Scott M Hofer
Biographic Data
| ID | 334993 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Scott M Hofer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Scott M |
| FAMILY NAME | Hofer |
| SIGNATURE | HOFER S M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Victoria |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8923-4337 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 36 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 155 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 36 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Inter-cohort shifts in chronic disease, dementia, and mortality
18,528). In addition to exploring shifts in disease incidence we also examine shifts in disease mortality. Both general and sex-related differences are examined. Disease incidence has increased for later-born cohorts in England, replicating similar trends in the U.S. Not all diseases showed differences between men and women, but when differences were identified, women had lower risks for disease. In comparison to the U.S. sample, disease trends i…
A novel approach to model cumulative stress
Increased prevalence of loneliness and associated risk factors during the Covid-19 pandemic
As has been noted for various other outcomes, the pandemic did not impact all subgroups of the population in the same way with respect to loneliness. Our results suggest that public health measures aimed at reducing loneliness during a pandemic should incorporate multifactor interventions fostering positive health behaviours and consider targeting those at high risk for loneliness
Cohort Changes and Sex Differences After Age 50 in Cognitive Variables in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
These cohort effects generally favored later-born cohorts. Implications and future directions are discussed
Personality traits, cognitive states, and mortality in older adulthood
80 years; 74% female) over up to 23 annual assessments. Multistate survival modeling examined the extent to which conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion, assessed using the NEO Five Factor Inventory, were associated with transitions between cognitive status categories and death. Additionally, multinomial regression models estimated cognitive health span and total survival based on standard deviation units of personality traits. Adjustin…
Symptoms of depression and anxiety, and unmet healthcare needs in adults during the Covid-19 pandemic
The presence of depression and anxiety symptoms were strongly associated with perceived unmet healthcare needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions to improve healthcare access for adults with depression and anxiety during the pandemic may be necessary
Levels of Depression and Anxiety Among Informal Caregivers During the Covid-19 Pandemic
The findings shed light on the change in mental health among informal caregivers during the outset of the pandemic. The demonstrated associations between studied variables and mental health among informal caregivers provide empirical evidence for intervention programs aiming to support caregivers, particularly those who are female, and providing intensive care at home
The Victoria Assistive Devices and Coach (Vadac) study
Comparisons of disease cluster patterns, prevalence and health factors in the USA, Canada, England and Ireland
This information can be used to better understand the complex nature of multimorbidity and identify appropriate prevention and management strategies for treating multimorbidity across countries
A Coordinated Multi-study Analysis of the Longitudinal Association Between Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function in Older Adults
OBJECTIVE: Handgrip strength, an indicator of overall muscle strength, has been found to be associated with slower rate of cognitive decline and decreased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. However, evaluating the replicability of associations between aging-related changes in physical and cognitive functioning is challenging due to differences in study designs and analytical models. A multiple-study coordinated analysis approach was used…
Cohort and Period Effects as Explanations for Declining Dementia Trends and Cognitive Aging
Studies have reported that the age-adjusted incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia have decreased over the past two decades. Aging is the predominant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and for neurocognitive decline. However, aging alone cannot explain changes in the overall age-adjusted incidence of dementia. The objective of this position paper was to describe the potential for cohort and period effects in cogniti…
Mortality Risk Associated With Personality Facets of the Big Five and Interpersonal Circumplex Across Three Aging Cohorts
OBJECTIVE: To address the common reliance on the global Big Five domains in the personality and longevity literature, the present study examined mortality risk associated with subdimensions of Big Five domains as well as specific traits within the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) model of personality. METHODS: Data were drawn from three major longitudinal studies of aging that administered the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, a comprehensive meas…
Systematic Review of Pulmonary Function and Cognition in Aging
Cohort Profile
