D Walton
Biographic Data
| ID | 302296 |
|---|---|
| NAME | D Walton |
| GIVEN NAMES | D |
| FAMILY NAME | Walton |
| SIGNATURE | WALTON D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Winnipeg |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0728-1370 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 67 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 52 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 67 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1955 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Formal dialogue models for argumentation in education and linguistics
Annotating Argument Schemes
Argument schemes are abstractions substantiating the inferential connection between premise(s) and conclusion in argumentative communication. Identifying such conventional patterns of reasoning is essential to the interpretation and evaluation of argumentation. Whether studying argumentation from a theory-driven or data-driven perspective, insight into the actual use of argumentation in communicative practice is essential. Large and reliably anno…
Epistemic and deontic authority in the argumentum ad verecundiam
The aim of this paper is to elaborate tools that would allow us to analyse arguments from authority and guard against fallacious uses of them. To accomplish this aim, we extend the list of existing argumentation schemes representing arguments from authority. For this purpose, we formulate a new argumentation scheme for argument from deontic authority along with a matching set of critical questions used to evaluate it. We argue that clarifying the…
Taking the dialectical stance in reasoning with evidence and proof
We present a computational argumentation approach that models legal reasoning with evidence and proof as dialectical rather than probabilistic. This hybrid approach of stories and arguments models the process of proof in a way that is compatible with Allen and Pardo's theory of relative plausibility by adding arguments that can be used to show how evidence can support or attack explanations. Using some legal cases as examples, we show how criteri…
Analogical Arguments: Inferential Structures and Defeasibility Conditions
Arguments from authority and expert opinion in computational argumentation systems
Pragmatic Maxims and Presumptions in Legal Interpretation
Historical Foundations of Informal Logic
In just the last twenty years there has arisen a strong interest, especially among teachers of logic at the universities, in teaching techniques of applied logical reasoning and critical thinking. Many universities are now stressing these skills at an introductory level, and to meet the need, informal logic has begun to form and grow as a discipline in its own right. Like all subjects, it helps us to understand it if we can situate it in a contex…
Intelligent Practical Reasoning for Autonomous Agents: An Introduction
This paper is an introduction to recent work on practical (means-end, goal-directed) reasoning in artificial intelligence. By using an example of community deliberation concerning whether to change to a no-fault system of insurance, it is explained how practical reasoning is used in public deliberation. It is shown how argument mapping and argumentation schemes are useful tools for modeling the structure of the argumentation in such cases. The di…
Practical Reasoning
Practical reasoning is a species of goal‐directed reasoning based on knowledge of the circumstances of an individual case, and directing an agent to a specific course of action. Typically, the agent must decide between alternative courses of action that are possible, take into account possible side effects and conflicting goals, and decide either to act or to do nothing. Practical reasoning is a defeasible form of reasoning that is subject to cri…
Analogical Reasoning and Semantic Rules of Inference
The nature of Aristotle’s topics has been a crucial issue in the Middle Ages (Abaelardi Dialectica, 254) and in the modern and contemporary studies on natural inferences (De Pater 1965; Stump 1982; 1988; Kienpointnter 1986). One of the crucial debates concerned their function, i.e. whether they were instruments for fi nding arguments or rules on which dialectical and rhetorical inferences were based (Bird 1962). The interpretation of the Aristote…
Methods of Argumentation
Argumentation, which can be abstractly defined as the interaction of different arguments for and against some conclusion, is an important skill to learn for everyday life, law, science, politics and business. The best way to learn it is to try it out on real instances of arguments found in everyday conversational exchanges and legal argumentation. The introductory chapter of this book gives a clear general idea of what the methods of argumentatio…
An argumentation model of forensic evidence in fine art attribution
The Carneades model of argument invention
