Michele Zappavigna
Biographic Data
| ID | 322758 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Michele Zappavigna |
| GIVEN NAMES | Michele |
| FAMILY NAME | Zappavigna |
| SIGNATURE | ZAPPAVIGNA M |
| AFFILIATIONS | UNSW Sydney |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4004-9602 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 44 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 385 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 44 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Negotiating Social Relations: Tenor Resources in English
Every day we negotiate our social relations. This may involve small, seemingly inconsequential chats with friends, families, and colleagues that perform our relationships. Or they may involve large, communal events that bring us together or tear us apart. In all cases, we negotiate these social relations through the language, paralanguage, and related systems of meaning that we use. This book introduces a new model for analysing how people negoti…
Affiliation around tensions: Strategies for aligning with putative readers through counter-expectation resources in media editorials
One important feature of newspaper editorials concerns the presentation of opposing values towards one ideational entity. This study aims to explore affiliation around contrasting values in media discourse, with a particular focus on the role of counter-expectation resources in dynamically managing these values and creating ambient affiliation between writers and putative readers. The analyses were undertaken with reference to the discourse seman…
Write another one more emotional”: Emoji as a tenor resource in chatbot responses to requests for linguistic services
This paper investigates how emoji function as tenor resources in chatbot-generated responses to user requests for linguistic services, such as composing emails or social media posts. Drawing on Systemic Functional Linguistics, we analyse emoji as semiotic resources that modulate interpersonal meaning using the discourse semantic system of emoji-text convergence and the tenor system of tuning . Undertaking qualitative discourse analysis of 8,397 e…
I’m sorry Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that’: Moral regulation in refusals by LLM chatbots
This article explores how Large Language Model (LLM) chatbots regulate moral values when they refuse ‘unsafe’ requests from users. It applies corpus-based discourse analysis to examine how the chatbots employ tenor resources of positioning , tuning , and orienting in the rhetoric of their refusals. This method is informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics, in particular the discourse semantic system of appraisal , which models evaluative meaning…
Emoji as interpersonal resources in LLM chatbot conversations: A social semiotic analysis of tenor and affiliation in human–AI interaction
Why do I flake at the last minute: Tenor, self-inquiry, and neoliberal discourses in interactions with LLM chatbots
This paper examines how chatbot-mediated self-inquiry reflects and reproduces neoliberal discourses of emotional regulation and personal responsibility. The study analyses chatbot-mediated self-inquiry sampled from LMSYS-CHAT-1M and WildChat, two large datasets of human–chatbot conversations, to understand the kinds of social relations enacted. Drawing on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), and specifically the tenor framework, the paper trace…
Multimodal rhythm in TikTok videos: Exploring a recontextualization of the Gillard ‘misogyny speech’
This article presents a multimodal rhythmic analysis of a TikTok video, adopting a social semiotic perspective on embodied meaning-making. We highlight the importance of rhythm in coordinating and intertwining semiotic modes to produce meaning. The study develops a method for undertaking an integrated multimodal analysis of rhythm across speech, bodily action, gesture and music, and develops a transcription convention for representing this rhythm…
The legitimation of screenshots as visual evidence in social media: YouTube videos spreading misinformation and disinformation
This article explores the use of screenshots as a form of visual evidence on social media platforms. It considers their role in YouTube videos that spread misinformation and disinformation about the Notre Dame Cathedral Fire and an internet hoax, the Momo Challenge. The article draws on two social semiotic frameworks, legitimation (Van Leeuwen in ‘Legitimation in discourse and communication, 2007) and affiliation (Knight in ‘Evaluating experience…
How emoji make meaning and enact ambient affiliation: A social semiotic account of emoji-text relations in TikTok comments
From lived experience to lived expertise: How donor-conceived witnesses claim and sustain epistemic authority
Scholars in pragmatics have long been interested in how knowledge is construed, contested and legitimised. Much recent work in pragmatics has focused on developing more detailed theoretical understandings of epistemic positioning and epistemic authority, including in institutional contexts which are typically characterised by knowledge asymmetries and power inequalities. Yet the relational consequences of epistemic positioning have received littl…
The role of social affiliation in incitement: A social semiotic approach to far-right terrorists' incitement to violence
