Robert L Schalock
Biographic Data
| ID | 314149 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert L Schalock |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert L |
| FAMILY NAME | Schalock |
| SIGNATURE | SCHALOCK R L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Hastings College |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9060-5892 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 18 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 25 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 18 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1965 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Supporting the Goal of Shared Citizenship
The shared citizenship paradigm envisions, requires, and supports the engagement and full participation of people with disabilities as equal, respected, valued, participating, and contributing members of all aspects of society. The goals of shared citizenship are to enhance human dignity and autonomy, facilitate human endeavor, and maximize human engagement. This article describes how the goals of shared citizenship can be supported through a gre…
Organizational change and evidence-based practices in support services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities
An Overview of Intellectual Disability: Definition, Diagnosis, Classification, and Systems of Supports (12th ed.)
The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) has published terminology and classification manuals since 1921. Their goals over the last 100 years have been consistent: To fulfill the Association's continued responsibility to be the primary repository of intellectual disability-related research and best practices; to publish a scientific definition of intellectual disability (ID) and its assumptions based on rese…
El modelo de calidad de vida y apoyos: La unión tras veinticinco años de caminos paralelos
El artículo presenta la integración operativa de los paradigmas de calidad de vida y apoyos en un modelo conjunto denominado Modelo de Calidad de Vida y Apoyos (MOCA) que integra características significativas de la transformación actual en el campo de las discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Estas características abarcan un enfoque holístico e integrado, centrado en los derechos humanos y legales, que sirve de base para tomar las decis…
Defining, diagnosing, classifying, and planning supports for people with intellectual disability: An emerging consensus
Significant international work in the field of intellectual disability (ID) over the last decade has resulted in an emerging consensus regarding the definition of ID, the criteria used to diagnose a person with ID, the classification of individuals who have been diagnosed with ID, and the planning of individualized supports for people with ID. This article describes that emerging consensus
Going beyond Environment to Context: Leveraging the Power of Context to Produce Change
This article discusses the processes and implications of going beyond environment to context. The article (a) provides an operational definition of context; (b) describes a multidimensional model of context that views context as being multilevel, multifactorial, and interactive; (c) describes how conceptual models of quality of life, human rights, and human functioning can be used in conjunction with the multidimensional model of context to ident…
Leveraging the Power of Context in Disability Policy Development, Implementation, and Evaluation: Multiple Applications to Enhance Personal Outcomes
The article provides an overview and integration of work examining the multiple applications of context to enhancing personal outcomes, with a focus on how a clearer understanding of context can be leveraged in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation. Specifically, a clear operational definition of context and an empirically based conceptual model of context are presented, followed by an approach to the analysis or measureme…
The quality of life of older people aging in place: A literature review
A Systems Approach to Social Entrepreneurship
Currently, disabilities organizations are increasingly being challenged by the requirement for individualized service, expectations to show personal outcomes, and the need to base their services on evidence-based practices. Social entrepreneurship (SE) is being put forward as an innovative approach for dealing with these challenges. This article presents a systems approach to SE based on a program logic model. This model identifies the input fact…
Incorporating Quality of Life Concepts Into Educational Reform: Creating Real Opportunities for Students With Disabilities in the 21st Century
This article discusses how education initiatives reflected in federal education reforms, statutes, and proposed agendas might be integrated and aligned using a quality of life (QOL) conceptual model. The article incorporates key aspects of the following into such an integrative framework: the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act; a framework for 21st-century learning; previous, current, and new reform agendas and policy initiatives; and th…
Quality of Life Measurement in the Field of Intellectual Disabilities: Eight Principles for Assessing Quality of Life-Related Personal Outcomes
Conceptualizing Supports and the Support Needs of People With Intellectual Disability
This is the third in a series of perspective articles (Schalock et al., 2007; Wehmeyer et al., 2008) from the Terminology and Classification Committee of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD). The purpose of these articles is to share our thoughts on critical issues associated with terminology, definition, and classification in the field of intellectual disability and to seek input from the field as we pr…
The Emerging Disability Paradigm and Its Implications for Policy and Practice
In this article, the author summarizes four characteristics of an emerging disability paradigm and discusses a number of policy and practice implications posed by this paradigm. The four characteristics are functional limitations, personal well-being, individualized supports, and personal competence and adaptation. Changes that need to occur in policy and practice are discussed in relation to each of the characteristics. The author concludes with…
Cross-Cultural Quality of Life: Japanese and American College Students
