networks of interdependent economic agents, firms, institutions and places. Following the global commodity chain/global value chain approach set out by Immanuel Wallerstein and developed by Gary Gereffi, this article then examines each dimension of the global TV format commodity chain th…
Reflection i: Transnational TV Formats: Making the Local Visible and the Global Invisible
This short reflection contends that formats make 'the local visible and the global invisible'-just like football games and the FIFA rules and regulations that shape them globally. Second, it is argued that formats are successful internationally only if they resonate with an audience in each and every market in which they air. Finally, Lascia o Raddoppia? (Leave It or Double It, 1955-59) is used as an example to demonstrate that format adaptations…
Producing TV Content in a Globalized Intellectual Property Market: The Emergence Of The International Production Model
This article focuses on the production of transnational TV formats, and argues that a new business model has emerged over recent decades. Whilst many formats are still sold and produced under licence by a third party, leading TV production companies prefer to adapt their own shows in as many markets as possible, a strategy that has led to their internationalization. This article traces back the model’s origins and shows how it was pioneered by ga…
At the origin of a global industry: The TV format trade as an Anglo-American invention
Many of today’s popular TV programmes are formats that are adapted for local audiences as they travel from country to country. It is an industry that was transformed in the late 1990s by four ‘super-formats’ ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Survivor, Big Brother and Idols) and that is today worth an estimated €3.1 billion per year. This article focuses on the evolution that explains the emergence of these super-formats in the late 1990s. It trac…
The making of an entertainment revolution: How the TV format trade became a global industry
From its humble origins in the 1950s, the TV format industry has become a global trade worth billions of euros per year. Few viewers are aware that their favourite shows may be local adaptations but formats represent a significant percentage of European broadcasting schedules in access prime time and prime time. Formatted brands exist in all TV genres and reach almost every country in the world. This article defends the thesis that the format bus…
Public Broadcasters and Transnational Television: Coming to Terms with the New Media Order
The close relationship between media and nation has been unravelling over the last two decades. The causes of this disjuncture are complex and include phenomena related to globalisation such as the increasing flow of capital, goods and people crossing borders. Change is also triggered by the unfolding information technology revolution that has further deepened integration between computing, telecommunications and electronic media (Castells, 1996;…
The rise of Britain’s super-indies: Policy-making in the age of the global media market
This article analyses Britain’s remarkable performance in the European television industry. In the space of a few years the UK has risen to become the world’s leading exporter of TV formats and the world’s second exporter, behind the USA, of finished TV programmes. The first section of the article compares and contrasts British TV export data with that of France, before examining the emergence of London as Europe’s media hub. The second part argu…
Transnational Television in Europe: Reconfiguring Global Communications Networks
Today transnational TV networks count among television’s most prestigious brands and rank among Europe’s leading TV channels. This is the first, dynamically told story of the extraordinary journey of transnational television in Europe from struggling origins to its present day boom. It is based in extensive research into the international television industry and makes full use of its author’s remarkable access to leading industry figures, from Sk…
Broadcasting in a Post-National Environment: The Rise of Transnational TV Groups
This article argues that the transnational shift that began in the late 1990s is reconfiguring the European television marketplace. This shift is characterized by the emergence of transnational TV networks, international TV formats and multinational TV groups. This paper analyses this mutation and argues that they are best comprehended using Ulrich Beck’s cosmopolitan perspective. This article then turns its attention to the development of multin…
Advertising in the global age: Transnational campaigns and pan-European television channels
The first pan-regional satellite TV stations in Europe ran into financial difficulties because too few companies had the interest and ability to run international advertising campaigns. Their financial shape improved with the upturn of the pan-European advertising market in the 1990s. The pool of international advertisers expanded as multinationals adjusted their marketing strategy to the challenges and opportunities of globalization. The adverti…
American Cultural Primacy in a New Media Order: A European Perspective
The paradigmatic shift from cultural imperialism to globalization in international communication has transformed the research agenda of the discipline. While new issues have come to the fore, others, such as the American pre-eminence in the world media market, tend to be ignored. This article revisits the old question of American dominance from the perspective of the new paradigm and suggests replacing the concept of cultural imperialism with tha…