Argument invention is a method that can be used to help an arguer find arguments that could be used to prove a claim he needs to defend. The aim of this paper is to show how argumentation systems recently developed in artificial intelligence can be applied to the task of argument invention. One such system called Carneades is featured. Carneades can be used to analyze arguments, evaluate arguments, to make an argument diagram, and to construct ar…
Reasoning from paradigms and negative evidence
Reasoning from negative evidence takes place where an expected outcome is tested for, and when it is not found, a conclusion is drawn based on the significance of the failure to find it. By using Gricean maxims and implicatures, we show how a set of alternatives, which we call a paradigm, provides the deep inferential structure on which reasoning from lack of evidence is based. We show that the strength of reasoning from negative evidence depends…
Computational dialectic and rhetorical invention
Defeasible reasoning and informal fallacies
A dialogue system specification for explanation
What we hide in words: Emotive words and persuasive definitions
Argumentation Schemes
This book provides a systematic analysis of many common argumentation schemes and a compendium of 96 schemes. The study of these schemes, or forms of argument that capture stereotypical patterns of human reasoning, is at the core of argumentation research. Surveying all aspects of argumentation schemes from the ground up, the book takes the reader from the elementary exposition in the first chapter to the latest state of the art in the research e…
Dialog Theory for Critical Argumentation
Because of the need to devise systems for electronic communication on the internet, multi-agent computing is moving to a model of communication as a structured conversation between rational agents. For example, in multi-agent systems, an electronic agent searches around the internet, and collects certain kinds of information by asking questions to other agents. Such agents also reason with each other when they engage in negotiation and persuasion…
Media Argumentation: Dialectic, Persuasion and Rhetoric
Media argumentation is a powerful force in our lives. From political speeches to television commercials to war propaganda, it can effectively mobilize political action, influence the public, and market products. This book presents a new and systematic way of thinking about the influence of mass media in our lives, showing the intersection of media sources with argumentation theory, informal logic, computational theory, and theories of persuasion.…
Witness Testimony Evidence: Argumentation and the Law
Recent work in artificial intelligence has increasingly turned to argumentation as a rich, interdisciplinary area of research that can provide new methods related to evidence and reasoning in the area of law. Douglas Walton provides an introduction to basic concepts, tools and methods in argumentation theory and artificial intelligence as applied to the analysis and evaluation of witness testimony. He shows how witness testimony is by its nature …
A theory of presumption for everyday argumentation
The paper considers contemporary models of presumption in terms of their ability to contribute to a working theory of presumption for argumentation. Beginning with the Whatelian model, we consider its contemporary developments and alternatives, as proposed by Sidgwick, Kauffeld, Cronkhite, Rescher, Walton, Freeman, Ullmann-Margalit, and Hansen. Based on these accounts, we present a picture of presumptions characterized by their nature, function, …
Evaluating Practical Reasoning
Argumentation Schemes and Enthymemes
The interrogation as a type of dialogue
Examination dialogue: An argumentation framework for critically questioning an expert opinion
Critical faults and fallacies of questioning
Petitio principii
Pragmatic Maxims and Presumptions in Legal Interpretation
What we hide in words: Emotive words and persuasive definitions
Begging the question as a pragmatic fallacy
Defeasible reasoning and informal fallacies
Archaeomagnetic Intensity Measurements Using a Squid Magnetometer
Evaluating Practical Reasoning
Epistemic and Dialectical Models of Begging the Question
A dialogue system specification for explanation
The Place of Dialogue Theory in Logic, Computer Science and Communication Studies
New directions in the logic of dialogue
The Validity and Interchangeability of Terman‐merrill and Matrices Test Data
Reply to H. Gwynne Jones' “Comments On, ‘The Validity and Interchangeability of Terman‐merrill and Matrices Test Data’”
The Validity of a Psychological Test of Brain‐damage
The Effects of Incentives on the Performance of Defective Imbeciles
