Steven R Reed
Biographic Data
| ID | 324216 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Steven R Reed |
| GIVEN NAMES | Steven R |
| FAMILY NAME | Reed |
| SIGNATURE | REED S R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Chuo University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 77 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 410 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 72 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 5 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Japan Decides 2021: The Japanese General Election
Gendai Nihon no daihyōsei minshuseiji: Yūkensha to seijika
The theme of this volume is representative democracy in Japan. The basic methodology is to compare the distribution of preferences among voters with the distribution among Diet members on a wide variety of issues. The data are taken from the University of Tokyo–Asahi Shinbun (UTAS) public opinion and candidate surveys which have been conducted in every general and House of Councillors election between 2003 and 2017. Professor Taniguchi and his se…
Patronage and Predominance: How the LDP Maintains Its Hold on Power
The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) held power from 1955 until 1993. How did it manage to do so? In 1994 a political reform resulted in competitive elections but, starting in 2012, the LDP regained its predominant position, winning three consecutive landslide victories. How did it manage to do this even after the reform? In this paper I argue that a system of ‘party-organization patronage’, in which the patron is the LDP and the client is an inter…
Japan Decides 2021: The Japanese General Election
Scandals During the Abe Administrations
Political Corruption and Scandals in Japan
Combining history with comparative politics, Matthew M. Carlson and Steven R. Reed take on political corruption and scandals, and the reforms designed to counter them, in post–World War II Japan.Political Corruption and Scandals in Japan makes sense of the scandals that have plagued Japanese politics for more than half a century and attempts to show how reforms have evolved to counter the problems. What causes political corruption to become more …
Japan Decides 2014
Collecting original and high-quality analysis by top scholars from Japan, the United States, Australia, and Europe, this volume analyzes the results of the 2014 election, examining each of the major p
Japan Decides 2014: The Japanese General Election
From Third Force to Third Party: Duverger’s Revenge
One of the biggest storylines of the first half of this decade in Japanese politics has been the rise of “Third Force” parties. However, the 2014 election results winnowed the Third Force down to a single party. This is a significant development and it could, as we and Ethan Scheiner suggest in the Conclusion, be the beginning of a major transition in Japanese politics (back) to mostly two major party/bloc candidate competition in the districts. …
The Liberal Democratic Party
Kōmeitō: Politics and Religion in Japan
Anti-Kōmeitō Countermobilizations
Religious Groups in Japanese Electoral Politics
Kōmeitō: The Most Understudied Party of Japanese Politics
The 2012 Election Results: The LDP Wins Big by Default
On 16 December 2012, Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which had been swept from power in August 2009 after more than half a century of dominance, roared back with a landslide of its own. Entering the election with only 118 of 480 seats in the House of Representatives (HR), the lower house of the National Diet, the LDP emerged with a stomping majority of 294. Moreover, the LDP and its long-time coalition partner, Komeito, jointly surpassed …
Challenging the Two-Party System: Third Force Parties in the 2012 Election
In the 2009 general election, the Japanese electorate rejected the LDP after three unpopular one-year prime ministers. The DPJ government that followed duplicated that record with three more unpopular one-year prime ministers. The result was widespread disaffection with both major parties. The 2012 election thus looked like an ideal time to challenge the evolving two-party system and the field was crowded with new parties looking to take advantag…
Japan Decides 2012: The Japanese General Election
The 2012 election in Japan ejected the governing DPJ and returned the LDP overwhelmingly to power while brand new parties pulled in millions of voters. This book explains what happened, why it happene
Japan decides 2012: The Japanese general election
Preface List of Abbreviations Contributor Bios Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Japanese Politics Between the 2009 and 2012 Elections 3. Keeping It Together: Party Unity and the 2012 Election Ben Nyblade 4. The Japanese General Election of 2012: The LDP Wins Big by Default PART I: POLITICAL PARTIES 5. The LDP's Path Back to Power: The Liberal Democratic Party Masahisa Endo 6. The Remains of the DPJ: The Democratic Party of Japan Robert Weiner 7. C…
Election law violations as campaign effort: Turnout in Japan's House of Councillors elections
Electoral fraud is a form of corrupt behaviour but it is also a form of electoral behaviour. Once the grosser forms of stuffing the ballot box have been eliminated, illegal campaigning often involves precisely the same activities as does legal campaigning. What makes it electoral fraud is ‘stepping over the line’, spending X + Y when the legal limit is X for example. In this study we analyse the determinants of legal and illegal campaign efforts …
The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented Politics in Japan