The Quality of Student Life Questionnaire (QSLQ) was used to collect data on 946 students in eight colleges and universities in Japan and the United States. A series of 2 × 2 × 2 analyses of variance on total scores and four factors (Sa tisfaction, Competence/Productivity, Independence, and Social Belonging) were completed, comparing scores by gender, type of school (four-year vs. two-year) and nationality.For total quality of life scores, main e…
Behavior Modification: Evaluation in a Typical Psychiatric Ward Setting
For 50 psychiatric patients and 15 mentally retarded adults a 31⁄2-yr. behavior-modification program yielded no significant changes in affect or intellectual functioning, but improvements in appearances, sociability and frustration tolerance
Changes in Shipley-Hartford Scores with Five Repeated Test Administrations: Statistical Conventions vs Behavioral Evidence
The Shipley Hartford Scale was administered to two groups of high school students and one group of chronic, hospitalized psychiatric patients to determine whether scores improved with repeated test administration and whether any improvement found was related to S's expressed desire to do well. Findings showed that, while scores on both Vocabulary and Abstract Reasoning tasks tended to improve with student Ss, there were no consistent sequential g…
An Attempt to Promote Behavioral Change in Paired-Schizophrenics by Reinforcing Associative Behavior
This report briefly describes an attempt to pair chronic, hospitalized schizophrenic patients to determine first whether they would associate togethet as a pair (e.g., go for walks, visit, play games) and second how this paired associauon would affect their behavior. The 18 male and 18 female Ss were diagnosed schizophrenics housed on the Research Ward (Western State Hospital, Washington). Ages ranged from 19 to 55, with a mean hospitalization of…
Physiological and Psychological Functioning in Chronic Schizophrenics following a Single Dose of Morphine Sulfate
A single dose (10 mg/70 kg) of morphine sulfate was administered to 18 male chronic schizophrenics, using a double-blind procedure. Performance on 29 physiological and sensory variables was measured. Only on two variables was there any statistically significant effect
Conceptualizing Supports and the Support Needs of People With Intellectual Disability
This is the third in a series of perspective articles (Schalock et al., 2007; Wehmeyer et al., 2008) from the Terminology and Classification Committee of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD). The purpose of these articles is to share our thoughts on critical issues associated with terminology, definition, and classification in the field of intellectual disability and to seek input from the field as we pr…
Quality of Life Measurement in the Field of Intellectual Disabilities: Eight Principles for Assessing Quality of Life-Related Personal Outcomes
The Emerging Disability Paradigm and Its Implications for Policy and Practice
In this article, the author summarizes four characteristics of an emerging disability paradigm and discusses a number of policy and practice implications posed by this paradigm. The four characteristics are functional limitations, personal well-being, individualized supports, and personal competence and adaptation. Changes that need to occur in policy and practice are discussed in relation to each of the characteristics. The author concludes with…
Leveraging the Power of Context in Disability Policy Development, Implementation, and Evaluation: Multiple Applications to Enhance Personal Outcomes
The article provides an overview and integration of work examining the multiple applications of context to enhancing personal outcomes, with a focus on how a clearer understanding of context can be leveraged in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation. Specifically, a clear operational definition of context and an empirically based conceptual model of context are presented, followed by an approach to the analysis or measureme…
Incorporating Quality of Life Concepts Into Educational Reform: Creating Real Opportunities for Students With Disabilities in the 21st Century
This article discusses how education initiatives reflected in federal education reforms, statutes, and proposed agendas might be integrated and aligned using a quality of life (QOL) conceptual model. The article incorporates key aspects of the following into such an integrative framework: the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act; a framework for 21st-century learning; previous, current, and new reform agendas and policy initiatives; and th…
Physiological and Psychological Functioning in Chronic Schizophrenics following a Single Dose of Morphine Sulfate
A single dose (10 mg/70 kg) of morphine sulfate was administered to 18 male chronic schizophrenics, using a double-blind procedure. Performance on 29 physiological and sensory variables was measured. Only on two variables was there any statistically significant effect
An Attempt to Promote Behavioral Change in Paired-Schizophrenics by Reinforcing Associative Behavior
This report briefly describes an attempt to pair chronic, hospitalized schizophrenic patients to determine first whether they would associate togethet as a pair (e.g., go for walks, visit, play games) and second how this paired associauon would affect their behavior. The 18 male and 18 female Ss were diagnosed schizophrenics housed on the Research Ward (Western State Hospital, Washington). Ages ranged from 19 to 55, with a mean hospitalization of…
Changes in Shipley-Hartford Scores with Five Repeated Test Administrations: Statistical Conventions vs Behavioral Evidence
The Shipley Hartford Scale was administered to two groups of high school students and one group of chronic, hospitalized psychiatric patients to determine whether scores improved with repeated test administration and whether any improvement found was related to S's expressed desire to do well. Findings showed that, while scores on both Vocabulary and Abstract Reasoning tasks tended to improve with student Ss, there were no consistent sequential g…
Behavior Modification: Evaluation in a Typical Psychiatric Ward Setting
For 50 psychiatric patients and 15 mentally retarded adults a 31⁄2-yr. behavior-modification program yielded no significant changes in affect or intellectual functioning, but improvements in appearances, sociability and frustration tolerance
Cross-Cultural Quality of Life: Japanese and American College Students
