G Ortman
Biographic Data
| ID | 34690 |
|---|---|
| NAME | G Ortman |
| GIVEN NAMES | G |
| FAMILY NAME | Ortman |
| SIGNATURE | ORTMAN G |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Colorado Boulder |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0709-5287 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 54 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 514 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 54 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Reframing Interpretation of the Juvenility Index
One of the most important ways that archaeology can contribute to the knowledge base for navigating contemporary concerns is by assessing the large-scale and long-term consequences of various social arrangements. The most straightforward and objective way of measuring these consequences is through their effects on demographic rates and population health. Paleo-demographers have converged on the Juvenility Index—the probability of dying between th…
Sequences of Inequality and Social Processes in the Central and Southern Andes (1st and 2nd millennia AD)
Migration and Environmental Learning in Interstitial Areas: An Example from the Northern Rio Puerco Valley, New Mexico
In this paper we illustrate the potential of interstitial areas, as distinct from both cores and peripheries, for understanding migration and environmental learning among maize farming populations. We analyze settlement data derived from pedestrian survey of a portion of the Rio Puerco (of the East) watershed in north-central New Mexico. Our exploratory analyses are suggestive of interesting patterns that speak to larger debates in the region, in…
Making comparative archaeological and historical urbanism rigorous and open access through the URBank data platform
Adapting to a global urban future requires diverse, long-term perspectives on urbanism. URBank supports this by bringing together global deep-time urban datasets in a modern open-science computing platform. Its design eschews checklist definitions of cities, representing the variability of past urbanism and enabling systematic comparative spatiotemporal research
Urban scaling theory: Answers to frequent questions
Since its start about 15 years ago, urban scaling research has become a vibrant component of the emerging field of urban science. Initially, this work focused on the identification of nonlinear relationships in urban quantities relative to population size, but more recently it has expanded to include efforts to explain observed scaling relationships in terms of new theory. We find that some misunderstandings have arisen in the literature concerni…
From Exclusive to Inclusive: The Changing Role of Plaza Spaces in the Ancestral Pueblo World (AD 800-1550)
The plaza is one of the most important elements of the built environment for bringing people together in the Pueblo World of the US Southwest. Yet, the myriad ways in which plazas were designed and used vary greatly through time. Although plazas have been significant components of Ancestral Pueblo site layouts for hundreds of years, nearly every research study has been based on the enclosed plazas of the Pueblo IV period. In this article, we eval…
Landscapes, Religion, and Social Change in Pueblo History
In this article, we explore transformations and continuities in cosmology and cultural landscape structure across Pueblo history in the US Southwest. Many researchers have directly compared the archaeology of the society centered at Chaco Canyon (ca. AD 850-1140) in northwestern New Mexico with ethnographic documentation of Pueblo communities from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This approach makes it difficult to understand how cultural …
The costs of transporting goods by different modes: A case study of pottery movement in late Roman Britain
There is a long-standing view that, in the Roman world, transport by sea and river was very much cheaper than by land. Previous analyses of transport costs have relied primarily on a few surviving historical records, notably the Edict on Maximum Prices issued by Diocletian in 301 CE. Here we outline an alternative method for deriving relative costs of transportation by different modes using materials recovered in archaeological excavations. We ap…
A method for defining dispersed community territories
The Global Dynamics of Inequality (Gini) project: Analysing Archaeological Housing Data
The GINI project investigates the dynamics of inequality among populations over the long term by synthesising global archaeological housing data. This project brings archaeologists together from around the world to assess hypotheses concerning the causes and consequences of inequality that are of relevance to contemporary societies globally
Estimating the ‘Missing’ Houses of Silchester
Estimating the numbers of residences, and thus the residential densities and populations, of ancient settlements remains a significant problem. This is true even for ‘greenfield’ sites due to the differential visibility of structures made of different materials in aerial and geophysical surveys. In this paper, we take advantage of statistical relationships among elements of the built environments of Roman cities in Britannia and more broadly acro…
What North American Archaeology Needs to Take Advantage of the Digital Data Revolution
Today, there is a growing movement to use accumulated archaeological information to contribute to discussions of general issues facing human societies, including our own. In this regard, the archaeological record is most unique and helpful when viewed at broad comparative scales. Most relevant data for these sorts of analyses are collected through the cultural resource management (CRM) process. Still, by and large, interpretation remains limited …