One key aspect of threat in terrorists' language is incitement to violence. Contributing to a fuller understanding of how terrorists use language to encourage people to join their cause, this article examines the role of evaluative language in incitement strategies used by a far-rightist to align with and alienate particular social groups. The Affiliation framework (Knight 2010a; Zappavigna 2011; Etaywe & Zappavigna 2021; Etaywe 2022a), as ground…
Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis
How can you carry out discourse analysis using corpus linguistics? What research questions should I ask? Which methods should you use and when? What is a collocational network or a key cluster? Introducing the major techniques, methods and tools for corpus-assisted analysis of discourse, this book answers these questions and more, showing readers how to best use corpora in their analyses of discourse. Using carefully tailored case studies, each c…
Enacting polyvocal scorn in #CovidConspiracy tweets: The orchestration of voices in humorous responses to Covid-19 conspiracy theories
Conspiracy Theories and White Supremacy on YouTube: Exploring Affiliation and Legitimation Strategies in YouTube Comments
Misinformation and hate speech are prevalent issues in social media research, as well as the rise of far-right extremists, white supremacists, and conspiracy theorists. In response to these concerns about unethical behavior on social media, this article explores how underlying social bonds proposed by conspiracists are discursively negotiated in YouTube comments. Through close qualitative analysis of a corpus of comments about the Notre Dame Cath…
Truth, Proof, Sleuth: Trust in Direct-to-Consumer DNA Testing and Other Sources of Identity Information among Australian Donor-Conceived People
The digital age is characterised by unprecedented access to technologies to understand our bodies, genetics and family histories. The last decade has seen a growing uptake of direct-to-consumer DNA testing, which is (re)shaping individuals' identity narratives. Drawing on data from a national online survey with Australian donor-conceived people (N = 91) and semi-structured interviews (N = 28), we conceptualise DNA results as a genetic narrative t…
A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Analyzing White Supremacist and Conspiratorial Discourse on YouTube
Since the 2016 US Presidential Election, extreme right-wing communities have gained extensive popularity on YouTube, spreading discourses of white supremacy and conspiracy. This paper focuses on how methods drawn from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) can be used to analyze this communication and contribute to research interests within the field of media and communication studies. SFL is a social semiotic model of language concerned with syst…
Identity, ideology and threatening communication: An investigation of patterns of attitude in terrorist discourse
Linguistic analysis of the interpersonal patterning of threatening communication is a means of uncovering the attitudes, ideological orientation, and hostile intentions of perpetrators of violence in terrorist discourse ( Gales 2010 , 2011 ). Corpus analysis focused on attitudinal meaning also offers a diagnostic for characterizing the personal and relational identities ( Bednarek 2010 ) manifest in such texts. This paper explores discursive patt…
Out-grouping and ambient affiliation in Donald Trump’s tweets about Iran: Exploring the role of negative evaluation in enacting solidarity
This paper explores communing affiliation and out-grouping in a corpus of Trump’s tweets about Iran. Communing is a form of ‘ambient affiliation’ ( Zappavigna 2011 ) which offers a way of understanding how Trump attempts to build alignments with his audience without necessarily directly engaging with them, since he tends to ignore replies to his tweets. The paper focuses on three affiliation strategies: convoking (mustering community), promoting …
In these pandemic times”: The role of temporal meanings in ambient affiliation about Covid-19 on Twitter
Social media quotation practices and ambient affiliation: Weaponising ironic quotation for humorous ridicule in political discourse
More than Humor: Memes as Bonding Icons for Belonging in Donor-Conceived People
Memes are a key feature of participatory digital cultures and have been found to play an important role in collective identity formation. Limited scholarship has explored the role of memes within closed communities, where perceived privacy and trust may impact the ways users demarcate the in-group (us) and out-group (them) through humor. This article draws on analysis of semi-structured interviews with Australian donor-conceived people (people co…
Ambient affiliation, misinformation and moral panic: Negotiating social bonds in a YouTube internet hoax
Deceptive communication and misinformation are crucial issues that are currently having a significant impact on social life. Parallel to the important work of identifying misinformation on digital platforms is understanding why such material proliferates. One approach to answering this question is to attempt to understand the values that are being targeted by misinformation as a means of interpreting the underlying social bonds that are at stake.…
Emoji in social media discourse about working from home
A social semiotic perspective on emoji: How emoji and language interact to make meaning in digital messages