The loss of power by the Liberal Democratic Party after more than half a century of dominance was the most obvious outcome of Japan’s 2009 election, but together the 2005 and 2009 elections demonstrate significant shifts in both the foundations of party support and the importance of national swings in support for one party or another. Since 2005, urban-rural differences in the foundations of the leading parties have changed dramatically, and Japa…
Who Cheats? Who Loots? Political Competition and Corruption in Japan, 1947–1993
When do politicians resort to corrupt practices? This article distinguishes between two types of corruption by politicians: illegal acts for material gain (looting) and illegal acts for electoral gain (cheating). Looting generally involves a politician “selling” influence while cheating involves a politician “buying” votes. Individual‐level analyses of new data on financial scandals and election law violations in Japan show that the determinants …
Analyzing Secularization and Religiosity in Asia
Using the 2005 and 2006 AsiaBarometer surveys I analyze religiosity and secularization in Asia. I find that, in South Asia, identification with a particular religion is the norm and most people pray every day but, in East Asia, religious identification and religious practice are both much less common. Even in secular East Asia, however, the demand for religious services is high and belief in a spiritual world is common. I conclude that seculariza…
Japan: Haltingly Towards a Two‐Party System
Japan embarked upon fundamental electoral reform in the 1990s. The single non-transferable vote was replaced by a mixed parallel system, which has resulted in an increase in disproportionality. The party system has changed, though not necessarily due to electoral system change. The dominance of the Liberal Democratic Party – something that some reformers hoped electoral reform might threaten – has continued despite some signs of movement towards …
Japanese Electoral Politics: Creating a New Party System
The old Japanese single-party system collapsed in 1993, but a new system has not yet fully evolved. Following the most significant party reform in Japanese history, this book analyses the most recent national elections, examining voter behaviour and how it is influenced. It provides a comprehensive overview of Japanese politics from 1955 to 1993 and a detailed historical study of events leading up to the 1996 and 2000 elections, before presenting…
The Two-Party System Meets a House of Councillors Election
Elections to Japan's upper house, the House of Councillors, are ‘secondary’ elections, that is, elections that do not choose the government. Among the implications of this secondary status is that the party system is primarily determined elsewhere, by the system used in the general elections that do choose the government. From 1947 through 1993 the system used in general elections fostered a multiparty system that did not sit easily with the many…
Structure and Behaviour: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case
Japan uses simple plurality elections with multi-member districts to elect its lower house. This system tends to produce competition among n + 1 candidates per district. This ‘law of simple plurality elections’ is a structural generalization akin to Duverger's Law. Evidence from Japan also indicates that the causal mechanism behind this ‘law’ is not strategic voting, although strategic voting occurs, but elite coalition building. It is further ar…
Electoral Incentives and Policy Preferences: Mixed Motives Behind Party Defections in Japan
Examining the 1993 split of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in Japan offers an opportunity to gain greater insight into the impact of the various incentives that influence the behaviour of politicians. Surprisingly, previous analyses of the LDP split have been able to demonstrate only weak evidence of any electoral connection driving politicians' decisions. However, by also examining the role of policy preferences (support for reform) and util…
Who Cheats? Who Loots? Political Competition and Corruption in Japan, 1947–1993
When do politicians resort to corrupt practices? This article distinguishes between two types of corruption by politicians: illegal acts for material gain (looting) and illegal acts for electoral gain (cheating). Looting generally involves a politician “selling” influence while cheating involves a politician “buying” votes. Individual‐level analyses of new data on financial scandals and election law violations in Japan show that the determinants …
Duverger's Law is Working in Italy
In 1993, Italy adopted an electoral system based largely on single-member districts (SMD) based, at least in part, on the hope that SMDs would lead to a two-party system and alternation in government. That idea is known in political science as Duverger's law. The overwhelming consensus among specialists in Italian politics would appear to be that Duverger's law is not working very well in Italy. I will argue, to the contrary, that Duverger's law …
Strategic Voting in the 1996 Japanese General Election
Japan's new electoral system may or may not be good for Japanese democracy, but it is almost ideally designed for the study of strategic voting. No other existing electoral system provides political scientists with data on such neatly separated but simultaneous single-member districts (SMD) and proportional representation (PR) votes. Using candidate-level aggregate data, I find strong evidence for strategic voting: Candidates with a good chance o…
Democracy and the personal vote: A cautionary tale from Japan
The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented Politics in Japan