The Impact of Transportation on Pottery Industries in Roman Britain
The distribution of Roman pottery depended on the transportation system which moved it. Here we trace developments in these distributions during the Roman period in Britain to document how the transportation system developed and assess its impact on the island’s economy. We created a database with records from 775 excavations at 652 sites, and data on over two million pottery sherds. By analyzing the changing distributions of pottery from product…
Transport Costs and Economic Change in Roman Britain
Reductions in the cost of transporting manufactured goods have been an important element in economic development in the recent past, and previous research suggests that the Roman period in Britain also saw substantial reductions in such costs. The authors investigate how far it is possible to measure changes in transport costs by considering the spatial distributions of pottery from known Roman production locations over time. Their analysis of an…
Scaling of Hunter-Gatherer Camp Size and Human Sociality
One of the most common tendencies of human settlements is for larger settlements to display higher population densities. Work in urban science and archaeology suggests that this densification pattern reflects an emergent spatial equilibrium where individuals balance movement costs with social interaction benefits, leading to increases in aggregate productivity and social interdependence. The temporary camps created by hunters and gatherers exhibi…
Artifact density and population density in settlement pattern research
A common method of estimating population in archaeology is to multiply a settlement area by an occupational density. Empirical studies show that occupational density generally increases with settlement size but estimating occupational density when structural remains are not observable has remained a methodological challenge. Here, we investigate the possibility that occupational density is systematically related to the surface artifact density of…
Provisioning an Early City: Spatial Equilibrium in the Agricultural Economy at Angkor, Cambodia
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10816-021-09535-5
The Low-Density Urban Systems of the Classic Period Maya and Izapa: Insights from Settlement Scaling Theory
The peoples of southern Mesoamerica, including the Classic period Maya, are often claimed to exhibit a distinct type of spatial organization relative to contemporary urban systems. Here, we use the settlement scaling framework and properties of settlements recorded in systematic, full-coverage surveys to examine ways in which southern Mesoamerican settlement systems were both similar to and different from contemporary systems. We find that the po…
Why Archaeology Is Necessary for a Theory of Urbanization
In recent decades researchers in several disciplines have promoted ‘urban science’ to acknowledge the advantages of multidisciplinary approaches and the expanding ability to collect data for contemporary cities. Although practitioners tend to treat the city as the object of study, in our view the more appropriate focus is the process of urbanization. When framed this way, the archaeological record becomes central to a robust theory of urbanizatio…
Urban Science: Integrated Theory from the First Cities to Sustainable Metropolises
From Collaboration to Partnership at Pojoaque, New Mexico
For the past six years, the Pueblo of Pojoaque and University of Colorado Boulder have been working together to investigate ancestral sites on and adjacent to Pojoaque land. Through our partnership, we believe we have learned some important lessons about the potential of archaeology for tribal communities, how archaeologists and tribal members can work together as coinvestigators, how such partnerships improve archaeological practice, and how the…
Settlement scaling theory: Bridging the study of ancient and contemporary urban systems
A general explanatory framework for the social processes underpinning urbanisation should account for empirical regularities that are shared among contemporary urban systems and ancient settlement systems known throughout archaeology and history. The identification of such shared properties has been facilitated by research traditions in each field that define cities and settlements as areas that capture networks of social interaction embedded in …
Reassessing the Capacities of Entertainment Structures in the Roman Empire
In recent years, scholars have become increasingly skeptical of the idea that there is any relationship between the capacities of entertainment structures such as theaters and amphitheaters and the populations of Graeco-Roman cities. In this article, we begin by offering a model of information percolation in cities grounded in settlement scaling theory. We then show that there is a systematic relationship between the capacities of both theaters a…
The Network Effects of Rio Grande Pueblo Rituals
Economic Growth in the Pueblos
Historical Ecology in the Mesa Verde Region: Results from the Village Ecodynamics Project
Using the occupation histories of 3,176 habitation sites, new estimates of maize-agriculture productivity, and an analysis of over 1,700 construction timbers, we examine the historical ecology of Pueblo peoples during their seven-century occupation (A.D. 600-1300) of a densely settled portion of the Mesa Verde archaeological region. We identify two cycles of population growth and decline, the earlier and smaller peaking in the late-A.D. 800s, the…