This article presents a social semiotic analysis of emoji-language semiosis. Combining the theoretical architecture of Systemic Functional Linguistics and methodology of Multimodal Discourse Analysis, we propose an analytical framework that can identify how emoji make meaning both individually and in interaction with language. Using the web-based coding software WebAnno, we apply this framework to a dataset of text messages and social media posts…
Ideology, attitudinal positioning, and the blockchain: A social semiotic approach to understanding the values construed in the whitepapers of blockchain start-ups
Recent work on algorithmic bias has shown that understanding the values embedded in technology design processes is important for avoiding social harm. This paper explores the attitudes construed in whitepapers of blockchain technology start-ups. Blockchain technology is a relatively new phenomenon that has informed discourses about the future of governance and economics in relation to the internet. This study aims to understand the values discurs…
Ambient affiliation: A linguistic perspective on Twitter
This article explores how language is used to build community with the microblogging service, Twitter (www.twitter.com). Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL), a theory of language use in its social context, is employed to analyse the structure and meaning of ‘tweets’ (posts to Twitter) in a corpus of 45,000 tweets collected in the 24 hours after the announcement of Barak Obama’s victory in the 2008 US presidential elections. This analysis examine…
Searchable talk: The linguistic functions of hashtags
An important dimension of social media discourse is its searchability. A key semiotic resource supporting this function is the hashtag, a form of social tagging that allows microbloggers to embed metadata in social media posts. While popularly thought of as topic-markers, hashtags are able to construe a range of complex meanings in social media texts. This paper uses the concept of linguistic metafunctions, to explore how hashtags enact three sim…
Social media photography: Construing subjectivity in Instagram images
This article explores interpersonal meaning in social media photographs, using the representation of motherhood in Instagram images as a case study. It investigates the visual choices that are made in these images to construe relationships between the represented participants, the photographer, and the ambient social media viewer. The author draws upon existing work on the visual systems of point of view and focalization to explore interpersonal …
Beyond the self: Intersubjectivity and the social semiotic interpretation of the selfie
As an iconic image of our time, the selfie has attracted much attention in popular media and scholarly writing. The focus so far has been on the representation of the self or subjectivity. We propose a complementary perspective that foregrounds the intersubjective function of the selfie. We argue that the presence of selfhood is often an assumption. What distinguishes the selfie from other photographic genres is its ability to enact intersubjecti…
A social semiotic perspective on emoji: How emoji and language interact to make meaning in digital messages
This article presents a social semiotic analysis of emoji-language semiosis. Combining the theoretical architecture of Systemic Functional Linguistics and methodology of Multimodal Discourse Analysis, we propose an analytical framework that can identify how emoji make meaning both individually and in interaction with language. Using the web-based coding software WebAnno, we apply this framework to a dataset of text messages and social media posts…
Communing affiliation: Social tagging as a resource for aligning around values in social media
Selfies in ‘mommyblogging’: An emerging visual genre
Social media quotation practices and ambient affiliation: Weaponising ironic quotation for humorous ridicule in political discourse
Digital intimacy and ambient embodied copresence in YouTube videos: Construing visual and aural perspective in ASMR role play videos
This article explores how digital intimacy is construed through ambient embodied copresence in ‘personal attention’ role play videos, a type of Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) video that has become popular on YouTube. ASMR is the experience of positive sensations in response to visual and aural stimuli. Online video sharing platforms have provided a way for people who experience these ASMR sensations to watch, produce, and disseminate…
The interplay of (semiotic) technologies and genre: The case of the selfie
The selfie is one of the most widely publicized, criticized, and debated visual phenomena of our time. However, formulating a definition of the selfie is not straightforward, as visual clues – be they representational or compositional – alone are not sufficient for identification. Recognizing an image as a selfie, rather than a portrait, often requires viewers to interpret the image in relation to the technological and sociocutural context in whi…
Conspiracy Theories and White Supremacy on YouTube: Exploring Affiliation and Legitimation Strategies in YouTube Comments