The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) was established to understand and address the needs of an aging population.1–3 Overall aims are to examine aging as a dynamic process; to investigate the inter-relationship among intrinsic and extrinsic factors from mid-life to older age; and to capture the transitions, trajectories and profiles of aging.4 A central objective in creating the CLSA was to provide national infrastructure and build capa…
The unity and diversity of executive functions
Memory Decline and Depression Onset in U.S. and European Older Adults
Objectives: We explore the association between different patterns of change in depressive symptoms and memory trajectories in US and European Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy, and Israel) and non-Mediterranean (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria) older adults. Methods: Samples consisted of 3,466 participants from the Health Retirement Study (HRS) and 3,940 participants from the Survey of Health, Aging and …
Personality predicts mortality risk
Are Changes in Self-Rated Health Associated With Memory Decline in Older Adults
Our findings suggest that SRH status and patterns of change could be used as a marker of cognitive decline in prevention screening programs
Educational Inequalities in Health Behaviors at Midlife
Education is a fundamental cause of social inequalities in health because it influences the distribution of resources, including money, knowledge, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections, that can be used in situ to influence health. Recent studies have highlighted early-life cognition as commonly indicating the propensity for educational attainment and determining health and age of mortality. Health behaviors provide a plausible mecha…
Fighting for Intelligence
John L. Horn (1928–2006) was a pioneer in multivariate thinking and the application of multivariate methods to research on intelligence and personality. His key works on individual differences in the methodological areas of factor analysis and the substantive areas of cognition are reviewed here. John was also our mentor, teacher, colleague, and friend. We overview John Horn's main contributions to the field of intelligence by highlighting 3 issu…
Correlated and Coupled Trajectories of Cancer-Related Worries and Depressive Symptoms among Long-Term Cancer Survivors
The quality of life over time of long-term survivors has become an important part of both cancer and aging research. This paper examines individual differences in trajectories of cancer-related worries and depressive symptoms of 179 participants who completed four waves of annual interviews. Cancer-related worries were significantly associated with both initial level and trajectories of depressive symptoms. In a parallel process growth curve mode…
Coordinated Analysis of Age, Sex, and Education Effects on Change in MMSE Scores
OBJECTIVES: We describe and compare the expected performance trajectories of older adults on the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) across six independent studies from four countries in the context of a collaborative network of longitudinal studies of aging. A coordinated analysis approach is used to compare patterns of change conditional on sample composition differences related to age, sex, and education. Such coordination accelerates evalua…
Developmental Change and Time-Specific Variation in Global and Specific Aspects of Self-Concept in Adolescence and Association With Depressive Symptoms
Previous research has demonstrated that adolescents make differential self-evaluations in multiple domains that include physical appearance, academic competence, and peer acceptance. We report growth curve analyses over a seven year period from age 9 to age 16 on the six domains of the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children. In general, we find little change in self-concept, on average, but do find substantial individual differences in level…
Modeling Individual Differences in Within-Person Variation of Negative and Positive Affect in a Mixed Effects Location Scale Model Using Bugs/Jags
A mixed effects location scale model was used to model and explain individual differences in within-person variability of negative and positive affect across 7 days (N=178) within a measurement burst design. The data come from undergraduate university students and are pooled from a study that was repeated at two consecutive years. Individual differences in level and change in mood was modeled with a random intercept and random slope where the res…
Generating Large-Scale Longitudinal Data Resources for Aging Research
It is concluded that a "lite-touch, lo-tech, lo-cost" approach to LSDRs is a viable strategy for the development of LSDRs and would enhance the likelihood of LSDRs being established which are dedicated to the wide range of important aging-related issues
Predictors of maternal child-feeding style
Personality predicts mortality risk
Educational Inequalities in Health Behaviors at Midlife
Education is a fundamental cause of social inequalities in health because it influences the distribution of resources, including money, knowledge, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections, that can be used in situ to influence health. Recent studies have highlighted early-life cognition as commonly indicating the propensity for educational attainment and determining health and age of mortality. Health behaviors provide a plausible mecha…
Developmental Change and Time-Specific Variation in Global and Specific Aspects of Self-Concept in Adolescence and Association With Depressive Symptoms