Rethinking the Pueblo I Period in the San Juan Drainage: Aggregation, Migration, and Cultural Diversity
The Pueblo I period (A.D. 750–900) in the northern Southwest was a dramatic time that witnessed large-scale population movements and the formation of the first large pueblo villages. By A.D. 860, there may have been more than 10,000 people settled in villages north of the San Juan River in southwest Colorado and southeast Utah. The populations of these villages appear to have come from at least two distinct cultural backgrounds. By A.D. 890, the …
The Social Consequences of Climate Change in the Central Mesa Verde Region
The consequences of climate change vary over space and time. Effective studies of human responses to climatically induced environmental change must therefore sample the environmental diversity experienced by specific societies. We reconstruct population histories from A.D. 600 to 1280 in six environmentally distinct portions of the central Mesa Verde region in southwestern Colorado, relating these to climate-driven changes in agricultural potenti…
Accumulations research in the Southwest United States: Middle-Range Theory for Big-Picture Problems
Accumulations research examines three variables fundamental to understanding the archaeological record: time, population size, and the accumulation of artifacts. This type of research has been conducted for over a century, and remains productive because it addresses both basic archaeological problems and questions of broad anthropological interest. This paper illustrates the principles and benefits of accumulations research by analyzing the accum…
Empirical Bayesian Methods for Archaeological Survey Data: An Application from the Mesa Verde Region
Cultural resource databases represent the single largest compilations of archaeological site data, but these databases are seldom used in research because they were designed for management purposes, evolved from paper-based inventories, contain significant interobserver variation, and record information inconsistently. In this paper we present methods designed to alleviate these problems in an analysis of more than 3,000 ancestral Pueblo habitati…
Uniform Probability Density Analysis and Population History in the Northern Rio Grande
Resolving the migrant paradox: Two pathways to coalescence in the late precontact U.S. Southwest
The Better Angels of their Nature: Declining Violence through Time Among Prehispanic Farmers of the Pueblo Southwest
The central Mesa Verde and the northern Rio Grande regions housed two of the densest populations of prehispanic Pueblo peoples in the North American Southwest. We plot incidence of violent trauma on human bone through time in each region. Such violence peaked in the mid-A.D. 1100s in the central Mesa Verde, and in general was higher through time there than in the northern Rio Grande region. In the central Mesa Verde, but not in the northern Rio G…
Conceptual Metaphor in the Archaeological Record: Methods and an Example from the American Southwest
This paper attempts to unify recent theorizing on cultural meaning in material culture using the notion of conceptual metaphor. Research in several disciplines suggests that conventional metaphorical concepts are central to cultural cognition. Ethnographic studies and psychological experiments indicate that conceptual metaphors are expressed in numerous forms of human expression, including speech, ritual, narrative, and material culture. Generali…
A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements
The last few years have seen a growing interest in the urbanism of the Greek and Roman world. This has led to a consensus of sorts about some of its vital statistics, such as the sizes of the populations of the most important settlements and the size of the overall urban population, the urbanization rate (i.e., the share of individuals that lived in urban, rather than rural, contexts), and the total population. A good example comes from W. Scheid…
Obsidian Evidence of Interaction and Migration from the Mesa Verde Region, Southwest Colorado
A growing body of evidence demonstrates that ancestral Pueblo people living in the central Mesa Verde region of the U.S. Southwest maintained long-distance contacts with other Pueblo peoples. Questions of Pueblo interactions through time and across space have traditionally been addressed using ceramic sourcing data. This research uses obsidian source data to argue that, from A.D. 600 to 920, residents of the central Mesa Verde region obtained obs…
The Low-Density Urban Systems of the Classic Period Maya and Izapa: Insights from Settlement Scaling Theory
The peoples of southern Mesoamerica, including the Classic period Maya, are often claimed to exhibit a distinct type of spatial organization relative to contemporary urban systems. Here, we use the settlement scaling framework and properties of settlements recorded in systematic, full-coverage surveys to examine ways in which southern Mesoamerican settlement systems were both similar to and different from contemporary systems. We find that the po…
Settlement scaling theory: Bridging the study of ancient and contemporary urban systems
A general explanatory framework for the social processes underpinning urbanisation should account for empirical regularities that are shared among contemporary urban systems and ancient settlement systems known throughout archaeology and history. The identification of such shared properties has been facilitated by research traditions in each field that define cities and settlements as areas that capture networks of social interaction embedded in …
Settlement scaling and economic change in the Central Andes