The present experiment was designed to inquire into the effects of different incentive conditions on the performance of male imbeciles. In particular the aim was to clarify further the effect of goal‐striving and encouragement on performance in uncontaminated experimental groups. The experiment was suggested, first, because the previous results in the field had been equivocal, and secondly, since inquiry into the trainability of imbeciles had bee…
The Modified Word‐learning Test: A Cross‐validation Study
A further study of the predicitive validity of a psychological test of brain damage
Modalities in the Free Will Defence
This paper is a reply to Stephen Davis' ‘A Defence of the Free Will Defence’. With the aid of some elementary modal logic, some of the inner workings of Davis’ argument are explored, and the nature of the opposition of the Davis argument to the Mackie thesis is made plainer. It is concluded herein that while the Davis argument is interesting and illuminating, it is not conclusive, as Davis appears to think, and that the burden of proof remains on…
Petitio principii
Logical form and agency
The Formalities of Evil
On the Rationality of Fear of Death
This article discusses the bearing of some arguments on the rationality of death fear on the hypothesis of the secular conception of death, namely, that death entails complete extinction of consciousness. Variants of three arguments are evaluated: (1) If the dead experience nothing, and only the (broadly) painful is fearful, then death should not be feared; (2) Being deprived of something we desire is fearful, thus death, as a deprivation, might …
A note on motives, consequences and value
Archaeomagnetic Intensity Measurements Using a Squid Magnetometer
Action Theory: Proceedings of the Winnipeg Conference on Human Action, Held at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 9-11 May 1975
1. Introduction.- by the Editors.- 2. Basic Action.- Action, Knowledge, and Representation.- Intention, Practical Knowledge and Representation.- 3. The Volitional Theory Revisited.- Volitions Re-affirmed.- The Volitional Theory Revisited.- 4. The Logic of Action.- The Logic of Action.- The Twofold Structure and the Unity of Practical Thinking.- 5. Events and Actions.- Particulars, Events, and Actions.- Events as Property Exemplifications.- Events…
Critical notice
Early archaeological sites, hominid remains and traces of fire from Chesowanja, Kenya
On Defining Death: An Analytic Study of the Concept of Death in Philosophy and Medical Ethics
In this book, Douglas Walton examines the philosophical nature of two issues currently associated with medical ethics. In order to work towards an analysis of the concept of death that could function as a target towards which the medical criteria of death could be directed, he proposes the foundations for a free of logical contradictions, paradoxes, and other perplexities. This is the superlimiting theory which introduces the notion of a possible…
The Petitio: Aristotle's Five Ways
If one looks to the current textbook lore for reliable taxonomic and analytical information about the petitio principii, one is met with conceptual disarray and much too much nonsense. The present writers have recently attempted to furnish the beginnings of a theoretical reconstruction of this fallacy which is at once faithful to its formidable complexity yet useful as guide for its detection and avoidance. The fact is that the petitio has had a …
Question-Begging and Cumulativeness in Dialectical Games
In two recent articles [8] and [7], the authors argue thatpetitioprincipii is better understood as an epistemic rather than an alethic fallacy. In another article [ 1] we seek for an epistemic analysis of the petitio based on the von Wright-Geach notion of entailment. However, other writers, e.g., Hamblin [3], have serious reservations about the usefulness of epistemic logic for the exploration of the fallacies and are themselves inclined to thin…
Neocortical versus Whole-Brain Conceptions of Personal Death
Robert Veatch argues that the death of a person should be equated with the irreversible destruction of the cerebral cortex. This position is here questioned on grounds of tutiorism as well as on the basis of its philosophical assumptions. It is agrued that whole-brain death as an account of personal death is not open to these objections, and is a conception that can satisfy tutiorist standards of safety. The role of the EEG as an indicator of dea…
Brain Death: Ethical Considerations
New directions in the logic of dialogue
Ethics of Withdrawal of Life-Support Systems
New directions in the logic of dialogue
Pragmatic inferences about actions
Epistemology (50 works) · Philosophy (50 works) · Computer Science (44 works) · Psychology (31 works) · Argumentation theory (29 works) · Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation (28 works) · Political science (22 works) · Law (20 works) · Linguistics (16 works) · Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge (14 works)