Misinformation and hate speech are prevalent issues in social media research, as well as the rise of far-right extremists, white supremacists, and conspiracy theorists. In response to these concerns about unethical behavior on social media, this article explores how underlying social bonds proposed by conspiracists are discursively negotiated in YouTube comments. Through close qualitative analysis of a corpus of comments about the Notre Dame Cath…
Truth, Proof, Sleuth: Trust in Direct-to-Consumer DNA Testing and Other Sources of Identity Information among Australian Donor-Conceived People
The digital age is characterised by unprecedented access to technologies to understand our bodies, genetics and family histories. The last decade has seen a growing uptake of direct-to-consumer DNA testing, which is (re)shaping individuals' identity narratives. Drawing on data from a national online survey with Australian donor-conceived people (N = 91) and semi-structured interviews (N = 28), we conceptualise DNA results as a genetic narrative t…
More than Humor: Memes as Bonding Icons for Belonging in Donor-Conceived People
Memes are a key feature of participatory digital cultures and have been found to play an important role in collective identity formation. Limited scholarship has explored the role of memes within closed communities, where perceived privacy and trust may impact the ways users demarcate the in-group (us) and out-group (them) through humor. This article draws on analysis of semi-structured interviews with Australian donor-conceived people (people co…
Dialogic resources in interactional humour
Impersonated personae – paralanguage, dialogism and affiliation in stand-up comedy
This paper argues that paralinguistic resources employed by stand-up comedians to construe textual personae (impersonated characters) make a substantial contribution to the creation of humor by allowing the comedian to distance themselves from particular social values and by referencing shared cultural stereotypes. A stretch of stand-up comedy discourse is analyzed to explore how gesture and voice quality contribute to the construal of projected …
From lived experience to lived expertise: How donor-conceived witnesses claim and sustain epistemic authority
Scholars in pragmatics have long been interested in how knowledge is construed, contested and legitimised. Much recent work in pragmatics has focused on developing more detailed theoretical understandings of epistemic positioning and epistemic authority, including in institutional contexts which are typically characterised by knowledge asymmetries and power inequalities. Yet the relational consequences of epistemic positioning have received littl…
The role of social affiliation in incitement: A social semiotic approach to far-right terrorists' incitement to violence
One key aspect of threat in terrorists' language is incitement to violence. Contributing to a fuller understanding of how terrorists use language to encourage people to join their cause, this article examines the role of evaluative language in incitement strategies used by a far-rightist to align with and alienate particular social groups. The Affiliation framework (Knight 2010a; Zappavigna 2011; Etaywe & Zappavigna 2021; Etaywe 2022a), as ground…
Emoji in social media discourse about working from home
My sport, my perspectives: Intersubjectivity in cyclist Instagram posts
Ambient Affiliation in Microblogging: Bonding around the Quotidian
Microblogging is an increasingly prevalent communicative practice for negotiating identity and engaging in networked publics. It is currently of particular interest to new media and communication theorists, due to the lens it provides to view 'real-time' expression of online opinion and sentiment about both public events and domestic life. While many studies have investigated microblogging in relation to large-scale political events and crises, t…
I’m sorry Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that’: Moral regulation in refusals by LLM chatbots
This article explores how Large Language Model (LLM) chatbots regulate moral values when they refuse ‘unsafe’ requests from users. It applies corpus-based discourse analysis to examine how the chatbots employ tenor resources of positioning , tuning , and orienting in the rhetoric of their refusals. This method is informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics, in particular the discourse semantic system of appraisal , which models evaluative meaning…
Emoji as interpersonal resources in LLM chatbot conversations: A social semiotic analysis of tenor and affiliation in human–AI interaction
Why do I flake at the last minute: Tenor, self-inquiry, and neoliberal discourses in interactions with LLM chatbots
This paper examines how chatbot-mediated self-inquiry reflects and reproduces neoliberal discourses of emotional regulation and personal responsibility. The study analyses chatbot-mediated self-inquiry sampled from LMSYS-CHAT-1M and WildChat, two large datasets of human–chatbot conversations, to understand the kinds of social relations enacted. Drawing on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), and specifically the tenor framework, the paper trace…
How emoji make meaning and enact ambient affiliation: A social semiotic account of emoji-text relations in TikTok comments
In these pandemic times”: The role of temporal meanings in ambient affiliation about Covid-19 on Twitter
Ambient affiliation: A linguistic perspective on Twitter
