G Chick
Biographic Data
| ID | 34689 |
|---|---|
| NAME | G Chick |
| GIVEN NAMES | G |
| FAMILY NAME | Chick |
| SIGNATURE | CHICK G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Pennsylvania State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9935-0032 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 71 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 487 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 71 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Predicting Leisure Satisfaction in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Brazil: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis
Numerous studies show that individuals’ satisfaction with their leisure relates to other aspects of their lives such as perceived quality of life, life satisfaction, subjective wellbeing, and self-rated health. However, the factors that lead to differences in leisure satisfaction are less well known, especially those involving culture. The purpose of this study is to determine which, among several variables common to samples from locations in Mai…
Hsiao Yao: A Chinese Analog of the Classical Western Idea of Leisure
Leisure is recognized as an arena in which an individual deals with fundamental human concerns including living a good life and pursuing happiness. It is therefore not peculiar to Western culture but an interest in most, if not all, cultures and societies. However, leisure researchers have been slow in acknowledging this assumption, especially with respect to the meaning of leisure in non-Western settings. The authors argue that the Chinese conce…
Leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Brazil: A meta-analysis
Satisfaction results from individuals’ comparison of what they have and what they feel they should have, deserve, or hope to have. Numerous studies point to relationships between satisfaction with one’s leisure and other life domains, including perceived quality of life, self-rated health, and life satisfaction, a component of subjective well-being. In this study, we conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship between leisure satisfaction and lif…
Predicting leisure satisfaction among the Han and Uyghur in Xinjiang, China
Leisure satisfaction is associated with overarching individual characteristics such as life satisfaction, perceived quality of life, subjective wellbeing, and happiness. However, what predicts leisure satisfaction is less well understood, especially in non-Western cultures. To address this lacuna, we compared Han and Uyghur residents of Xinjiang, China, in terms of leisure satisfaction, community satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-reported …
Cultural Consonance Mediates the Effects of Leisure Constraints on Leisure Satisfaction: A Reconceptualization and Replication
Satisfaction with leisure contributes to life satisfaction, marital satisfaction, health, and overall wellbeing. It is not clear, however, how individuals develop expectations for satisfaction with their leisure experiences. In this study, we propose a cultural basis for leisure expectations. In particular, we model cultural consonance in leisure, the degree to which individuals, in their own behavior, match cultural conventions for appropriate o…
Situating colorism in intercultural contexts: The multifaceted process of acculturation in shaping attitudes towards skin color
Play with Me, Darling!” Testing the Associations between Adult Playfulness and Indicators of Sexuality
Previous studies have shown that individual differences in adult playfulness are important in interpersonal relationships. However, there is a lack of research on the role of playfulness in human sexuality. Using three studies with four independently collected samples ( N total = 1,124) we tested the differential relations between global playfulness and four facets of playfulness ( O ther-directed, L ighthearted, I ntellectual, W himsical; OLIW) …
Cultural consonance predicts leisure satisfaction in Taiwan
The degree to which individuals are satisfied with their leisure strongly relates to and may substantially influence numerous other aspects of their lives. Nevertheless, although past research has shown that, in some cases, leisure satisfaction is associated with demographic, psychosocial, and/or cultural variables, the comparative efficacy of predictive variables is underdetermined, especially in non-Western societies. Hence, the purpose of this…
Leisure and China in the global context: Introduction to the special issue
The purpose of the special issue “Leisure and China in the Global Context” is to present cutting-edge research on leisure in China and among Chinese populations abroad. The special issue was develo
The War from both Sides: How Dutch and German Visitors Experience an Exhibit of Second World War Stories
Caught between “light skin is beautiful and tanned skin is attractive”: How bicultural socialization shapes attitudes toward skin color aesthetics
A multicultural retreat in exotic serenity: Interpreting temple stay experience using the Mandala of Health model