Previous research has demonstrated that adolescents make differential self-evaluations in multiple domains that include physical appearance, academic competence, and peer acceptance. We report growth curve analyses over a seven year period from age 9 to age 16 on the six domains of the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children. In general, we find little change in self-concept, on average, but do find substantial individual differences in level…
Health and Cognition in Aging Research
THIS supplemental issue of The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences is based on papers presented at a conference on “Cognition, Health, and Aging: Integrating Perspectives across Disciplines” held at Pennsylvania State University, October 30–31, 2009. This conference focused on discussing new research findings and methodological approaches regarding the interplay of the dynamics of biological factors in co…
Levels of Depression and Anxiety Among Informal Caregivers During the Covid-19 Pandemic
The findings shed light on the change in mental health among informal caregivers during the outset of the pandemic. The demonstrated associations between studied variables and mental health among informal caregivers provide empirical evidence for intervention programs aiming to support caregivers, particularly those who are female, and providing intensive care at home
Toward an Integrative Science of Life-Span Development and Aging
The study of aging demands an integrative life-span developmental framework, involving interdisciplinary collaborations and multiple methodological approaches for understanding how and why individuals change, in both normative and idiosyncratic ways. We highlight and summarize some of the issues encountered when conducting integrative research for understanding aging-related change, including, the integration of results across different levels of…
Are Changes in Self-Rated Health Associated With Memory Decline in Older Adults
Our findings suggest that SRH status and patterns of change could be used as a marker of cognitive decline in prevention screening programs
Terminal Decline and Markers of Cerebro- and Cardiovascular Disease
The purpose of this study was to examine the cognition-survival relationship among nondemented individuals in late life. The longitudinal design included three examinations at 2-year intervals. At baseline, 466 individuals (age range = 80-98) were examined. During the 6 years of follow-up, 206 individuals died. Four survival groups were defined on the basis of mortality prior to the subsequent measurement occasion. Tests of cognitive functioning …
Cohort and Period Effects as Explanations for Declining Dementia Trends and Cognitive Aging
Studies have reported that the age-adjusted incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia have decreased over the past two decades. Aging is the predominant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and for neurocognitive decline. However, aging alone cannot explain changes in the overall age-adjusted incidence of dementia. The objective of this position paper was to describe the potential for cohort and period effects in cogniti…
Effects of Repeated Testing in a Longitudinal Age-Homogeneous Study of Cognitive Aging
Estimates of gains related to repeated test exposure (retest effects) and within-person cognitive changes are confounded in most longitudinal studies because of the nonindependent time structures underlying both processes. Recently developed statistical approaches rely on between-person age differences to estimate effects of repeated testing. This study, however, demonstrates how retest effects can be evaluated at the group level in an age-homoge…
A novel approach to model cumulative stress
Cohort Changes and Sex Differences After Age 50 in Cognitive Variables in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
These cohort effects generally favored later-born cohorts. Implications and future directions are discussed
Personality traits, cognitive states, and mortality in older adulthood
80 years; 74% female) over up to 23 annual assessments. Multistate survival modeling examined the extent to which conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion, assessed using the NEO Five Factor Inventory, were associated with transitions between cognitive status categories and death. Additionally, multinomial regression models estimated cognitive health span and total survival based on standard deviation units of personality traits. Adjustin…
Memory Decline and Depression Onset in U.S. and European Older Adults
Objectives: We explore the association between different patterns of change in depressive symptoms and memory trajectories in US and European Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy, and Israel) and non-Mediterranean (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria) older adults. Methods: Samples consisted of 3,466 participants from the Health Retirement Study (HRS) and 3,940 participants from the Survey of Health, Aging and …
Concordance of Self-Report and Informant Assessment of Emotional Well-Being in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia
The emotional well-being of persons with dementia is an aspect of their quality of life. We examined the stability of informant-rated and self-reported emotion, and the influence of mental status and physical dependence on ratings; we modeled concordance between ratings at both the within- and between-person levels of analysis. We used multilevel modeling to examine data collected over 12 days from 31 nursing home residents. We found significant …
Origins of Individual Differences in Episodic Memory in the Oldest-Old
The relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on episodic memory in very late life was studied using a quantitative genetic approach. Identical (n = 125) and same-sex fraternal (n = 157) twin pairs, aged 80 and older (mean age = 83.3; SD = 3.1) and without a diagnosis of dementia were tested with seven memory measures: (1-2) Digit Span Forward and Backwards, (3) Prose Recall, (4) Thurstone's picture memory test, and the Memory i…
Maximizing the Usefulness of Data Obtained with Planned Missing Value Patterns
Researchers often face a dilemma: Should they collect little data and emphasize quality, or much data at the expense of quality? The utility of the 3-form design coupled with maximum likelihood methods for estimation of missing values was evaluated. In 3-form design surveys, four sets of items. X, A, B, and C are administered: Each third of the subjects receives X and one combination of two other item sets - AB, BC, or AC. Variances and covarianc…
Origins of Individual Differences in Episodic Memory in the Oldest-Old
The relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on episodic memory in very late life was studied using a quantitative genetic approach. Identical (n = 125) and same-sex fraternal (n = 157) twin pairs, aged 80 and older (mean age = 83.3; SD = 3.1) and without a diagnosis of dementia were tested with seven memory measures: (1-2) Digit Span Forward and Backwards, (3) Prose Recall, (4) Thurstone's picture memory test, and the Memory i…
Predictors of maternal child-feeding style
Terminal Decline and Markers of Cerebro- and Cardiovascular Disease
The purpose of this study was to examine the cognition-survival relationship among nondemented individuals in late life. The longitudinal design included three examinations at 2-year intervals. At baseline, 466 individuals (age range = 80-98) were examined. During the 6 years of follow-up, 206 individuals died. Four survival groups were defined on the basis of mortality prior to the subsequent measurement occasion. Tests of cognitive functioning …
Social Context in Gene–Environment Interactions
While many behavioral scientists believe that gene–environment (GE) interactions play an important and perhaps pervasive role in human development and aging, little attention has been devoted to a fundamental conceptual issue: What is it about social context that could alter gene expression? We draw on existing examples of GE interactions to formulate a typology that identifies a set of generic mechanisms by which E moderates G. Empirical studies…
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Time-Dependent Data
The effect of time-related mean differences on estimates of association in cross-sectional studies has not been widely recognized in developmental and aging research. Cross-sectional studies of samples varying in age have found moderate to high levels of shared age-related variance among diverse age-related measures. These findings may be misleading because high levels of association between time-dependent processes can result simply from average…
Effects of Repeated Testing in a Longitudinal Age-Homogeneous Study of Cognitive Aging
Estimates of gains related to repeated test exposure (retest effects) and within-person cognitive changes are confounded in most longitudinal studies because of the nonindependent time structures underlying both processes. Recently developed statistical approaches rely on between-person age differences to estimate effects of repeated testing. This study, however, demonstrates how retest effects can be evaluated at the group level in an age-homoge…
Concordance of Self-Report and Informant Assessment of Emotional Well-Being in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia
The emotional well-being of persons with dementia is an aspect of their quality of life. We examined the stability of informant-rated and self-reported emotion, and the influence of mental status and physical dependence on ratings; we modeled concordance between ratings at both the within- and between-person levels of analysis. We used multilevel modeling to examine data collected over 12 days from 31 nursing home residents. We found significant …
Handbook of Cognitive Aging: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Toward an Integrative Science of Life-Span Development and Aging
The study of aging demands an integrative life-span developmental framework, involving interdisciplinary collaborations and multiple methodological approaches for understanding how and why individuals change, in both normative and idiosyncratic ways. We highlight and summarize some of the issues encountered when conducting integrative research for understanding aging-related change, including, the integration of results across different levels of…
Generating Large-Scale Longitudinal Data Resources for Aging Research
It is concluded that a "lite-touch, lo-tech, lo-cost" approach to LSDRs is a viable strategy for the development of LSDRs and would enhance the likelihood of LSDRs being established which are dedicated to the wide range of important aging-related issues
Health and Cognition in Aging Research
THIS supplemental issue of The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences is based on papers presented at a conference on “Cognition, Health, and Aging: Integrating Perspectives across Disciplines” held at Pennsylvania State University, October 30–31, 2009. This conference focused on discussing new research findings and methodological approaches regarding the interplay of the dynamics of biological factors in co…