This article explores how language is used to build community with the microblogging service, Twitter (www.twitter.com). Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL), a theory of language use in its social context, is employed to analyse the structure and meaning of ‘tweets’ (posts to Twitter) in a corpus of 45,000 tweets collected in the 24 hours after the announcement of Barak Obama’s victory in the 2008 US presidential elections. This analysis examine…
Discourse of Twitter and Social Media: How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web
Social media such as microblogging services and social networking sites are changing the way people interact online and search for information and opinions. This book investigates linguistic patterns in electronic discourse,looking at online evaluative language, Internet slang, memes and ambient affiliation using a large Twitter corpus (over 100 million tweets) alongside specialized case studies. The author argues that we are currently witnessing…
Users in uses of language: Embodied identity in Youth Justice Conferencing
This paper offers a multimodal perspective on how identities are performed and negotiated in discourse, concentrating on the interaction of language and body language within a particular genre, Youth Justice Conferencing. These conferences operate as a diversionary form of sentencing in the juvenile justice system of New South Wales, Australia. Typically, they involve a young person who has committed an offense coming face to face with the victim…
Researching Language and Social Media: A Student Guide
Social Media is fast becoming a key area of linguistic research. This highly accessible guidebook leads students through the process of undertaking research in order to explore the language that people use when they communicate on social media sites.This textbook provides: An introduction to the linguistic frameworks currently used to analyse language found in social media contextsAn outline of the practical steps and ethical guidelines entailed …
Enacting identity in microblogging through ambient affiliation
This article explores how we use social media to construe identities and align with others into communities of shared values. The focus is on how ‘users of language perform their identities within uses of language’: How do personae using the microblogging service Twitter perform relational identities as they enact discourse fellowships? Addressing this question means understanding how personae enter into ambient affiliation. Such affiliation is a…
Ambient Affiliation in Microblogging: Bonding around the Quotidian
Microblogging is an increasingly prevalent communicative practice for negotiating identity and engaging in networked publics. It is currently of particular interest to new media and communication theorists, due to the lens it provides to view 'real-time' expression of online opinion and sentiment about both public events and domestic life. While many studies have investigated microblogging in relation to large-scale political events and crises, t…
Searchable talk: The linguistic functions of hashtags
An important dimension of social media discourse is its searchability. A key semiotic resource supporting this function is the hashtag, a form of social tagging that allows microbloggers to embed metadata in social media posts. While popularly thought of as topic-markers, hashtags are able to construe a range of complex meanings in social media texts. This paper uses the concept of linguistic metafunctions, to explore how hashtags enact three sim…
Exploring restorative justice: Dialectics of theory and practice
This article presents an overview and extension of research into one form of diversionary justice, the Youth Justice Conferencing programme in New South Wales, Australia. Conferences are formal procedures organised by a Convenor and typically involving a young offender, their victim or victim's representative, support persons, the arresting police officer, a police liaison officer and additional community members. After a recount of the offence, …
Social media photography: Construing subjectivity in Instagram images
This article explores interpersonal meaning in social media photographs, using the representation of motherhood in Instagram images as a case study. It investigates the visual choices that are made in these images to construe relationships between the represented participants, the photographer, and the ambient social media viewer. The author draws upon existing work on the visual systems of point of view and focalization to explore interpersonal …
Communing affiliation: Social tagging as a resource for aligning around values in social media
Selfies in ‘mommyblogging’: An emerging visual genre
Beyond the self: Intersubjectivity and the social semiotic interpretation of the selfie
As an iconic image of our time, the selfie has attracted much attention in popular media and scholarly writing. The focus so far has been on the representation of the self or subjectivity. We propose a complementary perspective that foregrounds the intersubjective function of the selfie. We argue that the presence of selfhood is often an assumption. What distinguishes the selfie from other photographic genres is its ability to enact intersubjecti…
Discourse and Diversionary Justice: An Analysis of Youth Justice Conferencing
The interplay of (semiotic) technologies and genre: The case of the selfie