Temple stay is a creative form of religious tourism in Korea that offers an authentic local experience at a Buddhist temple. This study is to describe the experiences of international participants during their overnight temple stay. Based on field research with in-depth interviews, this study result indicates that participants regarded temple stay as a multicultural retreat in a religious and therapeutic setting to promote their ultimate wellbein…
Adult playfulness and relationship satisfaction: An Apim analysis of romantic couples
Combat Sport
Leisure and Recreation, Anthropological Study of
Leisure is a cultural universal generally regarded as time or activities that individuals engage in free from obligation. Free time and free‐time activities, such as play, games, sport, festivals, visiting family or friends, hobbies, resting, or simple idleness, have attracted relatively little anthropological attention but may be important in culture change and evolution and may have adaptive consequences for individuals and groups. Like the res…
Comment on ‘Strategic games in society: The geography of adult play’
Egg White or Sun-Kissed: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Skin Color and Women’s Leisure Behavior
From playful parents to adaptable children: A Structural Equation Model of the Relationships Between Playfulness and Adaptability Among Young Adults and Their Parents
For evolved phenotypical characteristics to be retained by organisms, the adaptive advantages of those characteristics must outweigh their costs. The costs of play can involve injury, susceptibility to predation, and use of time that might otherwise be devoted to food acquisition while its advantages might include learning, socialization, and physical exercise. Another general evolutionary advantage of play might be that it confers adaptability. …
Cultural Consonance in Leisure, Leisure Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Rated Health in Urban Taiwan
The purpose of this study threefold: to determine whether a shared cultural model of the importance of a set of leisure activities to a good leisure life existed in urban Taiwan, the degree to which cultural consonance in leisure mediates the relationship between leisure constraints and leisure satisfaction, and the degree to which leisure satisfaction affects life satisfaction and self-rated health. Results indicate that a cultural model of the …
The Longitudinal Association Between Playfulness and Resilience in Older Women Engaged in The Red Hat Society
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between playfulness and resilience in women over the age of 50 who were participating in The Red Hat Society (RHS), a leisure group for older women. The Broaden-and-Build Theory (Fredrickson, 2001), which describes the benefits of positive emotions, was used as a rationale to test the proposition that playfulness through leisure activities, such as those enjoyed in the RHS, can contrib…
Meditation as a kind of leisure: The similarities and differences in the United States
Meditation has been shown to be a cost-effective means to help individuals reduce stress, alleviate anxiety and depression. Similarly, leisure has been found to reduce stress, improve mood and contribute to overall health and well-being. The similarities and differences in outcomes between meditation and leisure suggest that a comparative analysis may determine if and how experiences and outcomes of meditation may be similar to and different from…
Leisure Constraints, Leisure Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Rated Health in Six Cities in Taiwan
Extensive research shows that individuals in lower socioeconomic statuses experience higher levels of morbidity and mortality than those of higher social status. This disparity remains even after lifestyle changes such as reduced smoking, improved diet, more exercise, and better access to medical care are afforded to those of lower status. According to Fundamental Social Cause Theory (FSCT), access to valued resources, including environmental, so…
Informant-Provided Leisure Constraints in Six Taiwanese Cities
Lists of leisure activities and/or constraints used in research in non-Western settings are typically imported from studies executed in North America or Europe despite the possible influence of cultural context. To avoid this problem, we asked 182 informants from six cities in Taiwan to free list leisure constraints. While our primary purpose was to develop a culture-appropriate list of constraints for use in future research, we also illustrate h…
Cultural consonance in leisure activities and self-rated health in six cities in China
The purpose of this study is to examine leisure constraints, a new variable termed cultural consonance in leisure (CCL), and leisure satisfaction as possible mediators in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and self-rated health in six large cities in China. The hypothesis is that SES has a negative relationship with leisure constraints, that leisure constraints negatively influence CCL, that CCL positively affects leisure satisfa…
A rail pass as a culture code among youth travelers: The case of Rail-ro in Korea