The Quality of Student Life Questionnaire (QSLQ) was used to collect data on 946 students in eight colleges and universities in Japan and the United States. A series of 2 × 2 × 2 analyses of variance on total scores and four factors (Sa tisfaction, Competence/Productivity, Independence, and Social Belonging) were completed, comparing scores by gender, type of school (four-year vs. two-year) and nationality.For total quality of life scores, main e…
The Emerging Disability Paradigm and Its Implications for Policy and Practice
In this article, the author summarizes four characteristics of an emerging disability paradigm and discusses a number of policy and practice implications posed by this paradigm. The four characteristics are functional limitations, personal well-being, individualized supports, and personal competence and adaptation. Changes that need to occur in policy and practice are discussed in relation to each of the characteristics. The author concludes with…
Conceptualizing Supports and the Support Needs of People With Intellectual Disability
This is the third in a series of perspective articles (Schalock et al., 2007; Wehmeyer et al., 2008) from the Terminology and Classification Committee of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD). The purpose of these articles is to share our thoughts on critical issues associated with terminology, definition, and classification in the field of intellectual disability and to seek input from the field as we pr…
Quality of Life Measurement in the Field of Intellectual Disabilities: Eight Principles for Assessing Quality of Life-Related Personal Outcomes
Incorporating Quality of Life Concepts Into Educational Reform: Creating Real Opportunities for Students With Disabilities in the 21st Century
This article discusses how education initiatives reflected in federal education reforms, statutes, and proposed agendas might be integrated and aligned using a quality of life (QOL) conceptual model. The article incorporates key aspects of the following into such an integrative framework: the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act; a framework for 21st-century learning; previous, current, and new reform agendas and policy initiatives; and th…
A Systems Approach to Social Entrepreneurship
Currently, disabilities organizations are increasingly being challenged by the requirement for individualized service, expectations to show personal outcomes, and the need to base their services on evidence-based practices. Social entrepreneurship (SE) is being put forward as an innovative approach for dealing with these challenges. This article presents a systems approach to SE based on a program logic model. This model identifies the input fact…
The quality of life of older people aging in place: A literature review
Going beyond Environment to Context: Leveraging the Power of Context to Produce Change
This article discusses the processes and implications of going beyond environment to context. The article (a) provides an operational definition of context; (b) describes a multidimensional model of context that views context as being multilevel, multifactorial, and interactive; (c) describes how conceptual models of quality of life, human rights, and human functioning can be used in conjunction with the multidimensional model of context to ident…
Leveraging the Power of Context in Disability Policy Development, Implementation, and Evaluation: Multiple Applications to Enhance Personal Outcomes
The article provides an overview and integration of work examining the multiple applications of context to enhancing personal outcomes, with a focus on how a clearer understanding of context can be leveraged in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation. Specifically, a clear operational definition of context and an empirically based conceptual model of context are presented, followed by an approach to the analysis or measureme…
An Overview of Intellectual Disability: Definition, Diagnosis, Classification, and Systems of Supports (12th ed.)
The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) has published terminology and classification manuals since 1921. Their goals over the last 100 years have been consistent: To fulfill the Association's continued responsibility to be the primary repository of intellectual disability-related research and best practices; to publish a scientific definition of intellectual disability (ID) and its assumptions based on rese…
El modelo de calidad de vida y apoyos: La unión tras veinticinco años de caminos paralelos
El artículo presenta la integración operativa de los paradigmas de calidad de vida y apoyos en un modelo conjunto denominado Modelo de Calidad de Vida y Apoyos (MOCA) que integra características significativas de la transformación actual en el campo de las discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Estas características abarcan un enfoque holístico e integrado, centrado en los derechos humanos y legales, que sirve de base para tomar las decis…
Defining, diagnosing, classifying, and planning supports for people with intellectual disability: An emerging consensus
Significant international work in the field of intellectual disability (ID) over the last decade has resulted in an emerging consensus regarding the definition of ID, the criteria used to diagnose a person with ID, the classification of individuals who have been diagnosed with ID, and the planning of individualized supports for people with ID. This article describes that emerging consensus
Organizational change and evidence-based practices in support services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Supporting the Goal of Shared Citizenship
The shared citizenship paradigm envisions, requires, and supports the engagement and full participation of people with disabilities as equal, respected, valued, participating, and contributing members of all aspects of society. The goals of shared citizenship are to enhance human dignity and autonomy, facilitate human endeavor, and maximize human engagement. This article describes how the goals of shared citizenship can be supported through a gre…
Psychology (10 works) · Computer Science (8 works) · Disability Education and Employment (5 works) · Medicine (5 works) · Political science (5 works) · Business (4 works) · Developmental psychology (4 works) · Down syndrome and intellectual disability research (4 works) · Epistemology (4 works) · Knowledge management (4 works)