The selfie is one of the most widely publicized, criticized, and debated visual phenomena of our time. However, formulating a definition of the selfie is not straightforward, as visual clues – be they representational or compositional – alone are not sufficient for identification. Recognizing an image as a selfie, rather than a portrait, often requires viewers to interpret the image in relation to the technological and sociocutural context in whi…
Embodied meaning: A systemic functional perspective on paralanguage
This paper develops a framework for analysing paralanguage, initially inspired by systemic functional linguistic (hereafter SFL) research on early child language development. A distinction is drawn between non-semiotic behaviour (somasis) and meaning (semiosis), and within semiosis between language and paralanguage (using the term paralanguage to refer to semiosis dependent on language and realised through both sound quality and body language, th…
My sport, my perspectives: Intersubjectivity in cyclist Instagram posts
Dialogic resources in interactional humour
Digital intimacy and ambient embodied copresence in YouTube videos: Construing visual and aural perspective in ASMR role play videos
This article explores how digital intimacy is construed through ambient embodied copresence in ‘personal attention’ role play videos, a type of Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) video that has become popular on YouTube. ASMR is the experience of positive sensations in response to visual and aural stimuli. Online video sharing platforms have provided a way for people who experience these ASMR sensations to watch, produce, and disseminate…
Ambient affiliation, misinformation and moral panic: Negotiating social bonds in a YouTube internet hoax
Deceptive communication and misinformation are crucial issues that are currently having a significant impact on social life. Parallel to the important work of identifying misinformation on digital platforms is understanding why such material proliferates. One approach to answering this question is to attempt to understand the values that are being targeted by misinformation as a means of interpreting the underlying social bonds that are at stake.…
Emoji in social media discourse about working from home
A social semiotic perspective on emoji: How emoji and language interact to make meaning in digital messages
This article presents a social semiotic analysis of emoji-language semiosis. Combining the theoretical architecture of Systemic Functional Linguistics and methodology of Multimodal Discourse Analysis, we propose an analytical framework that can identify how emoji make meaning both individually and in interaction with language. Using the web-based coding software WebAnno, we apply this framework to a dataset of text messages and social media posts…
Ideology, attitudinal positioning, and the blockchain: A social semiotic approach to understanding the values construed in the whitepapers of blockchain start-ups
Recent work on algorithmic bias has shown that understanding the values embedded in technology design processes is important for avoiding social harm. This paper explores the attitudes construed in whitepapers of blockchain technology start-ups. Blockchain technology is a relatively new phenomenon that has informed discourses about the future of governance and economics in relation to the internet. This study aims to understand the values discurs…
Impersonated personae – paralanguage, dialogism and affiliation in stand-up comedy
This paper argues that paralinguistic resources employed by stand-up comedians to construe textual personae (impersonated characters) make a substantial contribution to the creation of humor by allowing the comedian to distance themselves from particular social values and by referencing shared cultural stereotypes. A stretch of stand-up comedy discourse is analyzed to explore how gesture and voice quality contribute to the construal of projected …
A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Analyzing White Supremacist and Conspiratorial Discourse on YouTube
Since the 2016 US Presidential Election, extreme right-wing communities have gained extensive popularity on YouTube, spreading discourses of white supremacy and conspiracy. This paper focuses on how methods drawn from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) can be used to analyze this communication and contribute to research interests within the field of media and communication studies. SFL is a social semiotic model of language concerned with syst…
Identity, ideology and threatening communication: An investigation of patterns of attitude in terrorist discourse
Linguistic analysis of the interpersonal patterning of threatening communication is a means of uncovering the attitudes, ideological orientation, and hostile intentions of perpetrators of violence in terrorist discourse ( Gales 2010 , 2011 ). Corpus analysis focused on attitudinal meaning also offers a diagnostic for characterizing the personal and relational identities ( Bednarek 2010 ) manifest in such texts. This paper explores discursive patt…
Sociology (33 works) · Psychology (28 works) · Computer Science (26 works) · Linguistics (21 works) · Social media (21 works) · Discourse Analysis in Language Studies (19 works) · Political science (18 works) · World Wide Web (17 works) · Digital Communication and Language (16 works) · Social Psychology (15 works)