Rail-ro (Railo), a seasonal rail pass for passengers under 25, is considered a culture code among youth in Korea. This study provides an in-depth description about meanings of Railo based on the view of cultural insiders (i.e. youth train backpackers) using ethnographic data collection methods such as participant-observation and semi-structured/unstructured interviews. The results indicated that Railo is not thought of as just a rail pass among y…
The Social Nature of Leisure Involvement
The involvement construct has been used to explain a variety of leisure-related phenomena. While these efforts have made valuable contributions toward furthering the field's understanding of leisure behavior and involvement in particular, many of these investigations have been limited by the measures used to operationalize the construct. Most research that has incorporated the construct in their investigations has been quantitative and has employ…
Leisure and culture: Issues for an anthropology of leisure
The coverage of and interest in non-Western and cross-cultural aspects of leisure seems to be on the increase in leisure studies. Although this is a welcome trend in the current climate of multiculturalism, there is currently no systematic agenda for the anthropological study of leisure. I suggest that four issues should be addressed to serve as a foundation for an anthropology of leisure. These include (a) the ethnography of leisure, (b) the cro…
Enduring leisure involvement: The importance of personal relationships
In this investigation we sought to explore the properties of enduring leisure involvement from the perspective of campers attending an agricultural encampment and fair in the United States. Using informants' narratives of their experiences, we sought to address the research question: ‘what elements of informants' experience of the fair have sustained their involvement with it throughout their lives?’ It was revealed that informants' experiences a…
The Social Construction of a Sense of Place
The purpose of this investigation was to explore the meanings recreationists tenting at an agricultural fair associated with the settings in which their fair experience occurred. Using a symbolic interactionist framework, our analysis of data collected through onsite observation and using photo-elicitation guided interviews illustrated that informants' place meanings were the product of interactive processes involving the individual, their social…
Religion and identity in India’s heritage tourism
Cultural Complexity: The Concept and Its Measurement
Cultural complexity is one of the most commonly used variables in cross-cultural research. It has often been used as a measure of cultural evolution and has been shown to correlate with numerous other variables. At least eight measures of cultural complexity have been constructed since the late 1940s. The purpose of this article is to examine three of them, those proposed by Carneiro, Murdock and Provost, and Naroll. Particular attention will be …
An Exploration of Meanings of Leisure: A Chinese Perspective
In the West, the awareness of the important role of leisure in people's lives has grown significantly since World War II. Leisure studies has been an academic field in the United States for the pas
Jokes build community: Mature tourists’ positive emotions
Leisure Constraints in Six Chinese Cities
The purpose of this study is to describe leisure constraints as perceived by residents of the Chinese cities Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Qingdao, Chengdu, and Shenzhen. Rather than relying on lists of leisure constraints developed in other contexts, we used the common ethnographic technique of free listing, which allows informants to indicate what they perceive as constraints on their leisure. A second sample of informants rated the importance o…
Quitting the Game: Covert Disengagement from Butler County Eight Ball
This study of the Monday Nite Pool League is a continuation of earlier research into recreational tavern pool. We argue that the very competition that is the reason for the league's being contributes to the development of endogenous conflicts within the game that lead some players to quit because the original reasons for their involvement in the game have been eliminated or vitiated. This dynamic, the development of endogenous conflicts, probably…
Judgment, Oversight, and Skill: A Cultural Analysis of P-3 Pilot Error
Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation John Roberts, Thomas Golder, Garry Chick; Judgment, Oversight, and Skill: A Cultural Analysis of P-3 Pilot Error. Human Organization 1 March 1980; 39 (1): 5–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.39.1.j61232uu788n2410 Download citation fi…
Egg White or Sun-Kissed: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Skin Color and Women’s Leisure Behavior
Ethnicity as a Variable in Leisure Research
The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of ethnicity as a construct in leisure research. In particular, we are interested in the degree to which presumed ethnic groups exhibit internal cultural homogeneity. In 2002, the visitors to the Angeles National Forest (ANF) near metropolitan Los Angeles were surveyed. Using purposive sampling at sites known to be heavily used by visitors with diverse ethnic backgrounds, we obtained a sample…