There is a longstanding debate in anthropology and history regarding the extent to which the determinants of past economic change are similar in any specific ways to those that operate today. In this paper, we examine the extent to which increasing returns to settlement scale in material outputs, which are apparent in contemporary urban systems, also operated in the Late Pre-Hispanic Tarma and Mantaro drainages of the Peruvian Central Andes. Prox…
Fostering Collaborative Synthetic Research in Archaeology
While our fascination with understanding the past is sufficient to warrant an increased focus on synthesis, solutions to important problems facing modern society require understandings based on data that only archaeology can provide. Yet, even as we use public monies to collect ever-greater amounts of data, modes of research that can stimulate emergent understandings of human behavior have lagged behind. Consequently, a substantial amount of arch…
Settlement Scaling in Middle-Range Societies
The contemporary relevance of archaeology would be greatly enhanced if archaeologists could develop theory that frames human societies of all scales in the same terms. We present evidence that an approach known as settlement scaling theory can contribute to such a framework. The theory proposes that a variety of aggregate socioeconomic properties of human networks emerge from individuals arranging themselves in space so as to balance the costs of…
DNA analysis of ancient dogs of the Americas: Identifying possible founding haplotypes and reconstructing population histories
Scaling of Hunter-Gatherer Camp Size and Human Sociality
One of the most common tendencies of human settlements is for larger settlements to display higher population densities. Work in urban science and archaeology suggests that this densification pattern reflects an emergent spatial equilibrium where individuals balance movement costs with social interaction benefits, leading to increases in aggregate productivity and social interdependence. The temporary camps created by hunters and gatherers exhibi…
Pattern and Variation in Northern San Juan Village Histories
Crow Canyon's early excavations in the Sand Canyon locality suggested that late Pueblo III canyon-rim villages formed rapidly and according to a consistent pattern. The Village Testing Project was designed to test this and other settlement pattern models through surface mapping and test excavations at large, late sites in the central Mesa Verde area of the Northern San Juan region. Based on new data from Woods Canyon Pueblo, Yellow Jacket Pueblo,…
Provisioning an Early City: Spatial Equilibrium in the Agricultural Economy at Angkor, Cambodia
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10816-021-09535-5
Reframing the Northern Rio Grande Pueblo Economy
"The archaeological record of the Northern Rio Grande exhibits the hallmarks of economic development, but Pueblo economies were organized in radically different ways than modern capitalist economies. The book explores the patterns and determinants of economic development in pre-Hispanic Rio Grande Pueblo society, building a platform for more broadly informed research on this critical process"--Provided by publisher
Urban form, infrastructure and spatial organisation in the Roman Empire
The Kiowa Odyssey: Evidence of historical relationships among Pueblo, Fremont, and Northwest Plains peoples
A detail of North American prehistory that has long puzzled anthropologists is how the Kiowa speech community ended up on the Southern Plains, given that Kiowa is closely related to the Tanoan Pueblo languages of the US Southwest. In this paper, we present a variety of linguistic, ethnographic, and archaeological evidence which suggest: (1) Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan was spoken in Late Archaic and Eastern Basketmaker II sites on the Colorado Plateau; (2)…
Demographic and Social Dimensions of the Neolithic Revolution in Southwest Colorado
Domesticated food production is widely acknowledged as a crucial innovation that led to significant transformations in human demography and social organization. Here, we address demographic and social dimensions of the Neolithic Revolution in the Mesa Verde region of Southwest Colorado. We first propose a new method of dating habitations to one of two phases of the Basketmaker III period (AD 600-725) using relative frequencies of vessel forms in …
The costs of transporting goods by different modes: A case study of pottery movement in late Roman Britain
There is a long-standing view that, in the Roman world, transport by sea and river was very much cheaper than by land. Previous analyses of transport costs have relied primarily on a few surviving historical records, notably the Edict on Maximum Prices issued by Diocletian in 301 CE. Here we outline an alternative method for deriving relative costs of transportation by different modes using materials recovered in archaeological excavations. We ap…
Rethinking the Pueblo I Period in the San Juan Drainage: Aggregation, Migration, and Cultural Diversity
The Pueblo I period (A.D. 750–900) in the northern Southwest was a dramatic time that witnessed large-scale population movements and the formation of the first large pueblo villages. By A.D. 860, there may have been more than 10,000 people settled in villages north of the San Juan River in southwest Colorado and southeast Utah. The populations of these villages appear to have come from at least two distinct cultural backgrounds. By A.D. 890, the …
Spatial Patterning in Northern San Juan Villages, a.d. 1050–1300