The Invention of Journalism
This book argues that journalism is a more recent invention than most authors have acknowledged so far. The profession of the journalist and the journalistic discourse are the products of the emergenc
Transnational Television in Europe: The Role of Pan-European Channels
This article analyses the pan-European television industry in the context of the debate on globalization. Pan-European channels are a minority of transnational channels that broadcast across Europe. Their emergence over the last two decades has been made possible by a mix of commercial, regulatory and technological factors. Pan-European television channels can be distinguished by their content, type of ownership and market strategy. Since the mid…
Journalism as an Anglo-American Invention: A Comparison of the Development of French and Anglo-American Journalism, 1830s-1920s
This article argues that journalism is an Anglo-American invention. The argument is developed comparing the evolution of French and Anglo-American journalism between the 1830s and the 1920s. It is claimed that American and British journalists invented the modern conception of news, that Anglo-American newspapers contained more news and information than any contemporary French paper and that they had much better organized news-gathering services. …
Beyond the Prison-House of Language: Discourse as a Sociological Concept
The making of an entertainment revolution: How the TV format trade became a global industry
From its humble origins in the 1950s, the TV format industry has become a global trade worth billions of euros per year. Few viewers are aware that their favourite shows may be local adaptations but formats represent a significant percentage of European broadcasting schedules in access prime time and prime time. Formatted brands exist in all TV genres and reach almost every country in the world. This article defends the thesis that the format bus…
Television for a New Global Order: Transnational Television Networks and the Formation of Global Systems
This article examines the relationship between transnational television networks and the process of globalization. It argues that cross-border channels represent a form of television that is different from national channels because it is deterritorialized in character. The cross-border coverage of transnational television networks, their multinational audience and international production operations tear apart the relationship between place and t…
Deconstructing the transnational: A typology of cross-border television channels in Europe
This article attempts to develop an understanding of transnational television in Europe. It argues that cross-border television channels expand and operate in different fashions and present distinct types of transnationality. It makes sense of this diversity by building a typology of four kinds of channels: ethnic channels, multi-territory operations, pan-European channels and networks. Drawing on an excess of 40 interviews with media executives …
At the origin of a global industry: The TV format trade as an Anglo-American invention
Many of today’s popular TV programmes are formats that are adapted for local audiences as they travel from country to country. It is an industry that was transformed in the late 1990s by four ‘super-formats’ ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Survivor, Big Brother and Idols) and that is today worth an estimated €3.1 billion per year. This article focuses on the evolution that explains the emergence of these super-formats in the late 1990s. It trac…
American Cultural Primacy in a New Media Order: A European Perspective
The paradigmatic shift from cultural imperialism to globalization in international communication has transformed the research agenda of the discipline. While new issues have come to the fore, others, such as the American pre-eminence in the world media market, tend to be ignored. This article revisits the old question of American dominance from the perspective of the new paradigm and suggests replacing the concept of cultural imperialism with tha…
Drama without Drama: The Late Rise of Scripted TV Formats
This article revisits the history of television (TV) formats—concepts of TV shows that are licensed for local adaptations—focusing on scripted entertainment. While the TV format revolution of the 1990s bypassed scripted formats, they have been catching up in recent years. This article analyzes both the reasons for this late rise and the factors behind the recent growth. It argues that the adaptation of scripted formats is more complex, and risks …
New Media, New Freedoms, New Threats
This article argues that new media often get involved in struggles for new freedoms. The nascent book was involved in the struggle for religious freedom, the public press was engaged in the struggle for political freedom and today the Internet is, in turn, used as an instrument for the advocacy and promotion of new liberties: the freedoms of intimacy. These freedoms are related to needs and preferences derived from identities and lifestyles of co…
From internationalization to transnationalization
Standing on the shoulders of tech giants: Media delivery, streaming television and the rise of global suppliers