The loss of power by the Liberal Democratic Party after more than half a century of dominance was the most obvious outcome of Japan’s 2009 election, but together the 2005 and 2009 elections demonstrate significant shifts in both the foundations of party support and the importance of national swings in support for one party or another. Since 2005, urban-rural differences in the foundations of the leading parties have changed dramatically, and Japa…
Political corruption in Japan
Second-Generation Diet Members and Democracy in Japan: Hereditary Seats
Research Article| April 01 1992 Second-Generation Diet Members and Democracy in Japan: Hereditary Seats Michihiro Ishibashi, Michihiro Ishibashi Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Steven R. Reed Steven R. Reed Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1992) 32 (4): 366–379. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645152 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video A…
Environmental Politics: Some Reflections Based on the Japanese Case
The study of environmental and policies began early in the emergence of the public policy subfield and a substantial literature has developed.1 We have begun to develop an understanding of the characteristics of the environment as a policy area and there does seem to be a politics of the environment, or at least a set of characteristics of environmental policymaking that are consistent across time and place. However, when we take several of these…
Evaluating Political Reform in Japan: A Midterm Report
In the 1993 general election the Liberal Democratic Party lost power for the first time since it was founded in 1955. The coalition government that followed enacted the most far-reaching political reforms Japan has experienced since the American Occupation. The country has now experienced two elections since these reforms so we can begin to analyze trends and dynamics. It is now possible to make a preliminary evaluation of the effects of these re…
Seats and votes: Testing Taagepera in Japan
The Nomination Process for Japan's Next General Election: Waiting for the Heiritsu-sei
Research Article| December 01 1995 The Nomination Process for Japan's Next General Election: Waiting for the Heiritsu-sei Steven R. Reed Steven R. Reed Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1995) 35 (12): 1075–1086. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645831 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Per…
Japan's 1990 general election: Explaining the Historic Socialist Victory
A Test of Two Theories of Economically Motivated Voting: The Case of Japan
An extensive literature has grown up concerning the relationship between economic conditions and voting. In his thorough review, Paldam concludes that the existence of such a relationship is no longer in doubt.' The weight of evidence indicates that economic conditions can influence elections, but basic aspects of this relationship remain unclear. A fundamental, but not totally resolved part of the puzzle concerns the mechanism through which econ…
Voter Reactions to ‘Strange Bedfellows: The Japanese Voter Faces a Kaleidoscope of Changing Coalitions
On 30 June 1994 the Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ, formerly the Japan Socialist Party) joined its historic enemy, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), to form a coalition government in a Japanese equivalent of Italy's ‘historic compromise’. Competition between the conservative LDP and the progressive socialists had defined the Japanese party system since 1955. In this paper we analyze voter reactions to this and other confusing events sur…
The 1996 Japanese general election
Analyzing Secularization and Religiosity in Asia
Using the 2005 and 2006 AsiaBarometer surveys I analyze religiosity and secularization in Asia. I find that, in South Asia, identification with a particular religion is the norm and most people pray every day but, in East Asia, religious identification and religious practice are both much less common. Even in secular East Asia, however, the demand for religious services is high and belief in a spiritual world is common. I conclude that seculariza…
What Mechanism Causes the M + 1 Rule? A Simple Simulation
The M + 1 Rule, that at equilibrium there should be only one more candidate running than seats available, extended Duverger's Law to the cases of more than one seat per district. Both the M + 1 rule and Duverger's Law have been confirmed repeatedly, albeit always with qualification. Yet we have reached no consensus on the mechanism that produces these two empirical regularities. In this paper I use a simple simulation to test the hypothesis that …
The effect of the choices available on voting behaviour: The two Japanese elections of 1993
Is Japanese Government Really Centralized
The Japanese general election of 1993
The People Spoke: The Influence of Elections on Japanese Politics, 1949-1955
What Is Rational and Why Should We Care? A Comment on Browne and Patterson
I am, of course, extremely pleased that my M+1 hypothesis has received so much attention. Under the principle of 'as long as you spell my name right', I appreciate every single citation. Nevertheless, I have been surprised at some of the interpretations of my argument. Browne and Patterson offer me an opportunity to clarify my position. Eric C. Browne and Dennis Patterson, 'An Empirical Theory of Rational Nominating Behaviour Applied to Japanese …
Providing Clear Cues: Voter Response to the Reform Issue in the 1993 Japanese General Election