Modeling Individual Differences in Within-Person Variation of Negative and Positive Affect in a Mixed Effects Location Scale Model Using Bugs/Jags
A mixed effects location scale model was used to model and explain individual differences in within-person variability of negative and positive affect across 7 days (N=178) within a measurement burst design. The data come from undergraduate university students and are pooled from a study that was repeated at two consecutive years. Individual differences in level and change in mood was modeled with a random intercept and random slope where the res…
Coordinated Analysis of Age, Sex, and Education Effects on Change in MMSE Scores
OBJECTIVES: We describe and compare the expected performance trajectories of older adults on the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) across six independent studies from four countries in the context of a collaborative network of longitudinal studies of aging. A coordinated analysis approach is used to compare patterns of change conditional on sample composition differences related to age, sex, and education. Such coordination accelerates evalua…
Developmental Change and Time-Specific Variation in Global and Specific Aspects of Self-Concept in Adolescence and Association With Depressive Symptoms
Previous research has demonstrated that adolescents make differential self-evaluations in multiple domains that include physical appearance, academic competence, and peer acceptance. We report growth curve analyses over a seven year period from age 9 to age 16 on the six domains of the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children. In general, we find little change in self-concept, on average, but do find substantial individual differences in level…
Fighting for Intelligence
John L. Horn (1928–2006) was a pioneer in multivariate thinking and the application of multivariate methods to research on intelligence and personality. His key works on individual differences in the methodological areas of factor analysis and the substantive areas of cognition are reviewed here. John was also our mentor, teacher, colleague, and friend. We overview John Horn's main contributions to the field of intelligence by highlighting 3 issu…
Correlated and Coupled Trajectories of Cancer-Related Worries and Depressive Symptoms among Long-Term Cancer Survivors
The quality of life over time of long-term survivors has become an important part of both cancer and aging research. This paper examines individual differences in trajectories of cancer-related worries and depressive symptoms of 179 participants who completed four waves of annual interviews. Cancer-related worries were significantly associated with both initial level and trajectories of depressive symptoms. In a parallel process growth curve mode…
Educational Inequalities in Health Behaviors at Midlife
Education is a fundamental cause of social inequalities in health because it influences the distribution of resources, including money, knowledge, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections, that can be used in situ to influence health. Recent studies have highlighted early-life cognition as commonly indicating the propensity for educational attainment and determining health and age of mortality. Health behaviors provide a plausible mecha…
Are Changes in Self-Rated Health Associated With Memory Decline in Older Adults
Our findings suggest that SRH status and patterns of change could be used as a marker of cognitive decline in prevention screening programs
Personality predicts mortality risk
The unity and diversity of executive functions
Memory Decline and Depression Onset in U.S. and European Older Adults
Objectives: We explore the association between different patterns of change in depressive symptoms and memory trajectories in US and European Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy, and Israel) and non-Mediterranean (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria) older adults. Methods: Samples consisted of 3,466 participants from the Health Retirement Study (HRS) and 3,940 participants from the Survey of Health, Aging and …
Cohort Profile
The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) was established to understand and address the needs of an aging population.1–3 Overall aims are to examine aging as a dynamic process; to investigate the inter-relationship among intrinsic and extrinsic factors from mid-life to older age; and to capture the transitions, trajectories and profiles of aging.4 A central objective in creating the CLSA was to provide national infrastructure and build capa…
Mortality Risk Associated With Personality Facets of the Big Five and Interpersonal Circumplex Across Three Aging Cohorts
OBJECTIVE: To address the common reliance on the global Big Five domains in the personality and longevity literature, the present study examined mortality risk associated with subdimensions of Big Five domains as well as specific traits within the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) model of personality. METHODS: Data were drawn from three major longitudinal studies of aging that administered the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, a comprehensive meas…
Systematic Review of Pulmonary Function and Cognition in Aging
Psychology (26 works) · Medicine (25 works) · Gerontology (18 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (16 works) · Cognition (14 works) · Developmental psychology (14 works) · Psychiatry (14 works) · Longitudinal study (12 works) · Demography (11 works) · Disease (11 works)