This article uses the case study of Internet Protocol (IP) delivery for streaming television to demonstrate how technology and globalization combine to change what media firms do, how they create value and with whom. Media delivery – the sum of the value-adding tasks necessary to transfer content from source to audience – has become a mosaic of technologies that sustain a complex and fast-evolving video ecosystem. Broadcasters had been in charge …
The advent of the transnational TV format trading system: A global commodity chain analysis
This article argues that the format business transformed into a trading system in the 2000s, system being defined as a singular transnational space structured by networks of interdependent economic agents, firms, institutions and places. Following the global commodity chain/global value chain approach set out by Immanuel Wallerstein and developed by Gary Gereffi, this article then examines each dimension of the global TV format commodity chain th…
The rise of Britain’s super-indies: Policy-making in the age of the global media market
This article analyses Britain’s remarkable performance in the European television industry. In the space of a few years the UK has risen to become the world’s leading exporter of TV formats and the world’s second exporter, behind the USA, of finished TV programmes. The first section of the article compares and contrasts British TV export data with that of France, before examining the emergence of London as Europe’s media hub. The second part argu…
The Broadcasting Media in the Age of Risk: The Advent of Digital Television
This essay argues that the process of digitization has farreaching implications for the broadcasting field and claims that the most suitable theoretical framework to comprehend the full scope of these changes is provided by Ulrich Beck's theories on risk society. Despite predictable developments, digitization increases the sources of uncertainties and the level of risks for the expanding number of players involved in broadcasting. Several sources…
Scandal and the Rise of Investigative Reporting in France
Investigative reporting is a recent development in France, with the revelation of scandals becoming a legitimate practice for journalists only since the 1980s. To date, investigative reporting knows few practitioners and faces considerable obstacles. This article gives an account of its emergence and analyzes the reasons for its late development. The French journalistic tradition has long been influenced by literature and politics and therefore h…
Global streamers: Placing the transnational at the heart of TV culture
As media globalization has progressed, transnational media have evolved, and this article contends that a new generation has emerged. The first that developed in the latter part of the twentieth century consists of cross-border TV networks and formats. The second is the rise of streaming platforms. During the first generation, the transnational remained a professional practice out of viewers’ reach. With the arrival of the second generation, the …
Journalism studies in an era of transition in public communications
Advertising in the global age: Transnational campaigns and pan-European television channels
The first pan-regional satellite TV stations in Europe ran into financial difficulties because too few companies had the interest and ability to run international advertising campaigns. Their financial shape improved with the upturn of the pan-European advertising market in the 1990s. The pool of international advertisers expanded as multinationals adjusted their marketing strategy to the challenges and opportunities of globalization. The adverti…
Political Communication in Presidential Regimes in Non-Consolidated Democracies: A Comparative Perspective
This article attempts to comprehend the nature of political communication in presidential regimes in non-consolidated (or destructured) democracies. To this end, the article uses a comparative framework to distinguish four different political communication systems found in totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, presidential regimes in non-consolidated democracies and in liberal-democratic systems. It is argued that the nature of political commun…
Smiling Pictures Make People Smile’: Northcliffe's journalism
(2000). ‘Smiling Pictures Make People Smile’: Northcliffe's journalism. Media History: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 33-44
A Charismatic Leader's Use of the Media: De Gaulle and Television
This article analyzes the relationship between Charles de Gaulle and television during his presidency. It examines the way the Gaullist regime controlled television and how this control influenced political coverage. It shows how propaganda requirements interfered with news values and the journalistic criteria of story suitability. This article also seeks to understand the influences that have shaped the relationship between de Gaulle and the med…
The streaming industry and the platform economy: An analysis
As television is embracing a new set of internet-related technologies, the medium is transitioning from broadcasting to streaming. With it, a new mode of distribution has emerged: the streaming platform. This research makes a three-pronged effort to assess their impact on the TV industry: it analyses the way platforms monetize content; it distinguishes types of streaming platforms based on a set of criteria that includes supply-chain arrangements…
The TV format trade and the world media system: Change and continuity