Playfulness in Adulthood as a Personality Trait: A Reconceptualization and a New Measurement
This research is part of a larger effort that integrates advances from personality research and playfulness research to develop a valid and reliable measurement of adult playfulness. We proposed a latent network trait conceptualization that focuses on the interconnected cognitive qualities central to playfulness, strictly distinguished from their state manifestations and personality correlates. A sequential multistudy design involving focus group…
Cultural consonance in leisure activities and self-rated health in six cities in China
The purpose of this study is to examine leisure constraints, a new variable termed cultural consonance in leisure (CCL), and leisure satisfaction as possible mediators in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and self-rated health in six large cities in China. The hypothesis is that SES has a negative relationship with leisure constraints, that leisure constraints negatively influence CCL, that CCL positively affects leisure satisfa…
Games in Culture Revisited: A Replication and Extension of Roberts, Arth, and Bush (1959)
In their classic cross-cultural study "Games in Culture," Roberts, Arth, and Bush (1959) delineated a three-category classification for games (i.e., physical skill, strategy, and chance) as well as a defini tion of games. Both the classification system and the definition have become anthropological standards. Roberts et al. also found that several variables correlated with the presence-absence of different game types. However, the sample that Rob…
Concept and Behavior in a Tlaxcalan Cargo Hierarchy
The degree of congruence between culturally patterned behaviors and the cognitive models from which the behaviors presumably follow; i.e., the distinction between ideal and real culture, is of considerable interest to anthropologists. Close examination can reveal adherence to or deviation from shared standards and expectations of behavior or, alternatively, that there is only limited sharing of standards and expectations. That such intracultural …
Cultural Consonance in Leisure, Leisure Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Rated Health in Urban Taiwan
The purpose of this study threefold: to determine whether a shared cultural model of the importance of a set of leisure activities to a good leisure life existed in urban Taiwan, the degree to which cultural consonance in leisure mediates the relationship between leisure constraints and leisure satisfaction, and the degree to which leisure satisfaction affects life satisfaction and self-rated health. Results indicate that a cultural model of the …
Leisure Constraints, Leisure Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Rated Health in Six Cities in Taiwan
Extensive research shows that individuals in lower socioeconomic statuses experience higher levels of morbidity and mortality than those of higher social status. This disparity remains even after lifestyle changes such as reduced smoking, improved diet, more exercise, and better access to medical care are afforded to those of lower status. According to Fundamental Social Cause Theory (FSCT), access to valued resources, including environmental, so…
Culture as a Variable in the Study of Leisure
Leisure researchers increasingly have invoked culture, either implicitly or explicitly, with the claim that it accounts for differences either in leisure behavior or in attitudes, motivations, or other feelings about leisure among putatively different cultural groups. Unfortunately, they have generally been unclear on what they mean by the term “culture.” Instead, they have relied on either presumably universally understood folk definitions or on…
Chips Off the Ol' Block: Parents' Leisure and Their Children's Play
The data reported in this paper represent initial efforts to seek to explain the antecedents of young children's playful behavior. The hypothesis that much of the child's play style is influenced by the “messages” that parents give from their own leisure was investigated. Preschool children were rated by several of their teachers on five play styles, and each of the child's parents provided information about his/her leisure. Correlational analyse…
Leisure, Labor, and the Complexity of Culture: An Anthropological Perspective
This paper explores and evaluates several theoretical models dealing with the relationship of leisure time availability and cultural complexity from a cross-cultural, anthropological perspective. Culture, cultural complexity, and cultural evolution are discussed in terms of how each may influence, or be influenced by, leisure, when viewed as free or unobligated time. A synthetic model of the relationship between cultural complexity and leisure ti…
Lathe Craft: A Study in 'Part' Appreciation