Detailed maps of Puebloan village sites were made photogrammetrically from aerial photos; wall lines and other details were added by field survey. These maps were used to document three successive community center types, dating from late Pueblo II (A.D. 1050–;1150) through Pueblo III (1150–1300). The maps were also analyzed, in conjunction with other relevant survey and excavation data, to define patterns of village layout and architecture in lat…
Pattern and Variation in Northern San Juan Village Histories
Crow Canyon's early excavations in the Sand Canyon locality suggested that late Pueblo III canyon-rim villages formed rapidly and according to a consistent pattern. The Village Testing Project was designed to test this and other settlement pattern models through surface mapping and test excavations at large, late sites in the central Mesa Verde area of the Northern San Juan region. Based on new data from Woods Canyon Pueblo, Yellow Jacket Pueblo,…
Conceptual Metaphor in the Archaeological Record: Methods and an Example from the American Southwest
This paper attempts to unify recent theorizing on cultural meaning in material culture using the notion of conceptual metaphor. Research in several disciplines suggests that conventional metaphorical concepts are central to cultural cognition. Ethnographic studies and psychological experiments indicate that conceptual metaphors are expressed in numerous forms of human expression, including speech, ritual, narrative, and material culture. Generali…
On a Fundamental False Dichotomy in Evolutionary Archaeology: Response to Hurt, Rakita, and Leonard
My comments on evolutionary archaeology (EA) were not intended to address assumptions of the neutral model of style, but rather the readiness of evolutionary archaeologists to conclude that decorative variation is selectively neutral. In light of this misunderstanding, I welcome the opportunity to clarify my position on implications of my research for EA, as there was insufficient space in the original article to do more than hint at the issues r…
Accumulations research in the Southwest United States: Middle-Range Theory for Big-Picture Problems
Accumulations research examines three variables fundamental to understanding the archaeological record: time, population size, and the accumulation of artifacts. This type of research has been conducted for over a century, and remains productive because it addresses both basic archaeological problems and questions of broad anthropological interest. This paper illustrates the principles and benefits of accumulations research by analyzing the accum…
Historical Ecology in the Mesa Verde Region: Results from the Village Ecodynamics Project
Using the occupation histories of 3,176 habitation sites, new estimates of maize-agriculture productivity, and an analysis of over 1,700 construction timbers, we examine the historical ecology of Pueblo peoples during their seven-century occupation (A.D. 600-1300) of a densely settled portion of the Mesa Verde archaeological region. We identify two cycles of population growth and decline, the earlier and smaller peaking in the late-A.D. 800s, the…
Empirical Bayesian Methods for Archaeological Survey Data: An Application from the Mesa Verde Region
Cultural resource databases represent the single largest compilations of archaeological site data, but these databases are seldom used in research because they were designed for management purposes, evolved from paper-based inventories, contain significant interobserver variation, and record information inconsistently. In this paper we present methods designed to alleviate these problems in an analysis of more than 3,000 ancestral Pueblo habitati…
Obsidian Evidence of Interaction and Migration from the Mesa Verde Region, Southwest Colorado
A growing body of evidence demonstrates that ancestral Pueblo people living in the central Mesa Verde region of the U.S. Southwest maintained long-distance contacts with other Pueblo peoples. Questions of Pueblo interactions through time and across space have traditionally been addressed using ceramic sourcing data. This research uses obsidian source data to argue that, from A.D. 600 to 920, residents of the central Mesa Verde region obtained obs…
Winds from the North: Tewa Origins and Historical Anthropology
Processions, Leaders, and Gathering Places: Changes in Early Pueblo Community Organization as Seen in Architecture, Rock Art, and Language
Heartland of the Early Pueblos: The Central Mesa Verde
The Pre-History of Urban Scaling
Cities are increasingly the fundamental socio-economic units of human societies worldwide, but we still lack a unified characterization of urbanization that captures the social processes realized by cities across time and space. This is especially important for understanding the role of cities in the history of human civilization and for determining whether studies of ancient cities are relevant for contemporary science and policy. As a step in t…
Uniform Probability Density Analysis and Population History in the Northern Rio Grande
The Better Angels of their Nature: Declining Violence through Time Among Prehispanic Farmers of the Pueblo Southwest
The central Mesa Verde and the northern Rio Grande regions housed two of the densest populations of prehispanic Pueblo peoples in the North American Southwest. We plot incidence of violent trauma on human bone through time in each region. Such violence peaked in the mid-A.D. 1100s in the central Mesa Verde, and in general was higher through time there than in the northern Rio Grande region. In the central Mesa Verde, but not in the northern Rio G…
Settlement scaling and increasing returns in an ancient society
Ancient Mesoamerican settlements obey the same scaling laws as modern cities despite vast differences in economy, technology and political organization.
