Colin M Macleod
Biographic Data
| ID | 331789 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Colin M Macleod |
| GIVEN NAMES | Colin M |
| FAMILY NAME | Macleod |
| SIGNATURE | MACLEOD C M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Waterloo |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8350-7362 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 45 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 125 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 44 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1941 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Preparing to produce (without production) is sufficient to elicit a behavioral and pupillometric production effect
The pupillometric production effect: Evidence for enhanced processing preceding, during, and following production
The production effect refers to superior memory performance for words read aloud than for those read silently. This finding has usually been attributed to the incorporation of distinctive sensorimotor information into the memory record of items read aloud, facilitating their successful retrieval during the memory test. Less research has explored other cognitive or motivational differences between the aloud and silent conditions. Here we used pupi…
Production increases both true and false recognition
Reading aloud (production) resulted in enhanced false memory rates relative to reading silently or hearing the words spoken by another voice. • Reading aloud boosted both true and false recognition, though to a smaller extent for the latter. • Production-enhanced false recognition was driven by increases in both Recollection and Familiarity based responses. • Neither the distinctiveness or strength accounts of production can fully account for the…
The prod eff: Partially producing items moderates the production effect
Release from response interference in color-word contingency learning
In identifying the print colors of words when some combinations of color and word occur more frequently than others, people quickly show evidence of learning these associations. This contingency learning effect is evident in faster and more accurate responses to high-contingency combinations than to low-contingency combinations. Across four experiments, we systematically varied the number of response-irrelevant word stimuli connected to response-…
Symbol superiority: Why $ is better remembered than ‘dollar’
Memory typically is better for information presented in picture format than in word format. Dual-coding theory (Paivio, 1969) proposes that this is because pictures are spontaneously labelled, leading to the creation of two representational codes-image and verbal-whereas words often lead to only a single (verbal) code. With this perspective as motivation, the present investigation asked whether common graphic symbols (e.g.,!@#$%&) are afforded pr…
Edwina Eunice Abbott (Cowan): Pioneer Psychologist
Edwina Abbott (1887–1949), although little known to the field today, made significant contributions in several domains of psychology—experimental, developmental, and clinical—in the first half of the 20th century. In particular, she was the first to empirically study the “testing effect”—that learning and memory benefit from testing, not just from additional study—before going on to establish and direct an early laboratory for developmental and c…
The production effect is consistent over material variations: Support for the distinctiveness account
The production effect is the superior memory for items read aloud as opposed to silently at the time of study. The distinctiveness account holds that produced items benefit from the encoding of additional elements associated with the act of production. If so, then that benefit should be consistent regardless of item type. Three experiments, using three different sets of materials and three different methods, tested this hypothesis. Experiment 1, …
Reducing retrieval time modulates the production effect: Empirical evidence and computational accounts
The enactment effect: A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral, neuroimaging, and patient studies
Production between and within: Distinctiveness and the relative magnitude of the production effect
The production effect is the memory advantage for items studied aloud over items studied silently. Three experiments examined the influence of (1) the distinctiveness heuristic in a pure-list paradigm and (2) statistical distinctiveness during study. Aloud versus silent processing was manipulated within-subject in a mixed-list procedure and additional pure-list items were alternated with the to-be-remembered words. This arrangement permitted the …
The Production Effect Improves Memory in 7- to 10-Year-Old Children
The production effect—whereby reading words aloud improves memory for those words relative to reading them silently—was investigated in two experiments with 7- to 10-year-old children residing in Brisbane, Australia. Experiment 1 (n = 41) involved familiar printed words, with words read aloud or silently appearing either in mixed- or blocked-list formats in a within-subject design. Recognition for words read aloud was better than for those read s…
The butcher on the bus: A note on familiarity without recollection
In 1980, George Mandler published an article in Psychological Review that has become very influential in the study of memory. As evidence, according to Google Scholar (as of August 17, 2020), this article has been cited 3,391 times. Writing about recognition memory, Mandler made a fundamental distinction between recognition involving familiarity and recognition involving recollection. Mandler introduced what has since become the label for his ill…
Values for Foxes? A Comment on Kyle Johannsen’s A Conceptual Investigation of Justice
This paper provides a critical rejoinder to some themes in Kyle Johannsen’s A Conceptual Investigation of Justice . The discussion focuses on Johannsen’s analysis of fundamental value pluralism and identifies a number of challenges to the form of value pluralism defended by Johannsen. I suggest that Johannsen’s analysis fails to explain how conflicts between fundamental values can be resolved, and that there is greater harmony between fundamental…
Just Schools and Good Childhoods: Non‐preparatory Dimensions of Educational Justice
This article offers an account of at least some of the non‐preparatory dimensions of education and their significance for a theory of educational justice. I argue that just schools should play a role in facilitating goods of childhood. I also defend an egalitarian view about the access children should have in school to the resources and opportunities associated with the non‐preparatory dimensions of education.