Craftsmanship on the engine lathe in the context of four small western Pennsylvania machine shops is examined in terms of behaviors associated with lathe operation, the technological specialization of machinists, and some cognitive and expressive qualities of parts produced on a lathe. A comparison of the categorizations and rankings of lathe produced parts for samples of machinists and non-machinists indicates that machinists judge parts primari…
Adult playfulness and relationship satisfaction: An Apim analysis of romantic couples
Informant-Provided Leisure Constraints in Six Taiwanese Cities
Lists of leisure activities and/or constraints used in research in non-Western settings are typically imported from studies executed in North America or Europe despite the possible influence of cultural context. To avoid this problem, we asked 182 informants from six cities in Taiwan to free list leisure constraints. While our primary purpose was to develop a culture-appropriate list of constraints for use in future research, we also illustrate h…
Judgment, Oversight, and Skill: A Cultural Analysis of P-3 Pilot Error
Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation John Roberts, Thomas Golder, Garry Chick; Judgment, Oversight, and Skill: A Cultural Analysis of P-3 Pilot Error. Human Organization 1 March 1980; 39 (1): 5–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.39.1.j61232uu788n2410 Download citation fi…
Concept and Behavior in a Tlaxcalan Cargo Hierarchy
The degree of congruence between culturally patterned behaviors and the cognitive models from which the behaviors presumably follow; i.e., the distinction between ideal and real culture, is of considerable interest to anthropologists. Close examination can reveal adherence to or deviation from shared standards and expectations of behavior or, alternatively, that there is only limited sharing of standards and expectations. That such intracultural …
Leisure and the development of culture
Quitting the Game: Covert Disengagement from Butler County Eight Ball
This study of the Monday Nite Pool League is a continuation of earlier research into recreational tavern pool. We argue that the very competition that is the reason for the league's being contributes to the development of endogenous conflicts within the game that lead some players to quit because the original reasons for their involvement in the game have been eliminated or vitiated. This dynamic, the development of endogenous conflicts, probably…
Personality Attribute Inference and Religious Officeholding in a Tlaxcalan Village
Leisure and Recreation Concepts: A Critical Analysis. Jay S. Shivers
(1986). Leisure and Recreation Concepts: A Critical Analysis. Jay S. Shivers. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 337-339
Chips Off the Ol' Block: Parents' Leisure and Their Children's Play
The data reported in this paper represent initial efforts to seek to explain the antecedents of young children's playful behavior. The hypothesis that much of the child's play style is influenced by the “messages” that parents give from their own leisure was investigated. Preschool children were rated by several of their teachers on five play styles, and each of the child's parents provided information about his/her leisure. Correlational analyse…
Leisure, Labor, and the Complexity of Culture: An Anthropological Perspective
This paper explores and evaluates several theoretical models dealing with the relationship of leisure time availability and cultural complexity from a cross-cultural, anthropological perspective. Culture, cultural complexity, and cultural evolution are discussed in terms of how each may influence, or be influenced by, leisure, when viewed as free or unobligated time. A synthetic model of the relationship between cultural complexity and leisure ti…
Lathe Craft: A Study in 'Part' Appreciation
Craftsmanship on the engine lathe in the context of four small western Pennsylvania machine shops is examined in terms of behaviors associated with lathe operation, the technological specialization of machinists, and some cognitive and expressive qualities of parts produced on a lathe. A comparison of the categorizations and rankings of lathe produced parts for samples of machinists and non-machinists indicates that machinists judge parts primari…
Rethinking Polygyny: Co-Wives, Codes, and Cultural Systems [and Comments and Reply]
Leisure and antileisure in game play
Leisure is often described as being intrinsically motivated and offering the element of choice. Although games are normally considered recreational or leisure activities, there are certain circumstances in which they take on qualities that are not only nonleisurelike (i.e., lacking in intrinsic motivation and choice) but are actually destructive to the leisure experience. It is suggested that certain aspects of game‐playing situations can destroy…
Play and Culture. Volume 2, No. 1, February 1989
Conflict and quitting in the monday nite pool league
Models of attitudes and emotional conflicts related to players quitting a recreational pool league, developed in an earlier study, are tested with follow‐up data collected 2 years after the original data were collected. The earlier study suggested that some players quit because of psychologically uncomfortable levels of approach‐avoidance and tension‐relief conflicts that derive from the social context in which the game is played and, to some ext…