Journalism as an Anglo-American Invention: A Comparison of the Development of French and Anglo-American Journalism, 1830s-1920s
This article argues that journalism is an Anglo-American invention. The argument is developed comparing the evolution of French and Anglo-American journalism between the 1830s and the 1920s. It is claimed that American and British journalists invented the modern conception of news, that Anglo-American newspapers contained more news and information than any contemporary French paper and that they had much better organized news-gathering services. …
Beyond the Prison-House of Language: Discourse as a Sociological Concept
Twenty years of contrast: The French and British press during the inter-war period
The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of the contrast between the evolution of the French and British press presse franaise et britannique pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. during the inter-war period. The most visible sign of this difference was the commercial success of the British press and the stagnation of the French press. From a historical perspective, the most general factor was that market mechanism has a much more determining i…
No ordinary press owners: Press barons as a Weberian ideal type
This article differentiates press barons from `classic' press owners and defines press baronage as a specific type of newspaper ownership. It constructs an ideal-typical figure of the press baron along two axes. From an economic point of view, they were prepared to invest capital in the press, they made profits out of journalism and they built press conglomerates. From a journalistic perspective, they were journalists of great experience and skil…
Journalistic Discursive Strategies
This chapter further develops the link between economic competition and the journalistic discourse. It pursues the task set previously of establishing a causal relationship between the conflictual nature of the relations of production within the journalistic field and certain aspects of the journalistic discourse. This chapter examines three discursive strategies which are particularly connected to competitive struggles: crusadism, jingoism and s…
The Formation of the Journalistic Field
This chapter aims at understanding the structural and economic causes of the transition in the British press from a public to a journalistic discourse in the course of the 19th century. It focuses on the formation of the journalistic field in Britain, as part of the argument that the journalistic discourse is the product of the emergence, during the second half of the 19th century, of a specialized and increasingly autonomous field of discursive …
Discursive Norms and Practices in Journalism
This chapter begins by examining two discursive practices, interviewing and reporting, which have been invented and developed by journalists. The origins of these practices being neither political nor literary, they help to differentiate the journalistic discourse from other classes of texts. The chapter then proceeds to analyse a discursive norm, that of objectivity, which is also specific to journalism. These keywords were added by machine and …
Press and Politics: A New Relationship
Chapter 2 pointed to the difficulty of accessing ownership of newspapers due to the economic mechanisms regulating the journalistic field. Two of the effects of these mechanisms were to restrict access to the public sphere and to define the ideological and political boundaries of the journalistic discourse. The following section looks at both aspects of the impact of the formation of the journalistic field upon the discourse of the press.
Journalists and Their Public
Once upon a time there was an old sow who sent her three little pigs out into the world to seek their fortune. The first little pig hastily built a house of straw. When the wolf came, he huffed and puffed and blew the house down and ate the little pig. The second built his house with sticks. When the wolf came, he again blew the house down and ate the little pig. The third little pig built his house with more care, and used bricks. When the wolf …
‘Knowledge is Power’: The Working-Class Unstampeds as an Example of Public Discourse
Historians traditionally overlook the fact that journalism is an invention of the second half of the 19th century. Consequently, they comment upon the discursive production of publicists during the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century from the point of view of the discursive practices journalists began to employ at a later period in history. This tendency towards anachronism is illustrated in the assumption of historians that the n…
Beyond the Prison-House of Language: Discourse as a Sociological Concept
The key concept in the argument about journalism emerging in the course of the 19th century is that of discourse. This notion, as many oft-used concepts, is elusive. The objective of the following pages is to explain the way I understand this notion and to indicate the contribution this concept can make, in my opinion, to the sociology of the media. 1 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and th…
The Polarization of the British Press
The usual implication in the discussions on the difference between the popular and quality press is that mass journalism exclusively would be market-oriented whereas quality journalism would be protected from the effects of market forces. John McManus developed this notion to the full, opposing ‘market-driven’ to ‘normative’ journalism (McManus, 1994, p. 183). According to the author, the ‘market theory of news production’, which sets as its aim …