Equality and family values: Conflict or harmony
This paper provides a critical commentary on the claim advanced by Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift in their book Family Values: The Ethics of Parent–Child Relationships that there is an ineliminable conflict between relationship goods and fair equality of opportunity. I argue there need be no conflict between family values and equality of opportunity in a suitably non-hierarchical society. I also argue that the idea that equality of opportunity mi…
The Nature of Children's Well-Being: Theory and Practice
This book presents new findings that deal with different facets of the well-being of children and their relevance to the proper treatment of children. The well-being of children is considered against the background of a wide variety of legal, political, medical, educational and familial perspectives. The book addresses diverse issues from a range of disciplinary perspectives using a variety of methods. It has three major sections with the essays …
Agency, Authority and the Vulnerability of Children
Freedom as non-domination and educational justice
This article considers how the distribution of educational resources is relevant to facilitating republican freedom and the degree to which an egalitarian conception of educational justice is allied with the ideal of non-domination. I argue that the republican ideal of non-domination provides a credible account of some features of educational justice, but that it falls short of providing a fully adequate theory of educational justice. I present t…
Neutrality, Public Reason and Deliberative Democracy
In this paper I wish to explore some broad trends and developments in recent political philosophy concerning the relation between neutrality, pluralism, deliberative democracy, public reason and legitimacy. Each of these concepts has been the subject of extensive analysis and debate. My objective is not to provide a detailed analysis of the vast literature in the field about these ideas and the controversies surrounding them. Rather I hope to est…
Hypnosis and the control of attention: Where to from here
Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research
Studies obtaining implicit measures of associations in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Axis I psychopathology are organized into three categories: (a) studies comparing groups having a disorder with controls, (b) experimental validity studies, and (c) incremental and predictive validity studies. In the first category, implicit measures of disorder-relevant asso…
Justice, Educational Equality, and Sufficiency
Among the novel objects that attracted my attention during my stay in the United States, nothing struck me more forcibly than the general equality of condition among the people. (de Tocqueville 1990, 7) There are significant inequalities in the lives of America's children, including inequalities in the education that these children receive. These educational inequalities include not only disparities in funding per pupil but also in class size, te…
Primary goods, capabilities, and children
The debate between advocates of a primary-goods focused approach to justice and advocates of a capabilities focused approach has been conducted without much explicit attention to how the perspective of children should be represented and interpreted. This chapter makes some modest progress toward remedying this neglect. As with Rawls's theory, the capabilities approach has been developed and refined in many different ways. Crucial motivation for t…
Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities
This book brings together a team of leading theorists to address the question 'What is the right measure of justice?' Some contributors, following Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, argue that we should focus on capabilities, or what people are able to do and to be. Others, following John Rawls, argue for focussing on social primary goods, the goods which society produces and which people can use. Still others see both views as incomplete and compl…
The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
Attentional bias is a central feature of many cognitive theories of psychopathology. One of the most frequent methods of investigating such bias has been an emotional analog of the Stroop task. In this task, participants name the colors in which words are printed, and the words vary in their relevance to each theme of psychopathology. The authors review research showing that patients are often slower to name the color of a word associated with co…
At first sight: How do restrained eaters evaluate high-fat palatable foods
Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research
Studies obtaining implicit measures of associations in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Axis I psychopathology are organized into three categories: (a) studies comparing groups having a disorder with controls, (b) experimental validity studies, and (c) incremental and predictive validity studies. In the first category, implicit measures of disorder-relevant asso…
Conceptions of Parental Autonomy
This chapter explores a preliminary fashion, one of the deep problems that faces theories that try to grapple with the nature of justice in the family. It discusses some of the general background considerations that are relevant to constructing a more comprehensive account of the nature of parental autonomy. The chapter describes three competing conceptions or models of the appropriate scope of the principle of parental autonomy that have recentl…