Experience Sampling in Anthropological Research
Bloodsucking Witchcraft: An Epistemological Study of Anthropomorphic Supernaturalism in Rural Tlaxcala. Hugo G. Nutini and John M. Roberts
Crossroads and crises, or much ado about nothing? A comment on mommaas and coalter
(1997). Crossroads and crises, or much ado about nothing? A comment on mommaas and coalter. Leisure Sciences: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 285-289
Cultural Complexity: The Concept and Its Measurement
Cultural complexity is one of the most commonly used variables in cross-cultural research. It has often been used as a measure of cultural evolution and has been shown to correlate with numerous other variables. At least eight measures of cultural complexity have been constructed since the late 1940s. The purpose of this article is to examine three of them, those proposed by Carneiro, Murdock and Provost, and Naroll. Particular attention will be …
Combative Sport and Warfare: A Reappraisal of the Spillover and Catharsis Hypotheses
In his classic 1973 study, Richard Sipes used a cross-cultural sample to examine the relationship between combative sport and warfare. He found that combat sport and war tended to co-occur, thus supporting a spillover hypothesis, rather than a catharsis hypothesis. However, his sample was small (n = 20) and composed of outliers—societies that were either extremely warlike or extremely peaceful-and did not address a current concern in cross-cultur…
Science, materialism, and the quest for an anthropology of leisure: A rejoinder
This paper is a response to the commentaries on my article, “Leisure and Culture: Issues for an Anthropology of Leisure,”; that appeared in the previous issue of Leisure Sciences (Vol. 20, No. 2). The commentators addressed two topics, in the main. The first of these is my epistemological stance, cultural materialism, and its utility in the study of leisure. Though most of the commentators agreed that a materialist approach has value in the study…
Games in Culture Revisited: A Replication and Extension of Roberts, Arth, and Bush (1959)
In their classic cross-cultural study "Games in Culture," Roberts, Arth, and Bush (1959) delineated a three-category classification for games (i.e., physical skill, strategy, and chance) as well as a defini tion of games. Both the classification system and the definition have become anthropological standards. Roberts et al. also found that several variables correlated with the presence-absence of different game types. However, the sample that Rob…
Leisure and culture: Issues for an anthropology of leisure
The coverage of and interest in non-Western and cross-cultural aspects of leisure seems to be on the increase in leisure studies. Although this is a welcome trend in the current climate of multiculturalism, there is currently no systematic agenda for the anthropological study of leisure. I suggest that four issues should be addressed to serve as a foundation for an anthropology of leisure. These include (a) the ethnography of leisure, (b) the cro…
The Measurement of Cultural Evolution in the Non-Literate World: Homage to Raoul Naroll . David G. Hays
Writing Culture Reliably: The Analysis of High-Concordance Codes
Although ethnography has traditionally been regarded as high in validity, assessment of reliability in anthropological field research is very difficult. Fortunately, forms of systematic data collection exist that !end themselves both to reliability testing and replication. The analysis of culture in terms of high-concordance codes that compose systemic culture patterns is way to generate reliable data and replicable studies. (High-concordance cod…
Culture-Bearing Units and the Units of Culture: An Introduction
The articles that follow explore two issues. First, is it possible to differentiate empirically useful culture-bearing units from one another? If it is possible in principle, how can it be accomplished in practice? Second, are there operationalizable and empirically useful units of culture itself, and are such units necessary? Or, is it possible—and preferable—to construct a theory or theories of cultural evolution, transmission, and information …
The Social Nature of Leisure Involvement
The involvement construct has been used to explain a variety of leisure-related phenomena. While these efforts have made valuable contributions toward furthering the field's understanding of leisure behavior and involvement in particular, many of these investigations have been limited by the measures used to operationalize the construct. Most research that has incorporated the construct in their investigations has been quantitative and has employ…
Psychology (49 works) · Sociology (49 works) · Social Psychology (38 works) · Social Psychology (30 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (29 works) · Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research (21 works) · Geography (19 works) · Political science (18 works) · Computer Science (16 works) · Sport and Mega-Event Impacts (15 works)