The media and the formation of the public sphere in the new Independent States
This paper analyses the development of the media in the successor states of the USSR from a public sphere perspective. This approach allows the post‐communist media to be placed within the context of the process of democratization that these societies are currently experiencing by postulating that the role of the media in this process should be to provide a symbolic space where the economic and political dimensions of the process of transition of…
A Charismatic Leader's Use of the Media: De Gaulle and Television
This article analyzes the relationship between Charles de Gaulle and television during his presidency. It examines the way the Gaullist regime controlled television and how this control influenced political coverage. It shows how propaganda requirements interfered with news values and the journalistic criteria of story suitability. This article also seeks to understand the influences that have shaped the relationship between de Gaulle and the med…
Political Communication in Presidential Regimes in Non-Consolidated Democracies: A Comparative Perspective
This article attempts to comprehend the nature of political communication in presidential regimes in non-consolidated (or destructured) democracies. To this end, the article uses a comparative framework to distinguish four different political communication systems found in totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, presidential regimes in non-consolidated democracies and in liberal-democratic systems. It is argued that the nature of political commun…
The Invention of Journalism
This book argues that journalism is a more recent invention than most authors have acknowledged so far. The profession of the journalist and the journalistic discourse are the products of the emergenc
The Broadcasting Media in the Age of Risk: The Advent of Digital Television
This essay argues that the process of digitization has farreaching implications for the broadcasting field and claims that the most suitable theoretical framework to comprehend the full scope of these changes is provided by Ulrich Beck's theories on risk society. Despite predictable developments, digitization increases the sources of uncertainties and the level of risks for the expanding number of players involved in broadcasting. Several sources…
Smiling Pictures Make People Smile’: Northcliffe's journalism
(2000). ‘Smiling Pictures Make People Smile’: Northcliffe's journalism. Media History: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 33-44
New Media, New Freedoms, New Threats
This article argues that new media often get involved in struggles for new freedoms. The nascent book was involved in the struggle for religious freedom, the public press was engaged in the struggle for political freedom and today the Internet is, in turn, used as an instrument for the advocacy and promotion of new liberties: the freedoms of intimacy. These freedoms are related to needs and preferences derived from identities and lifestyles of co…
Journalism studies in an era of transition in public communications
The de Gaulle Presidency and the Media: Statism and Public Communications
Is it true that de Gaulle kept journalists at a distance because he disliked the press? Or was the press really against him, as always claimed? How did he exploit his own charisma on radio and televis
Transnational Television in Europe: The Role of Pan-European Channels
This article analyses the pan-European television industry in the context of the debate on globalization. Pan-European channels are a minority of transnational channels that broadcast across Europe. Their emergence over the last two decades has been made possible by a mix of commercial, regulatory and technological factors. Pan-European television channels can be distinguished by their content, type of ownership and market strategy. Since the mid…
Television for a New Global Order: Transnational Television Networks and the Formation of Global Systems
This article examines the relationship between transnational television networks and the process of globalization. It argues that cross-border channels represent a form of television that is different from national channels because it is deterritorialized in character. The cross-border coverage of transnational television networks, their multinational audience and international production operations tear apart the relationship between place and t…
Scandal and the Rise of Investigative Reporting in France
Investigative reporting is a recent development in France, with the revelation of scandals becoming a legitimate practice for journalists only since the 1980s. To date, investigative reporting knows few practitioners and faces considerable obstacles. This article gives an account of its emergence and analyzes the reasons for its late development. The French journalistic tradition has long been influenced by literature and politics and therefore h…
The Quiet Invention of a New Medium: Twenty Years of Transnational Television in Europe
Political science (39 works) · Sociology (37 works) · Law (29 works) · Business (27 works) · Media studies (27 works) · Computer Science (22 works) · Politics (20 works) · Law (18 works) · Economics (17 works) · Advertising (15 works)