DNA analysis of ancient dogs of the Americas: Identifying possible founding haplotypes and reconstructing population histories
Settlement scaling and economic change in the Central Andes
There is a longstanding debate in anthropology and history regarding the extent to which the determinants of past economic change are similar in any specific ways to those that operate today. In this paper, we examine the extent to which increasing returns to settlement scale in material outputs, which are apparent in contemporary urban systems, also operated in the Late Pre-Hispanic Tarma and Mantaro drainages of the Peruvian Central Andes. Prox…
Demographic and Social Dimensions of the Neolithic Revolution in Southwest Colorado
Domesticated food production is widely acknowledged as a crucial innovation that led to significant transformations in human demography and social organization. Here, we address demographic and social dimensions of the Neolithic Revolution in the Mesa Verde region of Southwest Colorado. We first propose a new method of dating habitations to one of two phases of the Basketmaker III period (AD 600-725) using relative frequencies of vessel forms in …
Discourse and Human Securities in Tewa Origins
For the Archaeology of Human Experience to have an impact on public policy, archaeologists need to identify what contemporary society values, determine the extent to which ancient societies provided these values, and examine what it was that enabled certain societies to provide them better than others. I develop a case study of this approach focusing on the famous "collapse" of Mesa Verde society and subsequent formation of ancestral Tewa society…
The Social Consequences of Climate Change in the Central Mesa Verde Region
The consequences of climate change vary over space and time. Effective studies of human responses to climatically induced environmental change must therefore sample the environmental diversity experienced by specific societies. We reconstruct population histories from A.D. 600 to 1280 in six environmentally distinct portions of the central Mesa Verde region in southwestern Colorado, relating these to climate-driven changes in agricultural potenti…
Movement and Migration
Movement is a fundamental concept among Native peoples of the American Southwest, and early archaeologists adopted a strong interest in migration from Native groups with whom they interacted. Over the past two decades, southwest archaeologists have made significant contributions to method and theory in migration studies, including ways of identifying migrants as they move across the landscape, the ways in which migrants interact with Indigenous r…
A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements
The last few years have seen a growing interest in the urbanism of the Greek and Roman world. This has led to a consensus of sorts about some of its vital statistics, such as the sizes of the populations of the most important settlements and the size of the overall urban population, the urbanization rate (i.e., the share of individuals that lived in urban, rather than rural, contexts), and the total population. A good example comes from W. Scheid…
Settlement Scaling in Middle-Range Societies
The contemporary relevance of archaeology would be greatly enhanced if archaeologists could develop theory that frames human societies of all scales in the same terms. We present evidence that an approach known as settlement scaling theory can contribute to such a framework. The theory proposes that a variety of aggregate socioeconomic properties of human networks emerge from individuals arranging themselves in space so as to balance the costs of…
The Kiowa Odyssey: Evidence of historical relationships among Pueblo, Fremont, and Northwest Plains peoples
A detail of North American prehistory that has long puzzled anthropologists is how the Kiowa speech community ended up on the Southern Plains, given that Kiowa is closely related to the Tanoan Pueblo languages of the US Southwest. In this paper, we present a variety of linguistic, ethnographic, and archaeological evidence which suggest: (1) Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan was spoken in Late Archaic and Eastern Basketmaker II sites on the Colorado Plateau; (2)…
Geography (37 works) · Archaeology (36 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (33 works) · History (25 works) · Sociology (24 works) · Population (19 works) · Demography (15 works) · Economics (13 works) · Human settlement (13 works) · Economic geography (12 works)