Memory accessibility and probability judgments: An experimental evaluation of the availability heuristic
Consistent with Tversky and Kahneman's (1973, 1974) availability heuristic hypothesis, the current study found a negative correlation between recall latency for past events and the perceived future probability of similar events. Furthermore, when the relative accessibility of memories of positive and negative events was experimentally manipulated using the Velten mood-induction procedure, the perceived future probabilities of similar events also …
Freedom as non-domination and educational justice
This article considers how the distribution of educational resources is relevant to facilitating republican freedom and the degree to which an egalitarian conception of educational justice is allied with the ideal of non-domination. I argue that the republican ideal of non-domination provides a credible account of some features of educational justice, but that it falls short of providing a fully adequate theory of educational justice. I present t…
Toleration, Children and Education
The paper explores challenges for the interpretation of the ideal toleration that arise in educational contexts involving children. It offers an account of how a respect‐based conception of toleration can help to resolve controversies about the accommodation and response to diversity that arise in schools
Equality and family values: Conflict or harmony
This paper provides a critical commentary on the claim advanced by Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift in their book Family Values: The Ethics of Parent–Child Relationships that there is an ineliminable conflict between relationship goods and fair equality of opportunity. I argue there need be no conflict between family values and equality of opportunity in a suitably non-hierarchical society. I also argue that the idea that equality of opportunity mi…
Bacteriological Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Relation to Chemotherapy
Bacteriological Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Relation to Chemotherapy Colin M. MacLeod, and George S. Mirick CopyRight*Read before the Laboratory Section of the American Public Health Association at the Sixty-ninth Annual Meeting in Detroit, Mich., October 10, 1940. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.31.1.34 Published Online: October 03, 2011
Individual differences in learning and memory: A unitary information processing approach
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review
The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set of 18 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories—rel-ative speed of processing and automaticity of rea…
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review
2 According to Jensen and Rohwer (1966), Jaensch (1929) was the first to combine the word and color stimuli in a potentially conflicting situation.Perhaps, then, Jaensch should receive at least partial credit, but the "Jaensch-Stroop effect" is an extremely unwieldy label.3 Stroop changed the color-naming control-condition cards from Experiment 2 to Experiment 3. The solid-color squares were replaced by a nonalphanumeric character, which, in Stro…
Memory accessibility and probability judgments: An experimental evaluation of the availability heuristic
Consistent with Tversky and Kahneman's (1973, 1974) availability heuristic hypothesis, the current study found a negative correlation between recall latency for past events and the perceived future probability of similar events. Furthermore, when the relative accessibility of memories of positive and negative events was experimentally manipulated using the Velten mood-induction procedure, the perceived future probabilities of similar events also …
Judging in Good Faith
How Priming Affects Two Speeded Implicit Tests of Remembering: Naming Colors versus Reading Words
Manipulation of Attention at Study Affects an Explicit but Not an Implicit Test of Memory
The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
Attentional bias is a central feature of many cognitive theories of psychopathology. One of the most frequent methods of investigating such bias has been an emotional analog of the Stroop task. In this task, participants name the colors in which words are printed, and the words vary in their relevance to each theme of psychopathology. The authors review research showing that patients are often slower to name the color of a word associated with co…
Conceptions of Parental Autonomy
This chapter explores a preliminary fashion, one of the deep problems that faces theories that try to grapple with the nature of justice in the family. It discusses some of the general background considerations that are relevant to constructing a more comprehensive account of the nature of parental autonomy. The chapter describes three competing conceptions or models of the appropriate scope of the principle of parental autonomy that have recentl…
Liberalism, Justice, and Markets: A Critique of Liberal Equality
This book presents a systemic and definitive critique of Ronald Dworkin's highly influential theory of liberal equality. Focusing on the connection Dworkin attempts to establish between economic markets and liberal equality, the book examines Dworkin's contention that markets have an indispensable role to play in the articulation of liberal ideals of distributive justice, individual liberty, and state neutrality. The book also examines the issues…
Partial Equality