The 1993 election brought to an end the 39-year rule of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The major issue in that election campaign was the `political reform' that the government had twice promised and twice failed to deliver. Using data aggregated at the candidate level, the paper examines the question of whether the electorate were attracted to those candidates who participated in the reform movement. Candidates running for political part…
Environmental Politics: Some Reflections Based on the Japanese Case
The study of environmental and policies began early in the emergence of the public policy subfield and a substantial literature has developed.1 We have begun to develop an understanding of the characteristics of the environment as a policy area and there does seem to be a politics of the environment, or at least a set of characteristics of environmental policymaking that are consistent across time and place. However, when we take several of these…
Is Japanese Government Really Centralized
Patterns of Diffusion in Japan and America
Japan is a small, homogeneous, unitary state. The United States is a large, diverse, federal state. One would expect that diffusion among Japanese prefectures would be (1) faster, 2) more complete, and (3) more influenced by the central government than is diffusion among the American states. These three hypotheses are tested with mixed results. In some respects diffusion may follow a dynamic of its own, producing similar results in vastly differe…
A Test of Two Theories of Economically Motivated Voting: The Case of Japan
An extensive literature has grown up concerning the relationship between economic conditions and voting. In his thorough review, Paldam concludes that the existence of such a relationship is no longer in doubt.' The weight of evidence indicates that economic conditions can influence elections, but basic aspects of this relationship remain unclear. A fundamental, but not totally resolved part of the puzzle concerns the mechanism through which econ…
The Changing Fortunes of Japan's Progressive Governors
Research Article| April 01 1986 The Changing Fortunes of Japan's Progressive Governors Steven R. Reed Steven R. Reed Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1957) 26 (4): 452–465. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644158 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search S…
Democratizing Japan: The Allied Occupation, by Robert E. Ward and Sakamoto Yoshikazu; Law and Change in Postwar Japan, by Frank K. Upham
The People Spoke: The Influence of Elections on Japanese Politics, 1949-1955
The Local Politics of Kyoto
Predictions of the 1989 Japanese Election: Introduction
Steven R. Reed, Hans H. Baerwald, Haruhiro Fukui, Fukuoka Masayuki, Inoguchi Takashi, Kabashima Ikuo, Kobayashi Yoshiaki, J. A. A. Stockwin, Predictions of the 1989 Japanese Election: Introduction, The Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Summer, 1989), pp. 531-544
Japanese Politics in Flux: Four Volumes in Search of a Trend
Japanese Prefectures and Policymaking
Structure and Behaviour: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case
Japan uses simple plurality elections with multi-member districts to elect its lower house. This system tends to produce competition among n + 1 candidates per district. This ‘law of simple plurality elections’ is a structural generalization akin to Duverger's Law. Evidence from Japan also indicates that the causal mechanism behind this ‘law’ is not strategic voting, although strategic voting occurs, but elite coalition building. It is further ar…
Crisis and Compensation: Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan, 1949-1986
Why does Japan, with its efficiency-oriented technocracy, periodically adopt welfare-oriented, economically inefficient domestic policies? In answering this question Kent Calder shows that Japanese policymakers respond to threats to the ruling party's preeminence by extending income compensation, entitlements, and subsidies, with market-oriented retrenchment coming as crisis subsides. Quite simply the most ambitious and strongly argued interpreta…
Japan's 1990 general election: Explaining the Historic Socialist Victory
Japan Election Data: The House of Representatives, 1947–1990
Second-Generation Diet Members and Democracy in Japan: Hereditary Seats
Research Article| April 01 1992 Second-Generation Diet Members and Democracy in Japan: Hereditary Seats Michihiro Ishibashi, Michihiro Ishibashi Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Steven R. Reed Steven R. Reed Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1992) 32 (4): 366–379. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645152 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video A…
Education Reform in Japan: A Case of Immobilist Politics
Making Common Sense of Japan
A unique nation? -- Culture as common sense -- A structural learning approach -- Making common sense of permanent employment -- Making common sense of government-business cooperation -- What should we learn from Japan
Making common sense of Japan
Political Life in Japan: Democracy in a Reversible World
The Japanese Prime Minister and Public Policy. Kenji Hayao Political Dynamics in Contemporary Japan. Gary D. Allinson , Yasunori Sone
Japan's Political Marketplace. J. Mark Ramseyer , Frances McCall Rosenbluth
Gendai Nihon no senkyo
The Japanese general election of 1993
Democracy and the personal vote: A cautionary tale from Japan
Political science (65 works) · Law (57 works) · Politics (48 works) · Law (37 works) · Japanese History and Culture (33 works) · Political economy (29 works) · Economics (28 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (24 works) · Democracy (22 works) · Public Administration (20 works)