Despite the diversity and important disagreement which characterizes theorizing in political philosophy, most contemporary theories of justice yield remarkably similar verdicts on the moral adequacy of current distributions of wealth, income, and opportunity. By almost any standard of justice defended today, we live in a profoundly unjust world. It is obvious, for instance, that utilitarianism, the difference principle, equality of resources, and…
Liberalism, Justice, and Markets: A Critique of Liberal Equality
This important new study presents a systematic and definitive critique of Ronald Dworkin's highly influential theory of liberal equality. Focusing on the connection Dworkin attempts to establish between economic markets and liberal egalitarian political morality, the study examines his contention that markets have an indispensable role to play in the articulation of liberal ideals of distributive justice, individual liberty, and state neutrality.…
The Moral and Political Status of Children: New Essays
There is a trend towards taking children seriously as distinct subjects of moral and political theory who have complex and evolving interests. Children are developing beings whose moral status gradually changes. This view is now generally accepted but its implications are variously understood. It is no longer possible to assume a simple harmony between the interests of children and those charged with the responsibility of rearing them. Indeed, th…
Liberal Equality and the Affective Family
Inequalities that arise because of the influence of arbitrary factors of social or natural contingency, as opposed to choices, are unjust. But whilst liberals wish to preserve and protect the affective family, parental partiality to their own children can result in an inequality that is unjust on account of it being attributable to arbitrary factors. Children's access to resources and opportunities should not be significantly determined by parent…
Hypnotic control of attention in the Stroop task: A historical footnote
Integration versus separation in Stroop‐like counting interference tasks 1
Two versions of a Stroop‐like counting interference task were compared to examine how irrelevant information is ignored. In the integrated task, participants enumerated digits (inconsistent condition) or letters (neutral condition) while attempting to ignore the identity of the characters. In the newly created separated task, participants enumerated asterisks while attempting to ignore a single digit (inconsistent condition) or letter (neutral co…
At first sight: How do restrained eaters evaluate high-fat palatable foods
Justice, Educational Equality, and Sufficiency
Among the novel objects that attracted my attention during my stay in the United States, nothing struck me more forcibly than the general equality of condition among the people. (de Tocqueville 1990, 7) There are significant inequalities in the lives of America's children, including inequalities in the education that these children receive. These educational inequalities include not only disparities in funding per pupil but also in class size, te…
Primary goods, capabilities, and children
The debate between advocates of a primary-goods focused approach to justice and advocates of a capabilities focused approach has been conducted without much explicit attention to how the perspective of children should be represented and interpreted. This chapter makes some modest progress toward remedying this neglect. As with Rawls's theory, the capabilities approach has been developed and refined in many different ways. Crucial motivation for t…
Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities
This book brings together a team of leading theorists to address the question 'What is the right measure of justice?' Some contributors, following Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, argue that we should focus on capabilities, or what people are able to do and to be. Others, following John Rawls, argue for focussing on social primary goods, the goods which society produces and which people can use. Still others see both views as incomplete and compl…
Science and Spectacle in the European Enlightenment
Journal Article Science and Spectacle in the European Enlightenment Get access Science and Spectacle in the European Enlightenment, ed. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and Christine Blondel (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008; pp. 164. £55). Christine MacLeod Christine MacLeod University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CXXV, Issue 517, December 2010, Pages 1546–1548, http…
Toleration, Children and Education
The paper explores challenges for the interpretation of the ideal toleration that arise in educational contexts involving children. It offers an account of how a respect‐based conception of toleration can help to resolve controversies about the accommodation and response to diversity that arise in schools
Hypnosis and the control of attention: Where to from here
Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research
Studies obtaining implicit measures of associations in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Axis I psychopathology are organized into three categories: (a) studies comparing groups having a disorder with controls, (b) experimental validity studies, and (c) incremental and predictive validity studies. In the first category, implicit measures of disorder-relevant asso…
Psychology (29 works) · Cognitive psychology (18 works) · Law (18 works) · Political science (18 works) · Sociology (17 works) · Political Philosophy and Ethics (15 works) · Cognition (13 works) · Economic Justice (12 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Epistemology (11 works)